Separate Components Research Articles

Genetic diversity among maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines adapted to Japanese climates.

Understanding the genetic diversity of inbred lines is vital for development of superior F1 varieties. The present study aimed to analyze Japanese maize parental inbred lines and determine their genetic diversity for future breeding. Genetic analyses were conducted using multiple methods. Principal component analysis (PCA), phylogenetic trees, and Bayesian clustering reflected borders between heterotic groups according to the derivation of each inbred line. A self-pollinated line derived from a classic F1 variety and another line from an open-pollinated population from the same derivation were classified as separate components by PCA and Bayesian clustering. The result suggests that open pollination could be essential in modern breeding. Of those classified as dent or flint based on their derivation, some had a combination of all components or clusters. Therefore, the classification of inbred lines should be based on their derivation and DNA markers. The findings will be valuable for breeding and genetic studies in Japan. Additionally, these techniques may be used to obtain a more significant number of SNPs and related phenotypic data.

P573 Simplified MARIA score does not predict long-term outcomes in Crohn’s disease patients undergoing modified side-to-side strictureplasty for extensive ileitis

Abstract Background Strictureplasty techniques were developed to limit the risk of short bowel syndrome in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with affected small intestine. In the setting of extensive small bowel disease, long strictures might be treated with modified side-to-side isoperistaltic strictureplasty (SSIS). We studied long-term outcomes in patients who underwent SSIS and evaluated if radiological features on MR enterography (MRE) predict them. Methods This retrospective study included CD patients who underwent SSIS, for whom preoperative and six-month postoperative MRE were routinely performed. Simplified MARIA (MARIAs) score, considering wall thickness, edema, fat stranding and ulcers (score >1 active CD; maximum 5) was used. Improvement in maximal wall thickness was defined as decrease of at least 30% from baseline. Deep remission was defined as absence of symptoms and endoscopic remission (mRutgeerts score ≤i1), and clinical recurrence as occurrence of new symptoms confirmed by endoscopy (mRutgeerts score ≥i2b) or radiology (new strictures/inflammation) requiring treatment. Clinical data were collected from medical records. The correlation between recurrence and features within the MARIAs score was assessed. Results Thirty CD patients underwent SSIS and had pre- and six-month postoperative MRE (table). Immediately after surgery, 13 (43.3%) patients were continued or initiated on advanced therapy. Over a median [IQR] follow-up of 7.4 [3.3-9.3] years, 17 (56.7%) patients showed clinical recurrence of whom 6 (20.0%) needed surgical reintervention (figure). Deep remission was observed in 8 (26.7%) patients. Preoperatively, all patients had a maximum MARIAs score of 5. After surgery, the median [IQR] change in MARIAs score was 0.0 [0.0-0.8]. Cox regression analysis showed no association between decrease in overall MARIAs score, nor separate components of this score, with clinical or surgical recurrence free survival. Wall thickness decrease of >30%, observed in 15 (50%) patients, showed a trend for clinical recurrence free survival (p=0.098). Three patients showed normalization of MARIAs score and showed no recurrence thereafter. None of the clinical variables collected showed significant association with recurrence, except for immediate postoperative advanced therapy which had a 70% protection from clinical recurrence [p=0.036 / HR 0.3 (0.097-0.92)]. Conclusion Long-term follow-up of CD patients undergoing SSIS showed that 57% of patients had clinical recurrence and 20% needed surgical reintervention. The MARIAs score was not predictive of long-term postoperative clinical or surgical recurrence as most features of the score remained unaltered. These shortcomings of the MARIAs score should be addressed when designing improved scoring tools.

Maximising carbon sequestration through mixing compost in moist soil

Organic amendments to soil often enhance soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, also referred to as a priming effect (PE). However, decomposition of the organic amendment itself could also be altered when mixed in soil, with important consequences for the net soil carbon (C) balance and nutrient cycling, but this has rarely been explored. We examined decomposition and gross nitrogen (N) mineralisation of compost (C:N = 29) and SOM (C:N = 12) separately and when mixed, at two different moisture levels (45 and 85% water holding capacity) in a 42-day laboratory incubation study. As observed by many others, compost addition enhanced decomposition of SOM (i.e., causing a PE) at both moisture levels. In contrast, decomposition of compost was strongly reduced when mixed with soil, particularly at the highest moisture level, which more than compensated for the PE. These results indicate that the microbial decomposer community had a greater preference for decomposing SOM than decomposing compost when mixed, possibly because decomposition of SOM released more N than decomposition of compost in meeting the microbial demand for N. This was supported by higher gross N mineralisation rates at the end of the incubation period in compost-soil mixtures compared to what would be expected from gross N mineralisation rates in their separate components. It is also possible that mineral adsorption of organic compounds derived from compost caused greater protection against microbial decomposition of compost, and thus reduced compost decomposition when mixed into soil. We conclude that mixing compost in soil could result in greater net soil C gains compared to having compost and soil separate, particularly under moist conditions.

Water circles—a tool to assess and communicate the water cycle

‘Water circles’ are presented as flexible water cycle diagrams aggregating the flows through a system for a specific region and time period, categorized by flow type and organized by magnitude. Water circles for an entire system and separate storage components can be interpreted as water cycle speedometers and can help compare and communicate different climate and human impacts on different regions, time periods, and storage components. Water circles can facilitate comparisons between hydrological models and other methods for deriving water balances.

Improved modeling of RNA-binding protein motifs in an interpretable neural model of RNA splicing

Sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play central roles in splicing decisions. Here, we describe a modular splicing architecture that leverages in vitro-derived RNA affinity models for 79 human RBPs and the annotated human genome to produce improved models of RBP binding and activity. Binding and activity are modeled by separate Motif and Aggregator components that can be mixed and matched, enforcing sparsity to improve interpretability. Training a new Adjusted Motif (AM) architecture on the splicing task not only yields better splicing predictions but also improves prediction of RBP-binding sites in vivo and of splicing activity, assessed using independent data.

Galaxies decomposition with spiral arms – II. A multiwavelength case study of M 51

ABSTRACT Spiral structure can contribute significantly to a galaxy’s luminosity. However, only rarely are proper photometric models of spiral arms used in decompositions. As we show in the previous work, including the spirals as a separate component in a photometric model of a galaxy would both allow to obtain their structural parameters, and reduce the systematic errors in estimating the parameters of other components. Doing so in different wavebands, one can explore how their properties vary with the wavelength. In this paper, second in this series, we perform decomposition of M 51 in 17 bands, from the far-ultraviolet (UV) to far-infrared, using imaging from the DustPedia project. We use the same 2D photometric model of spiral structure where each arm is modelled independently. The complex and asymmetric spiral structure in M 51 is reproduced relatively well with our model. We analyse the differences between models with and without spiral arms, and investigate how the fit parameters change with wavelength. In particular, we find that the spiral arms demonstrate the largest width in the optical, whereas their contribution to the galaxy luminosity is most significant in the UV. The disc central intensity drops by a factor of 1.25–3 and its exponential scale changes by 5–10 per cent when spiral arms are included, depending on wavelength. Taking into account the full light distribution across the arms, we do not observe the signs of a long-lived density wave in the spiral pattern of M 51 as a whole.

What Visibilising Pedagogical Approaches do the Chinese as a Foreign Language (cfl) Teachers Adopt in the Teaching of Chinese Characters?

Abstract Chinese can be considered as one of the more challenging languages to learn for many non-native learners. Its complicated visual script, the Chinese characters, demands that teachers be proficient in utilizing diverse visual pedagogical approaches, coupled with different digital visual tools, to enhance their teaching effectiveness. Adopting a descriptive qualitative analysis method, interview transcripts from fourteen cfl teachers were examined. There were five online teachers, four university teachers and five pre-service teachers. The findings revealed that: 1) all the teachers use various visual pedagogical approaches, such as pictures, videos, Chinese character digital image files, Chinese character studying applications, and websites, to enhance the effectiveness of Chinese character learning, as well as motivate and engage learners; 2) teachers choose different pedagogical approaches to help students visualise characters as a whole unit or as several separate radical components; 3) the use of Pinyin to input characters on digital devices has been widely taught in class; and 4) online teachers, and some pre-service teachers, have replaced traditional handwriting methods with digital character input methods, whereas university teachers have not made this shift. The ways in which these perspectives relate to the form of Chinese characters and developing teaching practices are discussed.

Disc corona radii and QPO frequencies in black hole binaries: testing Lense– Thirring precession origin

ABSTRACT Stellar-mass black hole binary systems in the luminous X-ray states show a strong quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in their Comptonized emission. The frequency of this feature correlates with the ratio of a disc to Comptonized emission rather than with total luminosity. Hence, it changes dramatically during spectral transitions between the hard and soft states. Its amplitude is also strongest in these intermediate states, making them an important test of QPO models. However, these have complex spectra which generally require a disc and two separate Comptonization components, making it difficult to uniquely derive the spectral parameters. We build a new energy-conserving model of the accretion flow, SSsed model, which assumes a fixed radial emissivity but with a changing emission mechanism. This is similar to the agnsed model in xspec but tuned to be more suitable for stellar mass black holes. It uses a combination of the disc luminosity and temperature to constrain the inner radius of the (colour temperature corrected) blackbody disc, separating this from the more complex Comptonization spectra emitted inwards of this radius. We show a pilot study of this model fit to hundreds of RXTE spectra of the black hole binary XTE J1550 − 564. We show that the derived disc radius tightly anticorrelates with the central frequencies of the low-frequency QPO detected in the same observations. The relation is consistent with the quantitative predictions of Lense–Thirring precession of the entire inner Comptonization regions for the assumed system parameters. This supports the scenario that low-frequency QPOs are caused by Lense–Thirring precession.

Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) Analysis of Evolving Hyperspectral Images.

The evolutionary behavior is examined for heterogeneously distributed hyperspectral images of a simulated biological tissue sample comprising lipid-like and protein-like components during the aging process. Taking a simple planar average of a spectral image loses useful information about the spatially resolved nature of the data. In contrast, multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis of a spectral image at a given stage of aging produces a set of loadings of major component groups. Each loading represents the combined spectral contributions of a mixture of similar but not identical constituents (i.e., lipid-like and protein-like components). Temporal analysis of individual component groups using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) and MCR provides much-streamlined results without interferences from the overlapped contributions. Grouping of data into separate components also allows for the effective comparison of the parallel processes of lipid oxidation and protein denaturation involving a number of constituents using the heterocomponent 2D-COS analysis. The complex interplays of lipid constituents and protein secondary structures during the tissue aging process are unambiguously highlighted. The possibility of extending this approach to a much more general form of applications using a moving window analysis is also discussed.

On a Hierarchy of Vector Derivative Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

We propose a new hierarchy of the vector derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations and consider the simplest multiphase solutions of this hierarchy. The study of the simplest solutions of these equations led to the following results. First, the three-leaf spectral curves Γ={(μ,λ)} of the simplest multiphase solutions have a quite simple symmetry. They are invariant with respect to holomorphic involution τ. The type of this involution depends on the genus of the spectral curve. Or the involution has the form τ:(μ,λ)→(μ,−λ), or τ:(μ,λ)→(−μ,−λ). The presence of symmetry leads to the fact that the dynamics of the solution is determined not by the entire spectral curve Γ, but by its factor Γ/τ, which has a smaller genus. Secondly, it turned out that the dynamics of the two-component vector p=(p1,p2)t is determined, first of all, by the dynamics of its length |p|. Independent equations determine the dependence of the direction of the vector p from its length. In cases where the direction of the vector p is fixed, the corresponding spectral curve splits into separate components. In conclusion, we note that, as in the case of the Manakov system, the equation of the spectral curve is invariant with respect to the orthogonal transformation of the vector solutions. I.e., the solution can be found from the spectral curve up to the orthogonal transformation. This fact indicates that the spectral curve does not depend on the individual components of the solution, but on their symmetric functions. Thus, the spectral data of multiphase solutions have two symmetries. These symmetries make it difficult to reconstruct signals from their spectral data. The work contains examples illustrating these statements.

Evaluation of Stability and Enhancement of Nano Fluid Methods

Over the last ten years, there has been a substantial increase in research on nanofluids, and the findings indicate that these fluids are superior heat transfer fluids for application in engineering. The improved heat transfer is exclusively dependent on the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles at constant particle volume concentrations and flow rates. By creating hybrid nanoparticles, one can change or vary the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles. Nanoscale particles with two or more separate components come together to form hybrid nanoparticles. Fluids made from hybrid nanoparticles are known as hybrid nanofluids. By utilizing more sophisticated materials, hybrid Nano fluids aim to significantly boost heat transmission. Results shows that the nanofluid stability is sensitive to environmental conditions including temperature, pH, and shear rate. It should be using surfactants, additives such as polymers and colloids, ultra-sonication, high shear mixing, applying magnetic field.

Forecasting Prices for Components of the Medical Cost Index

Abstract A new method is proposed to project future costs for medical components of a life care plan. The technique estimates the historical link between inflation in medical components of the CPI and overall inflation. This linkage for each component can then be applied to a CPI forecast to project inflation in that underlying component. Estimates are made for 17 separate medical cost components of the CPI. Root mean square errors show that our proposed method for forecasting component inflation performs better than more commonly used forecast methods. Our method incorporates the best parts of both historical and forecasting methods; it utilizes information from the financial markets and professional surveys to form the baseline inflation forecast, then adjusts the value using historical data, thereby leveraging both expert opinion and empirical observation.

Recent Advances in Adhesive Bonding of 3D-Printed Parts and Methods to Increase their Mechanical Performance

The use of additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the production of polymer-based materials, offering a wide range of design possibilities and geometric complexity. However, due to the limitations of 3D printers to produce large parts, the parts often must be printed in several separate components and further joined together to obtain the final 3D-printed part. 3D printing can be used to produce only the most complex parts, which can be further combined with simple, non-printed parts from other materials to make the final product. One way to join 3D-printed part is an adhesive-bonded method. This paper focuses on the recent advances in adhesive bonding techniques for 3D-printed parts and explores various methods to enhance their mechanical performance. The benefits and limitations of each technique were discussed, and highlighted promising paths for future research. Finally, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current strategies to improve the mechanical performance of adhesive joints with AM-based adherents, offering guidance for the design and fabrication of high-performance structures in a range of applications. It was concluded that the configuration of the bonding area represents an essential parameter that directly influences the bonding strength and overall structural integrity of AM adhesive joints, and that the implementation of customized joint geometries can lead to a substantial enhancement in the joint strength of 3D-printed parts. The incorporation of reinforcing materials, optimization of the printing parameters of adherents, pre and post-treatment methods show potential in enhancing the bonding strength of the 3D-printed joints. The synergistic integration of these cutting-edge technologies can yield mutual advantages that complement each other, ultimately resulting in an enhanced overall performance for AM parts.

High Hard X-Ray Polarization in Cygnus X-1 Confined to the Intermediate Hard State: Evidence for a Variable Jet Component

Cygnus X-1, the well-known accreting black hole system, exhibits several observational features hinting at an intricate interplay between the accretion disk, its atmosphere known as the corona, and the putative relativistic jet. It has been extensively studied using all available observational methods, including using the newly available technique of sensitive X-ray polarimetry. X-ray polarization characteristics are distinct for coronal and jet emissions. The low X-ray polarization measured below ∼100 keV is understood as arising from the corona. In contrast, the high polarization measurements reported above ∼400 keV required a separate jet-dominated spectral component, which spectroscopy does not demonstrate conclusively. Here we report precise polarization measurements in the 100–380 keV region made during three different subclasses of spectral states of the source using the CZTI instrument onboard AstroSat. A high polarization (23% ± 4%) is found mainly in the Intermediate Hard State of the source, and the energy-resolved measurements smoothly connect the coronal and the jet regimes. When high polarization is observed, the simultaneous spectral data hints at a separate power-law component above 100 keV. We examine the possible sources of this energy-dependent high polarization in Cygnus X-1.

THE USE OF VIDEO MATERIALS IN THE FORMATION OF LINGUOSOCIOCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF SENIOR SCHOOL LEARNERS

The article, based on the analysis of the latest scientific research of modern education, reflects the experience of using video materials, the role of innovative technologies in the field of education, and significant attention is paid to the formation of linguosociocultural competence. The authors of the article argue that the innovative technologies of education today reach a new level of actualization and improvement of mastery, the study of certain fields and sciences, as well as the possibility of gaining experience in work with the improvement of already acquired skills in various spheres of activity. 
 The authors emphasize that modern programs provide an opportunity not only to promote the effective development and learning of a foreign language but also to monitor the performance of tasks, and to develop training exercises that are individually suitable for each learner. 
 The article determines the methods of improvement and preparation for the formation of linguosociocultural competence and the role of using video materials, which are selected for each learner, as well as methods of control over the performance of tasks and practices by intercultural communication. 
 When using various video materials in the field of education, there is an increase in motivation to learn a foreign language and the possibility of individualizing the educational process, which gives the results of quality education, a creative approach to optimal conditions for completing tasks, and gradual steps for learning a foreign language.
 A separate component should be the pedagogical interaction between the teacher and the learner, which ensures the creation of optimal conditions for the free use of educational materials and teaching practices, and the exchange of experience between the teacher and the learner. Since the foreign language environment becomes an integral part of the life of every person who studies a foreign language, the importance of foreign language communication between representatives of other peoples and cultures should be noted.
 The authors single out the ideas which deserve the implementation of video materials in the field of education, the study of the latest technologies that we receive every year, as well as the formation of liguosociocultural competence.
 The article highlights the problems that may arise when using video materials in the educational process, educational materials and combining them into one whole database that is convenient for learners, as well as the implementation of the educational process taking into account the state of war in Ukraine. 
 The components of linguosociocultural competence, the stages of its formation in senior school learners, exercises that will contribute to its formation when using video materials are considered.

Greek adaptation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) in adults from the Republic of Cyprus: A bidimensional model may not be universal

The Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) is a 17-item instrument designed to assess distinct facets of Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) and Healthy Orthorexia (HO). While a bidimensional model of TOS scores has been supported in diverse national and linguistic groups, the psychometric properties of the TOS have not been previously assessed in Greek-speaking populations. To rectify this, we assessed the psychometric properties of a novel Greek translation of the TOS in a sample of adults from Cyprus. A total of 1248 respondents (710 women, 538 men) completed the Greek TOS, as well as previously validated measures of perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, eating restriction, negative affect, and appearance evaluation. Our results showed that a bidimensional model of the TOS had less-than-adequate fit when modelled using both confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Conversely, both exploratory factor analysis and ESEM supported extraction of a 3-factor model consisting of a HO facet and separate components of emotional orthorexia and cognitive-social orthorexia. This 3-factor model showed a lack of measurement bias (measurement invariance across gender identity and lack of differential item functioning as function of age and body mass index), but there were differences in latent factor means as function of respondent age and body mass index. The 3-factor model showed adequate evidence of construct validity, with the latent emotional orthorexia and cognitive-social orthorexia facets showing significant and moderate associations with the additional constructs measured in the survey. Broadly speaking, these findings support the psychometric properties of a 3-factor model of the Greek TOS, but also suggest that the bidimensional model of the TOS may not have universal applicability. We encourage further assessments of factorial validity in other national and linguistic contexts.

Impedance Variation of All-Solid-State Battery Cell Using Li10GeP2S12; States-of-Charge Dependence Visualized by Distribution-of-Relaxation Time Analysis

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) will support understanding of electrochemical phenomena in emerging energy devices, including all-solid-state Li ion batteries (ASSLiBs), only when the results are analyzed in a consistent way without arbitrariness. This study1 aimed to establish such a robust analysis for ASSLiB cells using a fast lithium ion conductor Li10 +x Ge1+x P2 −x S12 (LGPS)2, by applying distribution-of-relaxation time (DRT) analysis3. The DRT method distinctively visualized impedance changes depending on states of charge (SOCs). Pellet-type cells were prepared with an In–Li anode, LGPS separator, cathode composite comprising LGPS and LiNbO3-coated LiCoO2 powders4. Figure 1a shows the discharge curve that was recorded for the cell at the current density of 13.2 μA cm−2 (1/40 C-rate) and with the cut-off voltage of 1.9–3.6 V vs. Li+/In–Li (2.55–4.25 V vs. Li+/Li). The EIS measurements were performed during discharge process at various SOCs from 100% to 20%. Nyquist diagrams obtained from the EIS data are shown in Figure 1b, where two broad semicircles are observed at low and high frequency sides. This result indicates at least two electrochemical processes exist in the cell. Both semicircles become large in size upon decreasing SOCs from 100 % down to 20%, indicating that the cell has SOC-dependent electrochemical processes. Figure 1c shows DRT transformation of the EIS data, which helps to separate impedance components in detail. Here horizonal and vertical axes respectively represent the measurement frequency and polarization contribution at each frequency. The center frequency of each distinct peak corresponds to time constant [τ =1/(2πf)] for the respective electrochemical process, and thus the number of peaks matches that of electrochemical processes in the cell. Meanwhile, the peak area represents polarization contribution of each process. Consistently in the whole SOC range, the above DRT analysis indicates the semicircle at high frequency side is divided into two impedance contributions and that at low frequency side cannot be separated any more. This result is consistent with the DRT spectra from additionally prepared symmetric cells; in total three DRT peaks were observed with two peaks from interphase and interface between In–Li/LGPS, and one from LiNbO3-coated LiCoO2/LGPS interface. Accordingly, DRT diagram in Figure 1c was interpreted as indicated by arrows for each peak. This study demonstrated that DRT analysis supports a consistent interpretation of EIS data from ASSLiB cells at various SOCs and with different electrode configurations, and thus implied that the method will also help subsequent equivalent circuit model analysis for reproducible parametrization of electrochemical processes.1. S. Hori et al., “Understanding the impedance spectra of all-solid-state lithium battery cells with sulfide superionic conductors,” J. Power Sources 556, 232450 (2023).2. N. Kamaya et al., “A lithium superionic conductor,” Nat. Mater. 10, 682–686 (2011).3. S. Dierickx, A. Weber, E. Ivers-Tiffée, “How the distribution of relaxation times enhances complex equivalent circuit models for fuel cells,” Electrochim. Acta 355, 136764 (2020).4. N. Ohta et al., “LiNbO3-coated LiCoO2 as cathode material for all solid-state lithium secondary batteries,” Electrochem. Commun. 9, 1486-1490 (2007). Figure 1

An Electrocrystallization Approach for Modeling Protective Scale Formation in CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel

The CO2 corrosion of carbon steel has been extensively studied and many models have been developed to estimate the corrosion rate in various industrially relevant conditions [1]. These models agree moderately well in non-scaling environments but can produce significantly different results under higher temperature and higher pH conditions where protective scales of iron carbonate may be formed [2,3]. The scaling effect is typically incorporated in empirical models using a ‘scaling factor’ [2,3]. Nesic and co-workers developed a model that attempts to calculate the corrosion rate in scaled conditions from first principles [4,5,6], later including a numerical model to describe the formation kinetics and growth morphology of the surface layer [7]. In this and other models, the driving force for scaling is the degree of supersaturation (S) of FeCO3 at the steel surface, and it is generally assumed that protective films are formed by precipitation from solution, at a rate dependent on S [7,8,9].To investigate the formation and structure of these surface scales, Williams and colleagues [10-14] completed a series of experiments using in-situ synchrotron x-ray techniques. The majority of this work accelerated the corrosion process through the application of a small anodic potential step, and focused on solutions of moderate chloride content, saturated with CO2 at ~ 1 bar, pH adjusted to ~ 6 and at temperatures of ~ 80 °C. Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) showed that the first stage in scaling was the formation of a precipitated layer of Amorphous Ferrous Carbonate (AFC) [13], while X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that the reduction of corrosion rate was associated with the slower formation of crystalline siderite (FeCO3) and sometimes chukanovite (Fe2(OH)2CO3) (see Figure 1). Hassan et al [14] then developed a model for this process in which the protective scale forms directly on the steel surface by an electrocrystallization mechanism, using an Avrami model to describe the crystal nucleation and growth. The relative volume of siderite as a function of time was fitted with an Avrami-like equation. The anodic current transients formed during potentiostatic experiments (see Figure 1) were then fitted with separate components due to iron dissolution and electrocrystallization, allowing various kinetic parameters to be extracted from the experimental data.In this paper, we extend these previous ideas on the importance of considering electrocrystallization as a fundamental step in the scale formation process. There exist several models of the potentiostatic current time transient in the electrocrystallization literature [15,16]. Taking the potentiostatic data from Hassan et al [14], we fit the current time transient to some models from literature [15,16]. This fitting provides rich information about the kinetics of nucleation. We speculate on some differences from the models in Luo et al [15] by current transient fitting. We also provide expressions for surface coverage of siderite under different applied potentials with the Avrami equation to account for the scale protection factor more rigorously. Improved estimates of the protection factor by our methods can lead to reduced overestimation of corrosion rates thereby improving pipeline integrity assessments in existing software packages. References Kermani, A. Morshed, Corrosion 59 (2003) 659–683.Nyborg, NACE 02233, Corrosion 2002, OnePetro 2002.Nyborg, NACE 10371, Corrosion 2010, OnePetro 2010.Nešić, M. Nordsveen, R. Nyborg, A. Stangeland, Corrosion 59 (2003) 489–497.Nordsveen, S. Nešić, R. Nyborg, A. Stangeland, Corrosion 59 (2003) 443–456.Nesic, K.-L.J. Lee, V. Ruzic, NACE 02237, Corrosion (2002).Sun, S. Nešić, Corrosion 64 (2008) 334-346.L. Johnson, M.B. Tomson, Paper No. 268, CORROSION/91, NACE International, 1991.Van Hunnik, Pots,Hendriksen NACE 96006, Corrosion(1996).Ingham, M. Ko, G. Kear, P. Kappen, N. Laycock, J. A. Kimpton, D. E. Williams, Corrosion Science, 52, 3052-3061 (2010).Ingham, M. Ko, N. Laycock, J. Burnell, P. Kappen, J. A. Kimpton,D. E. Williams, Corrosion Science, 56, 96-104 (2012).Ko, B. Ingham, N. Laycock,D.E. Williams, Corrosion Science, 90, 192-201 (2015).Ingham, M. Ko, N. Laycock, N. Kirby and D.E. Williams, Faraday Discussions, 180, 171-190 (2015).Hassan Sk, A.M. Abdullah, M. Ko, B. Ingham, N. Laycock, D.E. Williams, Corrosion Sci., 126, 26–36 (2017).Gong Luo, Yuan Yuan, De-Yu Li, Ning Li, Guo-Hui Yuan, Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1195.Bewick, H.R. Thirsk, M. Fleischmann, Trans. Faraday Soc. 58 (1962) (2200- &). Figure 1

PERCEPTIONS ON A DIGITAL HEALTH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAM IN OLDER FAMILY CARE PARTNERS OF PERSONS WITH HEART FAILURE

Abstract Many family care partners (FCPs) neglect managing their own health and wellness when providing care to others. Older FCPs are more vulnerable in managing their health because of physical and psychological distress, age-related health needs, and less social support. We developed a digital health physical activity (PA) program, TPA4You, to begin to address these issues. We elicited perceptions of the integrated components of TPA4You (i.e., Zoom PA with a health coach, Fitbit, motivational text messaging) among older FCPs of persons with heart failure (HF-FCPs) using scenario-based design methods. Participants were recruited at the University of Colorado Hospital between September and December 2022. Fifteen qualitative interviews were conducted. Mean age was 65.9±4.4 years, 73% female, 93% White, and 13/15 were spouses. The perceived value of TPA4You was reported as (1) convenience because travel not required, (2) increased motivation from being held accountable by the separate technology components, and (3) consideration of improving FCPs’ health and wellness. Challenges described were (1) scheduling, finding time dedicated to exercising with the health coach by Zoom and (2) feeling overwhelmed, integrating the technology components in the FCP’s life. The keys to motivating PA and exercise through TPA4You were (1) usefulness of content in text messages and a good relationship with the health coach, (2) encouragement provided by TPA4You engagement, and (3) desire to improve their health and quality of life. Future studies should conduct field-testing of TPA4You in older HF-FCPs by providing one-on-one, hands-on sessions using the integrated technology components to optimize usability and acceptability.

POTENTIAL FOR THE USE OF ASH AND SLAG FROM COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ASH AND SLAG FROM LADYZHYNSKA THERMAL POWER PLANT)

The combustion of coal to generate electricity at coal-fired power plants results in the production of a sub-product, ash and slag. It is a mixture of non-combustible mineral particles from the fuel and the remains of unburned coal. The growing demand for electricity, especially in developing countries, is leading to an increase in coal ash and slag production, which currently amounts to about 1 billion tons per year. Awareness of the dangers of accumulating such large volumes of industrial waste is stimulating interest in ash and slag utilization technologies by using them to correct industrial landscapes, build roads, and as a cheap aggregate and component of concrete mixtures. However, it seems much more promising to utilize ash and slag through deep processing with separation into separate components: fly ash, unburned carbon, and iron oxide concentrate, which have wide markets and high enough value to make the ash processing process economically attractive. A particular interest is the production of fine carbon concentrate, which is a promising intermediate product for the production of water-coal fuel, a substitute for fuel oil and crude oil in the energy sector. Bibl. 19, Fig. 3, Tab. 4.