Separate Cages Research Articles

Effects of herbal mixture on burned rat skin infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the healing impact of an ointment derived from the Alkanna tinctoria plant upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced infections. 
 Material and Methods: In this study, 18 male adolescent rats (mean age 6 weeks) weighed an average of 180 g were used. Animals were divided into 3 groups. Group 1: Control group (consisting of burns, no treatment was done), Group 2 (P. aeruginosa): Burn was created and infected with P. aeruginosa, Group 3 (Cream): P. aeruginosa was used to infect the burns area and the herbal mixture was administered twice a day, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Under anesthesia, the backs of the rats were shaved, and a specially produced steel bar with a diameter of 1*1 cm was immersed in boiling water for 15 seconds before being applied to their backs for 20 seconds. The burned area was subsequently infected with the ATCC Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, and samples were collected 24 hours later. To detect bacterial growth in this area, the samples were inoculated on blood and EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue) media in a microbiology laboratory. After inoculation, the animals were placed in separate sterile cages and randomly divided into three groups. Once the growth was observed, the tissue and blood samples were harvested from the rats on the 2nd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days.
 Results: Epithelial regeneration in this group was more prominent. Vascularization was remarkable on the 2nd day, especially in the group in where we induced a burn and applied the ointment. VEGF levels increased more in the ointment group than in that of others. On the 2nd day of the study, the average bacterial count was 105 in sample of both 2nd and 3rd groups. At the end of the study, while the average of bacterial count was increased in the 2nd group, the average of bacterial count was decreased in the 3rd group.
 Conclusion: It was concluded that the ointment obtained from A. tinctorial successfully repaired the epithelial tissue and contributed to the healing of wounds by modifying increasing VEGF in the blood. However, further research is needed before this ointment can be highly recommended for therapeutic usage

Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems

AbstractDeveloping mass rearing systems for the drone fly, Eristalis tenax, is a crucial step toward its use as a complementary commercial pollinator. To meet the timing of commercial needs for E. tenax, there is significant value to both predicting and managing reproductive output and development within the rearing protocol. To help achieve this, our study focuses on the laboratory manipulation of adult mating and the timing of the development of eggs in E. tenax. To stagger colony cohorts, egg rearing temperatures ranging from 12 to 30°C were found to be suitable for both successful egg development and hatching viability (97 to 28.3 h to first hatch, respectively). The mating window for E. tenax females was established to commence from 2 weeks post eclosion and reached 75 ± 11% mated at 7 weeks. Reproductive output over 12 weeks was assessed in separate cage manipulation trials: (1) varying the sex ratio with 20:40, 30:30 and 40:20 female and male flies respectively per cage and (2) varying the adult density per cage with 15:15, 30:30, 60:60 and 120:120 female and male flies per cage. Female percentage mated and egg cluster size, which averaged 200.6 ± 4.3 eggs per cluster, did not change between treatments in the sex ratio and density trials. Egg cluster output per female was significantly reduced for treatments across both trials, which had more than 30 females in a cage. A stocking rate of 15:15 produced 86% more eggs per female than expected, a percentage well above that of all other treatments. However, the highest stocking density produced the most eggs when assessed at a per cage level. Fly survival was significantly different between the sexes across both trials with males dying earlier in cages stocked with more females than males. Although the fly colonies were held at constant temperatures and light conditions for 6 months, we found evidence of endogenous overwintering behaviours among flies resulting in lower mating rates, egg hatching success and greater longevity among flies studied over winter.

Genetic variants of INHA/PstI and VIPR1/HhaI and their relationship with reproductive traits in Ac chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson)

The Ac chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) is commonly raised alongside other domestic chicken breeds in the Mekong Delta region. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of INHA/PstI and VIPR1/HhaI polymorphisms on the reproductive characteristics of this breed. A total of 380 Ac hens from 16-40 weeks of age were used, each placed in a separate cage for data collection . DNA isolation was performed using feather samples, and genotypes were detected by applying the PCR-RFLP technique . Two polymorphisms were identified , namely C829T (INHA /PstI) in exon 1 of the INHA gene an d C429 13T (VIP R1/HhaI) in intron 6 of th e V IPR1 ge ne .At both site s, two po lymo rphism s d id not follow the Hardy -Weinberg e quilibr ium . The IN HA /PstI and VIP R 1/Hh a I po lymo rphism s demo nstrated a statist ically significant association with the tota l number of eggs pro duce d and the la ying r ate (p<0.0 5). S pec ifically , he ns with TT genotype (INHA/PstI ) had the highest egg p rodu ction (7 2.4 eggs /he n/24 laying week s ). In contras t , thos e with t he CC genotype produced approximately 9 fewer eg gs (63.2 eggs /h en ), resu lting in layi ng rates of 4 5.2% and 40 .3%, re specti vel y .Additionally , the INHA/PstI polymorphisms sho wed a notab le and significan t associ at ion with the average age of the first egg (p<0.05). In conclusion , to enhance egg prod uction in Ac ch ickens th roug h selective breeding, it is rec ommended to prioritize the use of birdswith the TT genotype at the INH A/Pst I locu s.

A prospective functional outcome of stand-alone cage in cervical disc prolapses following discectomy

Introduction and Aim: Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) is the go-to treatment for degenerative cervical illness that causes persistent radiculopathy. It has been suggested that a separate cage be used so that the patient's plates do not get damaged. This research aims to examine the radiological and functional results of discectomy and cage placement in patients with cervical disc prolapse. Materials and Methods: This study prospectively assessed patients who had anterior cervical decompression and fusion using a freestanding cage. Patients' pain levels on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and their level of impairment as measured by the Neck impairment Index (NDI) were taken before surgery. Post-operative pain assessment, looked out for cage related complications during follow up period at 3rd and 6th month post operatively by radiological evaluation. Results: Median age of neutral group and kyphosis was 45 and 34 respectively. Maximum number of patients had C5 - C6 IVDP. Median Cobb’s angle was higher in kyphosis group as compared to neutral group. Before surgery, at 10 days, and at 3 and 6 months after surgery, the kyphosis group had a higher median VAS and NDI score than the neutral group. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that ACDF using a single cage successfully reduced the patient's preoperative neck pain and associated disability. The advantages of ACDF with a single cage include a shorter surgical time, better cervical lordosis and disc height, and no cage sinking. As a result, cage fusion as a stand-alone treatment option for cervical degenerative disease is likely to be regarded as a viable option.

Application of Garlic in Management of Atherosclerosis: Tolerance and Impact of Some Local Therapies on Common Parameters of Lipid Analysis

Four groups of rats (three in each cage) were fed with conventional feed, supplemented with known percentages of crushed garlic paste – thoroughly mixed (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%). A fifth group – control was fed with garlic free feed. In the second phase of the work, three groups of three rats each, were kept in separate cages and fed with conventional rat feeds supplemented with 5% fresh garlic which was incooperated into the feed as (i) garlic water extract – sample G (ii) garlic paste/honey mix – sample H (iii) crushed garlic paste – sample I. The rats in both phases were fed for twenty one (21) days, during which period the weights, feed intake and weight of droppings were recorded at three days’ intervals. The blood samples of the experimental rats were also harvested at the end of 21 days and lipid analysis carried out on them. Result of the preliminary experiments showed that group A rats (fed with 5% garlic supplemented feed) had a significantly lower level of total cholesterol 6.5 Mmol/ml compared to 7.3Mmol/ml of the control (group E). In the second phase, the 5% garlic incooperated as crushed garlic, recorded low density lipoprotein (LDL) of 0.5 Mmol/ml compared to 1.2 and 1.1 Mmol/ml shown respectively by the control an d group C (garlic water extract) groups respectively. Ingesting or applying garlic in different therapeutic forms was shown or demonstrated to be capable of producing different results with regards to studied lipid parameters.

Toxicity Study on the Effect of Ethanol Extracts of the Root and Leaf of Datura stramonium on the Brain and Non-Prostatic Acid Phosphatase Activity of Wistar rats

Abuse of psychoactive compounds is a growing global challenge, especially in countries with high unemployment rates. Toxicity study was conducted on the effect of ethanol extracts of the root and leaf of a regularly abused psychoactive plant in Nigeria (Datura stramonium) on the brain and non-prostatic acid phosphatase activity of Wistar rats using sixteen (16) Wistar rats of average weights 135g that were assigned into four (4) groups A, B, C and D with four (4) rats each. Groups A, B, and C were given the same concentration (3.5% in chilled Coca-Cola) of root extracts, leaf extracts, and both leaf and root extracts respectively while group D (control) was administered with equal volume of chilled Coca-Cola drink. The animals were kept in separate cages and fed with normal rat Chaw with water provided ad libitum. Rats in the treatment groups were given approximately 3.7mg/Kg body weight of the root extract, leaf extract, and both leaf and root extracts respectively while rats in the control group were given just a chilled Coca-Cola drink. All the animals were sacrificed after day 14th of administration. A qualitative phytochemical screening on the ethanol extracts of the root and leaf of D. stramonium plant showed that it contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. Histological examination of the brain of rats administered ethanol extracts of the root and leaf of the plant showed some levels of toxicity (exemplified by shrinkage of nerve cells) as well as increased activity of serum level of non prostatic acid phosphatase.

Effect of the boiled cumin seeds extract in the glucose, some hormones concentration and aortic tissue in New Zealand white male rabbits fattened experimentally

The present study was performed in Department of Biology/College of Science/University of Mosul to determine the effect of fattening New Zealand Albino male rabbits experimentally and use boiled cumin seeds extract in the glucose ,some hormones concentration and aortic tissue. It used 40 male from New Zealand albino rabbits and ages ranged from 10.8 months and weights ranging from 1400-1250gm,, divided into two groups of 20 rabbit / group and putted in separate cages. Fed the first group to standard diet, while the second group fed special diet rich in fat for the purpose of fattening for a period of 12 weeks after a period all rabbits were weighted, and divided into four groups of 10 rabbit / group, are control group, Cumin group, fattening group and fattening with cumin: , all these groups underwent standard condition of water and diet,, cumin group and group and fattening with cumin group dosing with2000 mg / kg body weight boiled cumin seeds extract for 8 weeks where a daily dosage.
 The results showed that treatment with boiled cumin seeds extract may have led to a decrease in the concentration of glucose in each of cumin group and a fattening with cumin, while an event significant increase in the concentration of glucose in the fattening group, also showed occurrence of a significant decrease in the concentration of the insulin as compared to fattening , as well as the occurrence of significant increase in the concentration of each of the TSH , T3 and T4 hormones in the all of group treatment at boiled cumin seeds extract, while an event significant decrease of these hormones in fattening group as compared to control, as an improvement in the histological picture tissue aortic treatment boiled cumin seeds extracted.

The Inducing effect of lemon juice in the total antioxidants capacity, male hormones in New Zealand white male rabbits fattened experimentally

This study is designed to estimate the effect of experimental fattening of New Zealand white male rabbits and then use lemon juice to show their impact on the total antioxidants capacity (TAC) and the level of the Spermatogenic Stimulating Hormone(SSH) and Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) and testosterone. Used 40 male from New Zealand white rabbits and ages ranged from 10.8 months and weights ranging from 1400-1250gm, divided into two groups of 20 rabbit/ group and putted in separate cages. Fed the first group to standard diet, while the second group fed special diet rich in fat for the purpose of fattening for a period of 12 weeks after a period all rabbits were weighted, and divided the groups into four groups of 10 rabbit / group, are control group:, lemon Group:, fattening group and fattening with lemon Group, all these groups underwent standard condition of water and diet, lemon group and Fattening with lemon group dosing with 4 ml/k b.wt, Lemon juice for 8 weeks where a daily dosage. The results showed that treatment with lemon juice has led to a significant increase in the level of (P≤0.0001) in each of the TAC and the level of hormones in each of lemon Group and fattening with lemon group as compared to the control group and fattening group respectively, while the significant decrease in the level of (P≤0.0001) in (P≤0.0001) in the TAC and the concentration of hormones in fattening group compared to the control group.

The Relation between Increasing Anxiety and Prolactin-Releasing Peptide in Rats.

PrRP, also known as prolactoliberin, is a bovine hypothalamic extract neurohormone that stimulates prolactin synthesis in a rat pituitary adenoma cell line and lactating rat pituitary cells. PrRP has been shown to control the intake of food and energy expenditure, but it may also have a role in stress sensitivity, reproduction, cardia productivity, secretion of endocrine components, and lately, neuroprotective characteristics, among others. The current study was performed to identify if prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) had any effect in increasing anxiety clinical features in rats as an animal model. The study included 114 Wistar handling-acclimated male rats (160 gm, 2 months old); divided randomly into three major groups. The rats were divided randomly into three major groups (38-control animals (38C), and 38-PrRP animals (38P), both were examined using the EPM test to test for stress-related signs, such as fear of height (5 mins duration for each rat). The maze was cleaned with water to eliminate the previous rat odor after the experiment for each rat was completed. The tests were performed between 13:00 to 17:00 of the day. Then, a week later, 38 (19-PrRP animals (19P) and 19-control animals (19C)) were examined using the SP test conducted between 13:00 to 16:00 of the day. Fifteen minutes before EPM, the 38C received intranasal 0.9%-10µl NaCl (per nostril), and 38P received intranasal 10-10mol/l-10 µl PrRP (per nostril), and the anxiety-related signs, such as time spent in open arms (less time means more anxious), during the EPM test were recorded. The 19P and 19C received 10-10mol/l-10µl PrRP and 0.9%-10µl NaCl, respectively, (intranasal, per nostril, and 15 minutes before the SP test, where a stranger rat was placed in a specific cage in front of each of the 19P and 19C animals in a separate cage, in which both cages provided visual and olfactory but no confrontational contact). The results showed that PrRP significantly (P<0.05) decreased the time spent by the treated rats on the open arms. In addition, PrRP revealed significant (P<0.05) decreases in the time spent close to the stranger rat, which means increased anxiety levels. The current findings revealed that prolactin-releasing peptide increases anxiety and decreases sociality in the studied male rats.

The successful production of “sterbel” hybrids using beluga (Huso huso) cryopreserved sperm

This is the first report of the production of viable “sterbel” hybrids using cryopreserved beluga (Huso huso) sperm. In the present study, beluga cryopreserved sperm were used for fertilization and activation of eggs collected from four females of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Sperm were cryopreserved with the use of a glucose methanol extender with the application of an automatic freezer. The mean sperm concentration of beluga was 1.54 × 109 mL−1. Cryopreservation did not significantly change sperm velocity and trajectory parameters (VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, ALH, BCF). Cryopreservation affected only the values of percentage of motile sperm (MOT) and progressive motility (PRG). The frozen/thawed sperm were subsequently used for the fertilization of the sterlet ova. The fertilized and activated eggs from each female were incubated in separate experimental incubation cages in the RAS system (at 15 °C). This experiment resulted in the production of inter-generic hybrids that were incubated until hatching. Experimental hybridization was characterized by 20–35% hatching rates and normal development of „sterbel” larvae. Experimental hybrids were verified using molecular and cytogenetic analyses. All produced specimens were characterized by sterlet maternal and beluga paternal genomes and were diploids with 120 chromosomes. This study presents the procedure of hybridization of the sterlet with beluga cryopreserved sperm that can be applied in sturgeon aquaculture or research focused on the biology of sturgeon reproduction.

Studies on parasitic prevalence in pet birds from Punjab, Pakistan.

During this one year study, blood and fecal samples of doves (Zenaida asiatica), ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), pigeons (Columba livia), partridges (Alectoris chukar), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and goose (Chen caerulescens) were collected to assess the parasitic prevalence in these birds. The birds were kept at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. All these avian species were kept in separate cages and their entire body was inspected on regularly basis to record external parasites. For internal parasites, 100 blood and 100 fecal samples for each species were analyzed. During present study, two species of ectoparasites i.e. fowl ticks (Args persicus) and mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) while 17 species of endoparasites; three from blood and 14 from fecal samples were identified. Prevalence of blood parasites was Plasmodium juxtanucleare 29.3%, Aegyptinella pullorum 15% and Leucoctoyzoon simond 13%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 50%, Capillaria anatis 40%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%, Ascardia galli 24% and Allodpa suctoria 2%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 12.1% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 9.1% were also recorded from fecal samples of the birds. Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 27% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having prevalence 20.1%, Histomonas meleagridis 8% and Giardia lamblia 5.3% were recorded. In our recommendation, proper medication and sanitation of the bird's houses and cages is recommended to avoid parasites.

Evaluation of chemosterility effect of different insect growth regulators on Bactrocera zonata population.

The indiscriminate application of synthetic pesticides on horticultural plants for the management of Bactrocera zonata has both economic and environmental implications due to the biomagnification of harmful residues in humans via the food chain. This necessitates the use of some eco-friendly control measures such as insect growth regulators (IGRs) as an alternative. A laboratory experiment was laid out to determine the potential chemosterilant effect of five IGRs including pyriproxyfen, novaluron, lufenuron, buprofezin, and flubendiamide at six different concentrations on B. zonata after treating adult diet. Using the oral bioassay, B. zonata were fed on IGRs impregnated diet (50-300 ppm/5 mL diet) which was replaced with the normal diet after 24 h of feeding. Ten pairs of B. zonata were placed in a separate plastic cage accommodating an ovipositor attractant guava for eggs collection and calculation. An analysis of the result revealed that fecundity and hatchability were higher at a low dose and vice versa. Lufenuron at 300 ppm/5 mL of diet significantly decreased the fecundity rate (31.1%) as compared to pyriproxyfen, novaluron, buprofezin and flubendiamide, which had 39.3%, 39.3%, 43.8%, and 47.5%, respectively. The lowest hatchability (19.9%) was noted in lufenuron treated diet followed by pyriproxyfen, novaluron, buprofezin, and flubendiamide, which had 22.1%, 25.0%, 30.9%, and 31.6%, respectively. Furthermore, in a population of crosses between the lufenuron treated male and female, a significant decrease in fecundity (45.5%) and hatchability (51.7%) was noted as compared to other IGRs. Overall, this study identified the chemosterilant potential of lufenuron on the population of B. zonata which can be integrated for its management strategy.

Post-Vaccination AI (Avian Influenza) Antibody Levels in Superior Native Chicken Balitnak (Kub Chicken) with Arab Chicken Aged 25 Days

In Indonesia, native chickens are still in demand by the community. However, this type of chicken has low productivity compared to purebred chickens. At this time, there has been a type of native chicken that is Arab Chicken that has been widely developed in Indonesia because it has better endurance than other native chickens. In addition to Arabic chickens, there are also KUB chickens developed by the Bogor Livestock Research Institute to address the problem of low productivity of native chickens. But these two types of chickens remain susceptible to diseases, such as Avian Influenza (AI). To overcome this breeders conduct AI vaccinations using inactive vaccines. This study aims to find out the difference between post-vaccination antibodies between KUB chickens and Arab chickens. This research has been conducted from June to August 2018. The chickens used amounted to 40 chickens (20 KUB chickens and 20 Arab chickens). The chickens are kept from the age of one day and placed in two separate cages according to their breed. Intracardial blood sampling was pre-treatment (three days old) for the 40 chickens. At the age of four days, the chickens were injected with an inactive AI vaccine, and 21 days later blood sampling was again carried out (post-treatment). HI, tests are used to find out titer antibodies pre and post-treatment. The results of antibody titer readings were then analyzed using a t-test and Geometric Mean Titer test (GMT). T-test results showed that T value (6,364)&gt;T table (1,734), so the results of this study showed that the titer antibodies formed are different (P&lt;0.05). KUB chickens have higher antibody titers than Arab chickens.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ РАЗДАЧИ ЖИДКИХ КОРМОВ ДЛЯ ТЕЛЯТ

Maintenance and care of calves during the milk period, when it is necessary to distribute mainly liquid feed, is very laborious. Most of the time is associated with the delivery of feed on a cart in milk flasks and filling buckets from flasks when hand-watering the calves. proposed Feeder device on a mobile frame (rod), which moves on rollers with the help of an electric drive, proposed for distributing liquid feed to calves in boxes. It consists of a carrier conveyor with fixed buckets, which alternately reciprocates towards the feeders. This technical solution is applicable on farms where separate group cages or boxes are used for keeping calves. The proposed liquid feed distribution technology raises the level of the entire calf feeding process. It was found that as a result of the work of the distributor, the use of manual labor decreased by 90%. The actual labor productivity was at least 400 heads per hour, therefore, one operator, when working with a distributor, is fully capable of drinking 200 calves in 0.5 hours. The use of a mechanized system for distributing liquid feed on farms has a positive effect on reducing the level of morbidity in calves associated with the digestive organs - by 20%. Gross and average daily gains in live weight increase by 5-6%.

Analyzing the adverse effects of childhood stress on adult anxiety behaviors by testing on male rats and addressing it with a period of aerobic exercise during adolescence

Anxiety is one of the most common diagnoses in psychiatry, which is twice as common in women as in men. Anxiety and depression disorders are significant because they affect a person's social and individual functioning and lead to severe economic and social damage, so they are expected to be debilitating diseases worldwide in the coming years. Considering the importance of treating stress disorders such as anxiety, which improves patients' social and personal functioning, and taking into account the side effects of drugs, researchers proposed sports activities as a non-pharmacological and effective occupational therapy method. But it is not clear whether the effects of exercise can be related to the regulation of the serotonergic system in the brain (especially anxiety behavior). Therefore, this research was designed and carried out to answer the following question: Will doing optional exercise (Running Wheel) and not mandatory exercise (Treadmill exercise) during adolescence be able to improve the ill effects of MS? In this research, six pregnant mice were used. After giving birth, their babies experienced the stress of separation from their mother for 12 days between the 2nd and 14th days after birth, and then from the 28th day, they exercised with the Running Wheel for a month. The number of rats was 8 for behavioral tests and 4 for molecular tests. In the model implemented in this research, after birth, mouse babies are separated from their mother for 180 minutes every day for 12 days (from the second day of birth to the 14th day after birth) and placed in a separate cage. This protocol is so-called. It is called Maternal Neonatal Separation or childhood stress. The results of this research determined that childhood stress in the form of separation from the mother is capable of causing anxiety behaviors in adult male rats. On the other hand, the results of this research determined that optional exercise with running wheels during adolescence can reduce the adverse effects of stress and anxiety-related behaviors.

The Effects of Alcohol and Social Isolation on Yawning Behavior in Adult Male Rats, Treated with Opioid Receptor Agonist and Antagonist

The number of 88 rats was chosen, after 21 days, they were ablactated and categorized them as following groups:&#x0D; The control group 1 has a cage of 8 rats in a social condition. After 6 weeks of saline injection (1mg / kg), the yawning behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 2 in social conditions of receiving ethanol for 2 months, each serving of 600 mg / kg. Group 3 social isolation without treatment with agonist and antagonist, Opioid and alcohol drugs in a separate cage, each cage has one rat. After 6 weeks, It is recorded the yawning was cured for 60 minutes. Group 4 social isolation for 6 weeks and then treatment with alcohol agonist (1200 mg / kg) after 30 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 5 Social isolation after 6 weeks of treatment with opioid drugs (5mg / kg of morphine) after 30 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 6 social isolation after 6 weeks of morphine + alcohol antagonist treatment after 30 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 7 social isolation followed by 6 weeks of treatment with antagonist alcohol (naltrexone), 10 mg / kg, after 30 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 8 Social isolation after 6 weeks of treatment with antagonist morphine (naloxone) 1 mg / kg of bad breath after 30 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 9 social isolation followed by 6 weeks of treatment with antagonist alcohol + morphine after 30 minutes for 60 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 10 social isolation followed by 6 weeks of treatment with antagonist alcohol + morphine antagonist after 30 minutes for 60 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 11 Social isolation after 6 treatments with antagonist morphine + alcohol followed after 30 minutes for 60 minutes of yawing behavior is recorded for 60 minutes.&#x0D; Injection of alcohol chronically reduces yawning, but alcohol injections in conditions of social isolation increase the number of yawns. Antagonist injection of naltrexone prior morphine in conditions of social isolation of yawning. Injection of morphine in conditions of social isolation does not change the number of yawning. Injection of morphine antagonist (naloxone) prior to antagonist of alcohol (naltrexone) in conditions of social isolation increases yawn. Also, the injection of morphine antagonist (naloxone) prior to alcohol into social isolation causes an increase in the number of yawns. Alcohol injection before morphine in conditions of social isolation increases the number of yawns.&#x0D; It seems that the stress of social isolation by decreasing alcohol and morphine function increases the number of yawns.

An open-source, low-cost voluntary running activity tracking tool for in vivo rodent studies

In vivo rodent behavioral and physiological studies often benefit from measurement of general activity. However, many existing instruments necessary to track such activity are high in cost and invasive within home cages, some even requiring extensive separate cage systems, limiting their widespread use to collect data. We present here a low-cost open-source alternative that measures voluntary wheel running activity and allows for modulation and customization, along with a reproducible and easy to set-up code pipeline for setup and analysis in Arduino IDE and R. Our robust, non-invasive scalable voluntary running activity tracker utilizes readily accessible magnets, Hall effect sensors, and an Arduino microcontroller. Importantly, it can interface with existing rodent home cages and wheel equipment, thus eliminating the need to transfer the mice to an unfamiliar environment. The system was validated both for accuracy by a rotating motor used to simulate mouse behavior, and in vivo. Our recorded data is consistent with results found in the literature showing that the mice run between 3 to 16 kilometers per night, and accurately captures speed and distance traveled continuously on the wheel. Such data are critical for analysis of highly variable behavior in mouse models and allow for characterization of behavioral metrics such as general activity. This system provides a flexible, low-cost methodology, and minimizes the cost, infrastructure, and personnel required for tracking voluntary wheel activity.

Effect of delayed mating on reproductive performance and life-history parameters of dengue vector Aedes aegypti.

Dengue is a fast-spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. The primary vector of the disease is Aedes aegypti of the family Culicidae. It is a container breeder. Since a vaccine or a drug has not been developed against dengue, vector control appears to be the best method so far to control dengue. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of delayed mating on fecundity, fertility, life-history parameters, and longevity of Ae. aegypti, because such information can help formulate integrated vector control strategies involving the release of sub-fertile males into the environment. During this study, mating was delayed by 0, 2, 5, and 8 days after emergence. Males and females were separated by hand at the pupal stage using the apparent size difference of the sexes. The separated pupae were kept in separate cages until emergence. When mating was delayed for 8 days, the number of eggs laid by the female declined by 38%, and the percentage number of eggs that hatched reduced by 24%. However, the percentage of larval mortality, duration of the larval and pupal periods, and adult longevity were not significantly affected. The current results indicate that delayed mating has a negative effect on the reproductive performance of vector mosquitoes.

Effect of Cucumis sativus and Prunus armeniaca Juices on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Electrolytes of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Aims: To investigate the effects of Cucumis sativus and Prunus armeniaca juices on blood glucose, insulin and electrolytes of alloxan-induced Diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats.&#x0D; Study Design: An experimental study involving a total of eighty (80) male Sprague Dawley rats was used.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Nigeria, between January 2021 and February 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: 80 male Sprague Dawley rats were grouped into eight groups of ten rats each and housed in separate cages in an animal house. They were induced for diabetes with 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally apart from group 1. They were then treated with various doses of apricot and cucumber juices. The juices were extracted by blending the pulp of each fruit using an electric blender and the juice sieved into a water bottle. Group 1 was the positive control, group 2 negative control, group 3 high dose apricot, group 4 low dose apricot, group 5 high dose cucumber, group 6 low dose cucumber, group 7 a combination of apricot and cucumber juices, group 8 metformin. The rats were treated for a period of 5 weeks and sacrificed. Blood glucose was estimated using the glucose oxidase method, electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Chloride) measured using serum electrolytes analyser, insulin was measured using Crystal Chem’s Rat insulin ELISA method. Phytochemical analysis was done using Cleg Anthrone method for carbohydrate, Boham and Kocipaiabyazari test for flavonoid and Harbone method for alkaloids. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad prism and results expressed as mean ±SD (P &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Results: The results showed that high dose cucumber significantly reduced (P = 0.03) blood glucose level (5.4 mmol/L) compared to positive control (10.5 mmol/L); apricot and cucumber juices improved insulin level significantly (2.03 µIU/ml) (P &lt; 0.01) compared to positive control (0.77 µIU/ml); a combination of apricot and cucumber juices improved potassium level (3.73 mmol/L) significantly (P = 0.03) compared to control (3.4 mmol/L). High Dose Cucumber also significantly reduced blood glucose level better than high dose apricot (P &lt; 0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: Cucumber juice therefore improved diabetic condition in diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats and a combination of apricot and cucumber juices boosted potassium level in diabetic rats.

Quality degradation of industrial hemp due to infestation by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a highly polyphagous pest that causes severe damage to a wide range of hosts by feeding on vegetative and reproductive organs of plants, as well as on seeds. The aim of the present study was to determine if BMSB injures hemp seeds and to what the extent of this injury was, in terms of seed weight and quality. At the growth stage of the formation of female inflorescence, a BMSB individual was inserted into separate sleeve cages that were placed on the top of female industrial hemp plants. The entire procedure was repeated at two more growth stages, 20 and 40 days after the formation of the female inflorescence. According to our results, no differences were observed among infested and non-infested plants regarding seed weight and percentage of empty seeds. Conversely, infested plants displayed significantly lower mean protein content 20 days after the formation of the female inflorescence. Likewise, infested plants exhibited the lowest mean oil content 20 days after the formation of the female inflorescence.