Separate Book Research Articles

Международные конференции, посвященные исто­рии чингизидских государств

On August 19, 2024, Astana hosted an international conference on “Topical issues on the history of the Kazakh Khanate from the second half of the 15th – first half of the 18th century”. On August 20–21, another international conference was held, entitled, “Ethnopolitical history of the Jochi, Chagatai, Haidu and Moghulistan uluses” and dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Jochid Ulus. The event was organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Scientific Institute for the Study of the Jochid Ulus. More than 70 leading scientists, specialists and researchers researching the history of nomadic societies and empires, including the history of the Kazakh Khanate and the Golden Horde, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, China, Canada, Japan, and Austria participated in the conferences. The conferences discussed the issues of studying the Kazakh Khanate and the ethnopolitical history of the Jochi, Chagatai, and Haidu Uluses which were formed during the collapse of the Mongolian Empire. Moreover the participants discussed the issues of developing the fourth volume of the History of Kazakhstan and creating a separate book dedicated to the history of the Kazakh Khanate. Within the framework of the 2nd conference dedicated to the history of the Jochi, Chagatai, Haidu uluses, and Moghulistan, a private screening was organized for the documentary film “Batu: Historical Detective” created by Kazakh director Rashid Nugmanov. The was contributed to by historians and researchers from Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Mongolia, France, Canada and the USA.

‘Lift me up!’: The New Major Discourses of Care and Ageing in Doris Lessing’s<i> The Diaries of Jane Somers</i>

The genre of <i>Reifungsroman</i> considers different temporal aspects of individuation. It aids and assesses the capacity of an older person to re-story their life, enter meaningful relationships, make amends with the past and productively evolve as an individual. Instead of focusing solely on the present, time is seen as a continuum in <i>Reifungsroman </i>with a special emphasis on the past events and narratives. This article will trace the late life transformation that Jane and Maudie undergo as all life is mutable and finite, awareness of which can make us more compassionate. In <i>The Diaries of Jane Sommers</i>, written by Doris Lessing and published in 1984 the narrator tells the story of the relationship she constructs with an elderly friend, Maudie, whom she meets in the streets of London and who triggers her identarian metamorphoses. Maudie embodies all the stereotypes of an old woman, she has crone-like features and an unforgiving temper. From the physical maladies to emotional suffering, Jane Sommers is herself a source of discomfort and displeasure to those around her. As the narrative unravels and cleanses Jane from rampant egoism, as she bathes after each visit to Maudie’s home, she deconstructs her old narratives and transitions into an empathetic self. As Maudie shades her trauma in words and being bathed by Jane, both undergo a process of healing. Maudie dies with dignity and out of this sacrificial moment of catharses, the meeting of the now and then, new Jane is born. She erases the old wry Jane, an ambitious and vain journalist in a women’s magazine, only concerned with success and everlasting youth, who spends time and her financial gains on material goods. This article will look into the discourses on ageing and the genre of <i>Reifungsroman</i> in <i>The Diaries of Jane Sommers</i>, Lessing’s fifth novel, published under a pseudonym and separately as two separate books: <i>The Diaries of a Good Neighbour</i> and <i>If the Old Could</i> against criticism from various editorial boards. I will analyse the processes of resignification of the minor discourses and their relationship towards the major discourses on growing older. I will consider Jana and Maudie as a two-faced Janus and a dyad of the old and the new, the ich and the poor, the successful and the unsuccessful: a crone, a witch and young woman whose polyphony of voices can re-story the narratives of women and ageing.

Reception of Work of Afanasy Fet in China

The article examines the issue of the appeal of Chinese translators and researchers to the works of Afanasy Fet. The theme of the reception of the works of Russian classics does not lose its relevance in the context of intercultural communication. The material for the study consisted of Fet’s poems translated into Chinese, which were included in collections of Russian poetry or published in China as separate books, as well as studies by literary scholars and translators. The history of the reception of Fet’s works in China is presented. Two periods have been identified during which the study of the Russian poet’s work was carried out differently. It is noted that in the first half of the 20th century, Fet’s lyrics were translated and studied to a lesser extent because, from the perspective of the Chinese reader and specialist, they were considered to lack social significance, which was particularly important during that period of China’s development. However, from the late 1970s, the reception of Fet’s works began to develop. It is shown that during this period, the focus of translators and literary scholars shifted towards studying the artistic features of Fet’s poetry. Chinese researchers highlight the musicality, impressionism, and aesthetic qualities of the poetry of this Russian classic.

A Historical Exploration of the Selected Writing Trends on As-Sīrah An-Nabawiyyah (Prophetic Biography) from the First Century of Islam to the Contemporary Times

This research paper seeks to explore trends or tendencies in as-Sīrah an-Nabawiyyah (Prophetic Biography) emphasizing the historical investigation of selected writings on this subject from the first century of Islam until contemporary times. Muslims and others find exemplary qualities in every aspect of the Prophet’s life that inspire them to love him, understand his sayings, and follow his deeds, and accept all his decisions. Also, Muslim scholars rely on the Prophetic Sīrah to understand and explain the Islamic Sources, al-Qur’an and as-Sunnah. Initially, most works on Sīrah focused on the composition of the Prophet’s biography, and subsequently, their writers became interested in recording its events in separate books. This study aims to highlight the writing trends on the Prophetic Sīrah throughout Islamic history, and then, examine selected writings addressing the demands and concerns of their times. This work starts with an introduction, and then, continues the discussion on the literal and technical definition of the Prophetic Sīrah, the phases of its writing trends, firstly, from the first century to the third century, secondly, from the fourth century to the golden age of Orientalism, and, lastly, from nineteenth century to contemporary age. This study arrives at insightful findings that for each age, there has been a trend or tendency in the writing of the Prophetic Sīrah according to the demands and concerns of the time. The researchers propose that the demands of modern-day writing trends on the Prophetic Sīrah include rhetorical (Kalāmī), philosophical (Falsafī), and social (Ijtimā’ī) approaches.

Концептуальные стратегии пост(соц)реализма (роман А. Тургенева «Чтобы Бог тебя разорвал изнутри на куски!»)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the text of Andrei Turgenev’s fiction novel “So that God tears you to pieces from the inside!”, published as a separate book by the Moscow publishing house “Eksmo” in 2008. The research was undertaken in order to identify and comprehend the imitation strategies of the critic Vyacheslav Kuritsyn, who acted as a novelist under the pseudonym Andrey Turgenev. The authors of the work prove that the “precedent” pseudonym of the author, allusively associated with the name of the Russian classic Ivan Turgenev, gives rise to the idea of a literary game started by the critic-writer to create an imitation text, the so-called “secondary” text. However, the authors emphasize that the classical Turgenev traditions were ignored by the modern writer. On the one hand he tried to combine the visual techniques of Fellini cinema in the novel text, and on the other hand, to reproduce the techniques and practices of the Moscow conceptualists D. Prigov, L. Rubinstein, V. Sorokin, etc. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the various aspects of the Kuritsyn-Turgenev novel are analytically examined, the axiological angles of the author’s playing position are revealed, and the dialogical connections of the novel are explicated. As a result, it is proved that (along with stylistic blunders) the dignity of the Kuritsyn-Turgenev genre experiment consists of an appeal to fundamental issues of literature and creativity, a semantically significant wealth of intertextual references to modern Russian and world literature.

Жас Түркістан» журналындағы Мұстафа Шоқайдың саяси публицистикасы

Mustafa Shokai's contribution to the struggle for the independence of the nation and to the press has been studied by a number of scientists. In 2023, Shokai scholar Abdiuakap Karatranslated more than 140 articles by Shokai from French into Kazakh and published them in a separate book. M. Shokai is a person who has weight not only in emigrant journalism, but also in political journalism. Therefore, it is important to study his views on the interests of the nation in journalistic articles and his influence on the formation of public opinion, as well as methods of analyzing the problem. Considering the content and structure of expert articles, genre features, we determine his journalistic creative skills. The topics he raised, such as the study of the volatile nature of the political system, analysis in determining the nature of various social changes, the introduction of leadership ideas in shaping public opinion, can be used in the practice of modern mass media, as well as for the development of professional competence of journalists. The article analyzes several journalistic articles by M. Shocking in the magazine "Zhas Turkistan" from the point of view of the interests of the nation. In addition, the article analyzes all of Mustafa's thoughts about the unification of Turkic brethren, about how people come to the common world and learn.

Полемика академика В. П. Безобразова с горным инженером И. П. Котляревским на рубеже 1860-1870-х гг. об уральских казённых заводах и конструирование региональной идентичности

Polemics of academician V.P. Bezobrazov with mining engineers at the turn of the 1860-1870s., caused by the different estimation of Ural state-owned factories, is considered in the article. They influenced the revalorization of the Ural industry and the construction of regional identity. In 1868-1869 V.P. Bezobrazov published a report on a trip to the Urals (article in the journal “Russian Bulletin” (“Russkii vestnik”), monograph “Ural Mining and the issue of selling state-owned mining plants” (“Ural'skoe gornoe hozjajstvo i vopros o prodazhe kazennyh gornyh zavodov”)). He criticized the management of Ural state-owned factories and suggested that the government sell them to private individuals. Mining engineers considered the academician a demagogue: he, instilling capitalist relations, denigrated the achievements of the mining industry, represented mining officials as negligent administrators, formed a complex of guilt in them. Mining engineers defended their position with the help of the public sphere, the media, and the impact on public opinion. The head of the Mining Department, V.K. Rashet, has publicly opposed the sale of the plants. Articles by V.I. Rozhkov and I.P. Kotlyarevsky appeared in the “Mountain Journal” (“Gornyi zhurnal”). After I.P. Kotlyarevsky published 6 articles in the Mountain Journal criticizing Bezobrazov's monograph. In 1870, they were published as a separate book “Notes on the Ural Mining Economy” (“Zametki ob ural'skom gornom hozjajstve”). V.P. Bezobrazov revised the ideas about the mining plant Urals from a capitalist position. Opponents considered the Ural industry the basis of regional identity and defended mining values.

СТИХОТВОРЕНИЕ ЕЛИЗАВЕТЫ СТЮАРТ «СТРАШНЫЙ ЗВЕРЬ»: ИСТОРИЯ ТЕКСТА И ПОЭТИКА ПРОСТРАНСТВА

The article is devoted to the children’s poem by the Siberian poet Elizabeth Stewart (1906–1984), first published in 1935 under the title Fear has Big Eyes. In 1935–1965, the poem was published in the poet’s author’s collections six times, three times under the title Terrible Beast. In 1938, under this title, it was published as a separate book. Critics’ reviews of the poem have been collected and systematized. The space of the poem is analyzed in detail. It is shown that it reflects that stage in a child’s development when he can navigate well in a room and in an apartment, moves freely in this space, communicates with adults, but does not yet have even a vague idea of geography. The literary and cultural implications of the poem are shown. An unpublished version of the poem, which was made by the author during the years of persecution of “cosmopolitans” (1948–1953), is analyzed. She was accused of being out of touch with modernity and of disrespecting the child. Because of her noble origins and non-Russian aristocratic surname, Elizabeth Stewart was repeatedly persecuted in literary criticism. An assumption has been made that the subtext of the poem contained the memory of the aesthetics of Nikolai Gumilyov.

A cross-sectional study on attitude and feedback of phase-II medical students on competency-based medical education

Background: Competency-based undergraduate curriculum has been introduced by MCI and it has been applicable since the 2019 batch of Indian medical graduates (IMG). There has been prototype move in learning from teacher centered to student centered. Aims and Objectives: The study intended to determine the attitude and feedback of Phase-II medical students regarding competency-based medical education (CBME). Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted online. Phase II medical students were required to complete an online survey through a Google form. The questions requested of the participants were to be answered on a Likert scale. The survey includes information regarding students’ perceptions of the foundation course’s framework, innovations in assessment methods, additional components of medical education based on competency, and overall study population attitude scores for diverse CBME components. Results: This study involved a total of 151 medical students. Regarding the perceptions of the framework of the foundation course, where 86.7% of participants supported basic life support training, 96% of participants supported field/health center visits, 83.4% of students were happy with their time management, and 92% of participants informed early clinical exposure was beneficial. The perception about innovations in assessment methods, where 83.4% were able to understand the assessment and feedback schemes, 58% supported questions with multiple choices in the curriculum, 75.5% stated that Objective Structured Practical Examination and Objective Structured Clinical Examination practical sessions were fruitful, 77.5% felt that medical college’s first phase is demanding intellectually, and 74.9% were accepted that vertical and horizontal integration lectures are helpful. Conclusion: The majority of students showed positive attitudes and feedback toward CBME but there are certain challenges such as difficulty with theory examination time management, having to maintain separate log books for each department, and expressing relevance about sports activities during weekdays.

The Reports of the Ober-Procurators of the Holy Ruling Synod as a Source for the Study of the Situation in the Kyiv Eparchy and Its Monasteries in the Second Half of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

The purpose of the article is to cast light upon the problem of researching published sources on the history of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, as well as to supplement the achievements of previous researchers and to propose a detailed analysis of the situation and activities of the Kyiv diocese and its monasteries, presented in the published reports of the ober-procurators of the Holy Ruling Synod between 1884 and 1914. The scientific novelty of the material presented in this article lies in the fact that, for the first time in the national historiography, “All-Public Reports of the Ober-Procurators of the Holy Synod” between 1884–1914, which were published and open to the general scientific community, were subjected to a detailed analysis. The authors also clarify the level and significance of information about the situation in the Kyiv Eparchy, its clergy, its numbers, its composition, as well as the cultural, educational and charitable activities of its monasteries. The article argues that the essence of the reports by the ober-procurators of the Holy Ruling Synod on the situation in the Kyiv Eparchy and its monasteries is practically undeveloped in the scientific literature. Such reports were addressed to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church – the Russian Emperor. They are an important and extremely informative source for modern researchers, familiarity with which will permit them to assess the general condition of the main confession in the empire. More specifically, these reports reveal the state of the Kyiv Eparchy for each calendar year. Every report had a relatively standard structure and was published as a separate book. An analysis of these sources makes it possible to establish the role and place of the hierarchs of the Kyiv Eparchy in the overall structure of the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as their personnel and activities. Furthermore, additional information, provided in the reports on the number of Orthodox monasteries in the Kyiv Eparchy and the number of monks, is of particular interest, which allows the authors to trace the dynamics in changes in these numbers over thirty years. The study of the reports reveals new information on the life in the Orthodox monasteries in the Kyiv region, in relation to their charitable, cultural and educational activities.

Publishing Memoirs of Russian Historians of the Late 20<sup>th</sup> – Early 21<sup>st</sup> Century: Practices and Issues

The article reviews the memoirs of historians written and published at the end of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century. Among the large number (about a hundred) of texts, it selects about twenty that meet the following criteria: 1) written by specialists in the history of Russia, who continued their research work in the last third of the 20th century; 2) created and published after the early 1990s; 3) published as separate books. The research aims to analyze the current practice of publication, identify the main editorial, ethical and legal problems, and ways to solve them. Selected texts are divided into two groups: fifteen were published by the authors themselves and four – by other persons. Publications of the second group meet the requirements of edition archaeography to a greater extent, especially in the correct usage of the academic systems for referring to references. The first group does not always show a clear dependence between the nature of the publication and the qualifications of the publisher. The publications of both groups contain critical opinions about contemporaries and even mention specific names. Ethical and legal issues examined in this research include the publication of similar information, the chronological interval between the creation and publication of texts, and the admissibility of a text with omissions. The article discusses different opinions of well-known experts and their arguments in favor of various solutions. The article concludes by arguing that the publishers of other people's memoirs usually consider the copyright holder's opinion. At the same time, established practice and scientific discussions show that there are still unresolved issues. It emphasizes a need for considering these issues, complying with the norms of the law, and reasonably compromising.

Задостойник Рождеству Христову демественного многоголосия: варианты распева

The article is devoted to the study of one demestvenny polyphonic hymn: the "zadostoynik" for the Nativity of Christ (irmos of the 9th song of the festive canon, performed at the liturgy instead of the hymn to the Theotokos «It is truly meet to bless thee»); the history of its origin and existence is traced according to 11 singing manuscripts of the 17th - the first quarter of the 18th century, fragments of manuscripts and musical examples are given. In the light of the newly discovered aspects of the mutual influence of two styles of early Russian polyphony – troestrochy («triplets») and demestvo - the author wrote two articles in parallel in 2023: a more general “On the problem of interaction between the styles of early Russian polyphony in the 17th century (on the example of zadostoyniks)”, and the present one, dedicated to only one of the zadostoyniks - the Christmas one. The article describes all the cycles of demestvenny zadostoyniks in which there is a Christmas one, while building a historical picture of the change in forms and ways of recording demestvenny polyphony: in the form of a part of a separate voice in a separate book, in the form of a hook score of Kazansky (demestvenny) notation and in the form of musical notation scores. Analyzing demestvenny notation and transcripts, some of which were made by Evgeny Skurat, the author identifies 3 different chants of the Christmas zadostoynik: the main, parody variant, quoting the voice «put'» from a similar triplets chant, and a paraphrase variant using the initial motive "put' strochnoy" in solo “pochin demestvom”. The elite, court tradition of Russian polyphonic singing in its heyday mastered a new method of composing demestvenny scores using the technique of parody, counterfactual. In one of the variants of the chant, we see elements of an innovative polyphonic writing technique: imitation in augmentatio and in diminutio in all four voices of the score.

THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF THE WORKS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN PAINTING IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

Most often, Russian painting of the second half of the 18th century is considered in works on art only in the context of the general process of development of Russian art. Most of them conscientiously cover the development of Russian painting in the second half of the 18th century. The material on this topic is concentrated either in multi-volume publications, or in journal articles, or in separate books that tell about the life and work of a particular artist.

Eino G. Karhu (to the Centenary of Birth)

The article is devoted to E.G. Karhu, Doctor of Philology, Russian literature scholar, specialist in the literature of Karelia and Karelian-Finnish folklore, who worked at the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre RAS. Special attention is paid to bibliography of his scholarly works. A detailed bibliography of the scientist’s papers published from 2013 to 2023 is presented. The actuality of the article is the analysis of E.G. Karhu’s scientific ideas and his bibliographic works. Such a study is carried out for the first time. Academic works of E.G. Karhu are an integral part of the literature of Karelia. His generalizing papers are of interest for both Russian and foreign researchers. The aim of this study is to spot E.G. Karhu’s publications and the literature about his life and work published in the 20th—21st centuries. Publications in Russian, Karelian, and Finnish languages published in Russia both in mass media and as separate books have been identified.

A Trauma Reading of Isaiah 1–12 from the “Unity Movement” Perspective

In this contribution we focus firstly on the “unity movement” which has changed the face of Isaianic studies over the last 30 or more years, having been characterised by the Duhmian interpretation of three separate books for nearly 100 years. The unity movement focusses on the book of Isaiah as a literary unity, but it does not deny the historical growth of this literary masterpiece which took place over centuries. Secondly, we give a brief overview of the use of trauma theory as a reading lens in biblical studies and its implication for reading the book of Isaiah in this manner. In the third part we focus on three themes which are important from the perspective of the unity of the book of Isaiah (specifically in Isaiah 1–12 which is the first major subsection within the larger composition of the book of Isaiah). These three themes are important for a trauma reading of the book of Isaiah, as will be indicated in this contribution: the concept of the we-group (remnant), the woe oracles, and the theme of the “day of YHWH // this day.” These themes are briefly dealt with within Isaiah 1–12, although they have major implications for a more detailed study of the book of Isaiah (read as a literary unity) from a trauma theoretical perspective.

النظر اللغويّ في معرفيّة الإمام جعفر الصّادق (ت148هــ)

Praise be to God, we praise Him, we seek His help, and we seek His forgiveness, and I pray upon Muhammad, His trustworthy servant and His honorable Messenger, and upon his pure and chaste family, the solid foundations of knowledge, and the preponderant weights of wisdom, and peace be upon him.
 And yet, Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq left a great gift from his blessed, supremely eloquent speech, whose eloquence is irresistible, whose sea does not bleed, whose depths are not comprehended, and whose lust is not pursued, since the paths of rhetoric were humiliated for him, as his speech is among the approaches, the buildings are smooth, how not when he is from a house They were known for their eloquence and eloquence, so they are - as Imam Ali (peace be upon him) said - “We are the princes of speech, and in us its veins grow, and upon us its branches let down (the words of Imam Ali, the collection of Al-Sharif Al-Radi, 2008 AD: 448); therefore, Imam Ali bin Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) said ) "They expressed our conversation; I am an eloquent people” (Al-Kulaini, 2002 AD, 1/68).
 The words of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) included fragments and luminous glimpses that indicate a clear approach and insightful and distinct linguistic thought, especially what we have received from Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) (d. 148 AH). It was set in the middle of the second century of the Hijra (Al-Baghdadi, 1093 AH: 3/343).
 In this research, I have consistently explained the linguistic consideration of the knowledge of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) according to what we have received of his heritage in this regard. Therefore, it was divided into five axes containing the most prominent clear and bright highlights of Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq in this field of knowledge. It specialized in the linguistic explanatory aspect of the nomenclature, and finally the fifth axis that I devoted to a picture of the rhetorical aspect of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), and it is worth noting that the opinions, sayings, and rulings of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) were spread in separate books, which I adopted in this research.

Silovan Khundadze, Researcher of Georgian Writing

Silovan Khundadze did fruitful social and literary activities, along with the teaching of the mother tongue; he carried out research work on linguistics and literary issues. He has published several collections of poems and short stories. He has published textbooks on the grammar of the Georgian language and also published essays by Georgian writers in the form of separate books. About the creativity and life of Shota Rustaveli, N. Baratashvili, A. Tsereteli, R. Eristavi, I Chavchavadze, V. Orbeliani, Gr. Orbeliani and others. He has published separate books on the murder of Ilia and other controversial issues. Silovan Khundadze has published more than 30 works of fiction, studies and manuals. This was the third attempt to compile a Georgian chrestomathy in that period, after Ivane Gomelauri and Sergi Gorgadze's textbooks. It is discussed in this article interesting investigations of the critic about Shota Rustaveli and Nikoloz Baratashvili, which serves to present the merits and achievements of these writers to Georgian literature.

REGULATIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFRINGEMENT IN THE PROJECT OF THE CRIMINAL LAW OF UKRAINE AND CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS

The relevance of the article is explained by the need to resolve the unresolved issue in the doctrine of how liability for encroachment on the environment should be regulated in the draft of the new CC. The purpose of writing this article is to study the approaches used in the criminal codes of European countries regarding the location in the system of their special parts of norms devoted to the regulation of responsibility for encroachment on the environment, to compare these approaches with the option embodied in the Project, as well as to develop, on this basis, scientifically based recommendations regarding improvement of the relevant provisions of the Project. A wide range of scientific methods was used during the research, in particular when proving the stated hypotheses and substantiating the conclusions, among which the following should be highlighted: comparative-legal, formal-logical, philosophical, methods of system analysis and modeling. Based on the results of writing the article, a conclusion is made about the need to allocate a separate book on criminal offenses against the environment, to which the sections devoted to criminal offenses against environmental safety and the procedure for the use and protection of natural resources, which are currently not in “their” books, would be “transferred”, respectively. The advantages of this approach are that it makes it possible to ensure the specificity of criminal offenses against the environment as much as possible; absolute correlation between generic, specific and main direct objects of specific criminal offenses included in their composition; continuity of the criminal legislation of Ukraine; and also takes into account the best foreign practices. The obtained results can be used in scientific and law-making activities, as well as in the work on further improvement of the project of the new Criminal Code.

İLYA PAVLOVİÇ PETRUŞEVSKİY, HORASAN’DA SERBEDARLAR HAREKETİ

One of the prominent representatives of Soviet Orientalism Prof. Dr. Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky (1898-1977) is known for his studies on the medieval history of Azerbaijan, Central Asia and Iran, especially the development process and characteristics of Eastern feudalism. He has more than a hundred scientific works published during his lifetime. One of the author's well-known works is the paper " The Sarbedar Movement in Khorasan", published in the XIV volume of the series "Scientific Works of the Institute of Oriental Studies of Academy of Sciences of USSR" in Moscow in 1956. The corresponding work was translated from Russian into Persian by Karim Keshavarz and published in Tehran in 1972 as a separate book. In view of the importance of the topic, we considered it necessary to translate the mentioned work of Petrushevsky from Russian into Turkish.The Sarbedar movement, which began in the village of Bashtin in the Bayhak district of the Khorasan region in 1336-1337, soon led to the creation of the Sarbedar state with its center in Sabzavar. This state, which existed between 1337 and 1386, left its mark on history due to the role it played in the political life of Iran, as well as the reforms and practices that it carried out in the social sphere. Petrushevsky, a Marxist historian, studying the Sarbedar movement, mainly tried to pay attention to the socio-economic factors that provoked this process, the class conflict and the struggle for power of various social groups among the Sarbedars, and programmatic differences between them. Keywords: History of Iran, Khorasan, Shiism, Sarbedars.

A Comparative Study on the Design of Pre-Engineered Building with Indian and American Codes

Objective: To compare the Industrial Gable Building using both Indian and American Codes. The Study is focused on arriving the tonnage differences and variations in the design parameters. Methods: A detailed study on Indian and American codes is done for the Gable Building. The Industrial Building is designed using various codes i.e., ASCE 7-16, MBMA-2012, IS 875 (part 1-5), IS 1893-2007, IS 800. The study project is then analyzed using the StaadPro Software for both the codes. Findings: Under similar environmental conditions and exposures, the American code is seemed to be more effective when compared to the Indian code having a weight difference of 38%. The revision of IS code will make it compatible with other international standards. Separate code book for Pre-Engineered buildings is important which helps to optimize the steel consumption and in overall cost reduction. The recent researches in PEB Technology includes the advantage of PEB with the Conventional Steel Building (CSB) in terms of tonnage, cost, ease of construction and design of various components of PEB structures. Being an emerging technology in India, codal standards available are for a conventional steel structure which is practiced for the PEB also. Novelty: In the PEB industry, we have observed that American code is widely used despite other codal provision. To find the extent of variation in sway and deflection limits of Indian code to American code, this study is made which we found not done earlier. And to suggest for the revision of codal data, to make Indian code compatible with other codes. Keywords: Pre-Engineered Building (PEB); Structural Analysis and Design; Steel Structures; Comparison; Crane