Separate ANOVA Research Articles

Measuring the Relation between Sense of Belonging, Campus Leadership, and Academic Achievement for African American Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs): A “Gender Equity” Analysis

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between sense of belonging, campus leadership, and academic achievement for African Americans at HBCUs, paying close attention to potential sex differences or “gendered effects.” Analyzing cross-sectional survey data from 259 African American HBCU students using hierarchical linear regression tests with a nested design, results suggest a statistically significant relationship exists between sense of belonging and predictive factors in the final models, although noticeable differences were found comparing Black men and women. Gendered effects are examined using separate regression models and one-way ANOVA tests. Implications for policy, practice, and future research are discussed in the context of previous literature.

Correlation between suicidal ideation and polysomnography parameters in late-life depression patients

To investigate the relationship between sleep parameters and suicidal ideation in patients with late-life depression (LLD). Seventy-seven LLD patients over 60 years old from Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University during July 2017 and July 2018 were included in the study. All patients were assessed with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and polysomnography (PSG) overnight. The suicidal score of item 3 in HAMD (HAM-D3)was used to define whether there was a suicidal ideation. Participants were subsequently grouped according to endorsement of presence (HAM-D3 score ≥1, n=46) versus absence (HAM-D3 score=0, n=31) of suicidal ideation symptoms. The sleep efficiency, total sleep time, wakefulness after sleep onset, rapid eye movement percent/latency, and non-rapid eye movement sleep stages 1-3 (N1-N3) were assessed. ANOVA analyses were conducted to explore the correlation of sleep parameters with suicidal ideation between the groups with and without suicidal ideation. In model 1, the HAM-D3 constituted the independent variable in separate ANOVA tests; in model 2 the impact of depressive symptoms were assessed as a covariate with sleep parameters. There was less stage N3 [(55±41)min, t=-4.731, P<0.05] and the reduced percentage of N3 [(15±11)%, t=-4.194, P<0.05] in LLD patients with suicidal ideation, compared with the LLD patients without suicidal ideation [(104±49) min, (26±11)%]. Correlation analyses revealed that there was a significant correlation between the suicidal ideation and the percentage of stage N3 and sleep time of stage N3 (both P<0.05). Suicidal ideation is associated with less N3 sleep in LLD patients.

Improving self-management in adolescents with sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with significant medical challenges that often worsen in adolescence when caregivers are beginning to transfer responsibility for disease management. Behavioral activation (BA) is an important precedent to improvements in self-management and ultimately health outcomes; however, few interventions targeting BA have been developed for the SCD population. The goal of the present study was to evaluate a technology-enhanced self-management intervention for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with SCD targeting BA domains (ie, disease knowledge, self-efficacy, motivation, and self-management skills). Participants were randomized to one of two study arms. SCThrive participants (N =26) completed six weekly group sessions, an in-person booster session, and used a companion app (iManage) to record symptoms, progress on goals, and connect with other group members. Each SCHealthEd participant (N=27) received six weekly phone calls on SCD-related and general health education topics. All AYA completed questionnaires assessing BA at baseline and posttreatment. Separate mixed ANOVA analyses to assess for the effects of group (SCThrive/SCHealthEd), time (baseline/posttreatment), and group × time interaction indicated that there was a clinically meaningful improvement (8-point change) in self-efficacy, with a medium effect size, P=.09, η2 =.06, and there was statistically significant improvement in one self-management skill (tracking health), P=.001, d=.71, among SCThrive participants. The results support the potential for a self-management intervention to improve self-efficacy in AYA with SCD. Health care providers are encouraged to target BA skills to support self-management of AYA with SCD.

Effects Of Blood Flow Restriction And Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation On Muscle And Adipose Tissue Thickness Of The Calves

Accelerated muscle atrophy is an important factor to consider in several different environments such as spaceflight, paralysis, immobilization, and aging. Understanding optimal exercise countermeasures in such environments is therefore necessary to examine. PURPOSE: To assess muscle and adipose tissue thickness in the calves while using the unconventional training methods of blood flow restriction (BFR) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). METHODS: Six sedentary participants (4 males and 2 females; 20.5 ± 1.4 yrs, 73.5 ± 13.8 kg) underwent 6 weeks of calf training with each leg randomly assigned to one of three conditions: 1) BFR (n=4), 2) NMES (n=3), and 3) combined BFR+NMES (n=5). A control group of seven sedentary participants (4 males and 3 females; 23.1 ± 4.3 yrs, 75.1 ± 12.2 kg) were also used. Adipose tissue thickness was measured via ultrasound and skinfolds while muscle thickness of the gastrocnemius and soleus was assessed via ultrasound. Comparisons were made using separate two-way ANOVA’s for each variable. RESULTS: A significant main effect of time was found for ultrasound measurements of the lateral (p = 0.0021) and medial (p = 0.0467) adipose tissue. A significant interaction effect was found for medial adipose tissue (p = 0.0282) with post-hoc comparisons revealing a significant increase in medial adipose tissue thickness with the BFR (p = 0.0176). No differences were found in muscle thickness for both the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, however, there was a significant main effect of time (p = 0.0025) and interaction (p = 0.0013) for soleus muscle thickness. Post-hoc comparisons showed a significant increase in soleus muscle thickness with the BFR+NMES condition (p = 0.0029) only. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a combined BFR+NMES training condition may be a feasible method for increasing soleus muscle thickness with 6 weeks of training. Additional research is warranted to elucidate the potential use of BFR and NMES for stimulating positive physiological change in the calves. Supported by National Institute of Health grants UL1GM118979; TL4GM118980; RL5GM118978.

The role of critical reflection as an employability skill in sport management

ABSTRACT Research question: The two research questions driving this study were (1) ‘To what extent do sport management students address the individual and social dimensions of critical reflection during work-integrated learning (WIL) experiences?’, and (2) ‘Do these skills align with what employers need from those working and seeking employment in the sport industry?’. Research methods: A total of 314 WIL stakeholders (i.e. students, Academic Supervisors and Industry Supervisors) representing 20 tertiary sport management institutions in the Netherlands participated in the study’s questionnaire. The purpose was to identify the potential differences across perceptions of three stakeholder groups on the extent to which students address the individual and social dimensions of critical reflection and the ways critical reflection skills align with the sport management industry needs. MANOVA and separate ANOVA tests compared perceptions on students’ integration of three individual and three social dimensions of critical reflection. Results and findings: Results showed disparities between perceptions on the extent to which students critically reflect. Industry Supervisors perceived students only addressed two of six dimensions of critical reflection (i.e. asking for feedback and reflecting on career ambitions). Findings in this study are consistent with other empirical evidence concerned with graduates’ level of key employability skills and highlight the need to strengthen the development and alignment of social critical reflection skills with sport industry employer needs. Implications: This study addresses the need to align sport management graduates skill set with sport industry workforce needs and enhance graduate employability. The classification of critical reflection skills into six dimensions offers a useful guide to sport organisations and helps assess which dimensions require attention or further development.

Counseling students’ responsibility attributions: Race/ethnicity and trauma narratives

How counseling students conceptualize clients’ presenting concerns, and determine the solutions to those concerns, can negatively impact the effectiveness of the counseling process. Attribution bias damages therapeutic relationships especially when treating racial/ethnic diverse clients or clients with a history of trauma. This study assessed counseling students’ attributions of problem cause and solution for diverse clients and clients with trauma narratives through hypothetical client vignettes. A total of 217 counseling students from counseling programs around the United States participated in the study. Two separate two-way factorial ANOVA’s (CRF-32) were conducted to determine effects of client race/ethnicity and the addition of a trauma narrative on counseling students’ responsibility attributions of problem cause and solution. The interaction between race/ethnicity and trauma narrative was not significant for problem cause or problem solution. The main effect of race/ethnicity was not significant for problem cause or solution. The main effect of trauma narrative was significant for problem cause but was not significant for problem solution. These findings suggest that information from a trauma narrative influences counseling students’ views on their clients’ presenting concerns by increasing their consideration for external factors while mitigating personal blame on the client.

Examining the Mental Well-Being of Australian Sport Coaches.

Background: Research has highlighted the multitude of factors that are negatively associated with coach mental well-being but has failed to investigate how the determinants of mental well-being can affect the coach both positively and negatively. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate levels of mental well-being among sport coaches and assess whether areas of work life—specifically workload and control—are related to levels of mental well-being. Method: An online survey comprising demographic and coaching experience details, the Areas of Work Life Scale (AWS), and the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale was completed by 464 Australian coaches involved in a range of sports. Differences in coach mental well-being according to key demographic and coaching-related subgroups were assessed using separate t-test and ANOVA analyses and the magnitude of effects was determined using Cohen’s d and the eta-squared (ή2) statistics. Multiple linear regression was used to examine relationships between both workload and control and mental well-being after controlling for age, gender, coaching setting and weekly coaching activity. Results: The findings indicate poorer mental well-being among both male and younger coaches and indicate that coach mental well-being is related to the ability to self-manage the workload associated with their role as a coach as well as greater autonomy over coaching-related tasks and activities. Specifically, a one-unit increase in AWS workload and AWS control were associated with ~three- and ~four-unit increases in coach mental well-being, respectively. Conclusion: Greater provision of resources and education is required to assist coaches to manage their own mental well-being, while being supported by the organisation they coach for. Enabling coaches to balance their coaching requirements and to have control over their environment will improve their ability to constantly coach at a high standard.

Reporting and analysis of repeated measurements in preclinical animals experiments.

A common feature of preclinical animal experiments is repeated measurement of the outcome, e.g., body weight measured in mice pups weekly for 20 weeks. Separate time point analysis or repeated measures analysis approaches can be used to analyze such data. Each approach requires assumptions about the underlying data and violations of these assumptions have implications for estimation of precision, and type I and type II error rates. Given the ethical responsibilities to maximize valid results obtained from animals used in research, our objective was to evaluate approaches to reporting repeated measures design used by investigators and to assess how assumptions about variation in the outcome over time impact type I and II error rates and precision of estimates. We assessed the reporting of repeated measures designs of 58 studies in preclinical animal experiments. We used simulation modelling to evaluate three approaches to statistical analysis of repeated measurement data. In particular, we assessed the impact of (a) repeated measure analysis assuming that the outcome had non-constant variation at all time points (heterogeneous variance) (b) repeated measure analysis assuming constant variation in the outcome (homogeneous variance), (c) separate ANOVA at individual time point in repeated measures designs. The evaluation of the three model fitting was based on comparing the p-values distributions, the type I and type II error rates and by implication, the shrinkage or inflation of standard error estimates from 1000 simulated dataset. Of 58 studies with repeated measures design, three provided a rationale for repeated measurement and 23 studies reported using a repeated-measures analysis approach. Of the 35 studies that did not use repeated-measures analysis, fourteen studies used only two time points to calculate weight change which potentially means collected data was not fully utilized. Other studies reported only select time points (n = 12) raising the issue of selective reporting. Simulation studies showed that an incorrect assumption about the variance structure resulted in modified error rates and precision estimates. The reporting of the validity of assumptions for repeated measurement data is very poor. The homogeneous variation assumption, which is often invalid for body weight measurements, should be confirmed prior to conducting the repeated-measures analysis using homogeneous covariance structure and adjusting the analysis using corrections or model specifications if this is not met.

Exploring syntactic complexity and its relationship with writing quality in EFL argumentative essays

Abstract To predict syntactic complexity in second/foreign language writing, some studies have advocated the use of T-unit and clausal subordination measures while others have argued for the use of phrase-based measures. This study seeks to identify syntactic features that can be regarded as discriminators among different levels of writing quality. For this purpose, a corpus of argumentative essays by EFL learners was compiled and then the essays were rated and placed into three groups of high-rated, mid-rated, and low-rated essays. The corpus was then coded and analysed for both phrasal and clausal features. The phrasal features were manually coded based on the development scheme hypothesized by Biber, Gray and Poonpon (2011) for academic writing, and the clausal features were analysed using the online L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer developed by Lu (2010). A separate ANOVA test was used to compare the three groups of essays for each of the phrasal and clausal features. The findings of the current study demonstrated that subordination and dependent clauses were not good indicators of different writing qualities in our corpus. Also, the pattern of noun phrase complexity predicted by Biber et al. (2011) was not observed across argumentative essays from three different levels of writing quality.

Compatibility between Shift Work and Chronotype in Indonesian Air Traffic Control’ Workers: View of Performance and Mental Workload

Shift work is commonly found in modern industries. Shift work arrangement is problematic since working in the out of normal work is giving negative consequences. Therefore, attempts have been made to optimize shift work arrangement and to minimize the negative consequences. One approach that has been used as a base in arrange shift work is chronotype, defined as individual preferences about their sleepiness work and is partially determined by clock genes. This present study aimed to observe the effect of chronotype on shift work arrangement, from the view of performance and mental workload. 25 Air Traffic Control/ATC workers work in three shift involve in this study. Chronotype was assessed once work by Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. The performance was assessed based on sleepiness (using Karolinska Sleepiness scale) and alertness (using alertometer) in the end of each shift for every ATC worker. Separate mixed ANOVA was applied in analyzing the result. This study reveals that people work in a shift work that is compatible with the chronotype perceive significant lower mental workload, slightly better alertness and slightly lower sleepiness than people work in a shift work that is not compatible with the chronotype. The implication of the result is discussed.

S58. A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL COMPARING VIRTUAL REALITY THERAPY TO COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH TREATMENT REFRACTORY HALLUCINATIONS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

BackgroundWhile many pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are available, many treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients continue to suffer from persistent psychotic symptoms, mainly auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). Recently, a psychological therapy using computerized technology has shown large therapeutic effects on AVH severity by enabling patients to engage in a dialogue with a representation of their distressing voices. These very hopeful results have been extended by our team using immersive 3D virtual reality. The results of VR therapy (VRT) in our pilot trial involving 15 schizophrenia patients with refractory AVH were clinically promising for the severity and distress related to hallucinations, illness symptomatology, depressive symptoms and quality of life. Notably, clinical improvements of our pilot remained significant at our 3-month follow-up. Such findings suggest that VRT seems to be a highly promising intervention for refractory AVH.MethodsTo further research in this field, the primary goal of this randomized-controlled trial is to show that VRT is superior to a widely utilized psychotherapy, that is Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), for the treatment of persistent auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Our secondary goal is to examine the effects of these interventions on beliefs about voices, illness symptomatology, mood symptoms (anxiety and depression), self-esteem, level of functioning and quality of life.This is a single-blinded randomized-controlled, single-site parallel study of VRT versus CBT. Each treatment group will include 52 randomized participants (assuming 20% attrition) of over 18 years of age hearing persecutory voices and suffering from treatment resistant schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Diagnoses will be established with the Structured Interview for DSM-V. Patients will be included if they have been hearing persecutor voices that did not respond to ≥2 antipsychotic trials.VRT comprises of 9 weekly sessions: 1 avatar creation session and 8 therapeutic sessions, where the patients are confronted to their reproduced hallucinatory experience and are encouraged to enter in a dialogue with their virtual persecutor. CBT includes 9 weekly sessions consisting of learning modules and task assignments. Subjects will be evaluated at baseline and post-treatment to assess primary (auditory verbal hallucinations as measured with the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale) and secondary outcomes. Mixed Anova analyses will be performed to measure and compare the effects of both interventions.ResultsPresently, 37 patients have been recruited and 9 have abandoned the study. Our preliminary results on 28 patients show that there is no significant difference between the treatment conditions for all our measures. As expected, more participants will be required to show the superiority of VRT over CBT. However, when performing separate ANOVA analyses for each condition, VRT shows significant improvements of auditory verbal hallucinations severity after the treatment (on our primary outcome) contrarily to CBT. VRT also produced significant decreases on the beliefs that voices are omnipotent and malevolent, on psychotic symptomatology, depressive symptoms and an increase on quality of life. CBT obtained no significant improvements.DiscussionWhile limited by the small number of patients, such findings are nonetheless already supporting the hypothesis of the superiority of VRT on auditory verbal hallucinations. As expected, a moderate effect is found for our adapted short CBT for psychosis, though not significant at this point. The current trial will contribute to the validation of a novel innovative approach answering a fundamental clinical need.

IMPROVING POSITIVE AFFECT BASED ON SELF-COMPASSION THROUGH LIFE GOALS EXPRESSIVE WRITING: BASIS FOR AN EGO IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT AMONG STUDENTS

The act of written emotional disclosure has been widely studied for the past several decades. Yet, in spite of this, there are limited studies which examine the interplay of expressive writing, self-compassion and positive affect, along with its potential to augment ego identity among students. Using repeated measures experimental design, the present research explored the efficacy of expressive writing in improving levels of positive affect among university students ageing 18-25 (M = 19.23; SD = 1.21). Participants were tested in groups and wrote either about life goals (n = 46), positive experiences (n = 49) or a control topic (n = 46). Two separate three-way ANOVA were carried out to investigate whether writing about life goals has an impact on the students’ positive affect. It further examined how students could benefit according to their self-compassion levels. Regardless of the form of expressive writing, students did not significantly differ on the levels of positive affect. The results of this study are aimed at designing intervention for students to help them develop their ego identity. Future studies employing randomised, controlled designs are warranted. Keywords: expressive writing, positive affect, self-compassion.

Generalized Joint Hyper Mobility is not Associated with the Development of Overuse Arm Injuries in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

Objectives:Generalized joint hypermobility is theorized as a risk factor for joint injury in sport. However, there are no studies demonstrating generalized joint hypermobility and upper extremity overuse injury. Therefore the purpose of this study was to prospectively examine generalized joint hypermobility using the Beighton Scale and upper extremity overuse injuries in high school baseball pitchers.Methods:Healthy high school baseball pitchers (n=167) who were participating in all team activities were included in the study. The players averaged 15.8 ± 1.2 y.o., weighed 72.3 ± 13.0 kg, and measured 165.0 ± 43.8 cm in height. They were assessed during the preseason for joint hypermobility using the 9-point Beighton scale. From the first official day of practice until the last regular or postseason competition, all athletes who reported pain or injury to their coach were referred to the certified athletic trainer (AT) at their school for evaluation and classification of each potential injury. Verified overuse injuries were tracked and documented in the Athletic Trainer System (ATS) by the schools AT. The ATS system was also used to identify players with a history of upper extremity injuries. Generalized joint hypermobility was defined as modified Beighton scale scores ≥ 4. Separate one-way ANOVA’s were used to determine the mean Beighton scores between groups. A chi square analysis was used to assess the frequency of overuse injuries in those with a Beighton score of ≥ 4 and those with elbow hyperlaxity. (α=0.05)Results:The prevalence of generalized hypermobility in this cohort was 35.3%. Of those pitchers sustaining a time-loss overuse injury (n=23), only 4 presented with a Beighton score ≤ 4. The average Beighton score in those sustaining a time-loss overuse injury was similar to the Beighton score of those pitchers remaining healthy (2.9 ± 2.1 vs. 2.5 ± 2.1; P=0.59), respectively. There was no difference in the Beighton score of pitchers with a history previous injury when compared to pitchers without a history of injury (2.7 ± 2.1 vs. 2.6 ± 2.0; p=0.75), respectively. Injured pitchers with a Beighton score ≥ 4 presented with similar time-loss as pitchers with a lower Beighton score (P= 0.93). The relative risk of injury for a pitcher with a Beighton score ≥ 4 was similar to pitchers with a lower Beighton score (RR= 1.0, 95% CI: .54-1.8). Hyperlaxity at the elbow was not associated with elbow overuse injury (P=0.29).Conclusion:Generalized joint hypermobility, as defined by a Beighton score ≥ 4 or elbow hyperlaxity, did not increase the risk of developing an upper extremity overuse injury in this cohort of adolescent baseball pitchers. Additionally, injured pitchers with higher Beighton scores returned to participation within a similar timeframe as those with less generalized joint hypermobility.

Magnitude of resource and reputational concern impact generosity and deception in children

IntroductionIn a bargaining process, there are factors impacting the outcome (i.e. gain versus loss). Of the important factors is the informational asymmetries between bargainers which could provide a more powerful position for whom has information that the other partner has not as well as magnitude of resource.ObjectivesThus, in a modified two-round, 4 trials (different magnitudes) bargaining paradigm, we investigated deception in children when there is no chance of deception revelation (first round) and when there is a chance of deception revelation (second round).MethodsOne hundred and forty one healthy schoolchildren (90 boys and 51 girls) between age of 7 and 12 participated in the current study. We designed a modified version of the bargaining paradigm based on the experimental design by members of the junior faculty workshop in the conflict management division at the 1995 academy of management meetings in Vancouver, BC. Variables included earning amount, deception frequency, real generosity and pretend generosity.ResultsUsing paired-samples T-test we showed that there were significant differences between two rounds in earning amount, deception frequency and real generosity. We administered separate one-way ANOVA with repeated measure on 4 different conditions (bank amounts. We found that, the main effect of condition was significant for real generosity (in both round), for pretend generosity (in first round) and for deception amount (in both round).ConclusionsWe found that revelation (reputation concerns) decreases deception and increases generosity. Moreover, lesser magnitudes increase generosity and decrease deception and vice versa.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Carotid baroreflex control of heart rate is enhanced, while control of mean arterial pressure is preserved during whole body heat stress in young healthy men.

Whole body heat stress (WBH) results in numerous cardiovascular alterations that ultimately reduce orthostatic tolerance. While impaired carotid baroreflex (CBR) function during WBH has been reported as a potential reason for this decrement, study design considerations may limit interpretation of previous findings. We sought to test the hypothesis that CBR function is unaltered during WBH. CBR function was assessed in 10 healthy male subjects (age: 26 ± 3; height: 185 ± 7 cm; weight: 82 ± 10 kg; BMI: 24 ± 3 kg/m2; means ± SD) using 5-s trials of neck pressure (+45, +30, and +15 Torr) and neck suction (-20, -40, -60, and -80 Torr) during normothermia (NT) and passive WBH (Δ core temp ∼1°C). Analyses of stimulus response curves (four-parameter logistic model) for CBR control of heart rate (CBR-HR) and mean arterial pressure (CBR-MAP), as well as separate two-way ANOVA of the hypotensive and hypertensive stimuli (factor 1: thermal condition, factor 2: chamber pressure), were performed. For CBR-HR, maximal gain was increased during WBH (-0.73 ± 0.11) compared with NT (-0.39 ± 0.04, mean ± SE, P = 0.03). In addition, the CBR-HR responding range was increased during WBH (33 ± 5) compared with NT (19 ± 2 bpm, P = 0.03). Separate analysis of hypertensive stimulation revealed enhanced HR responses during WBH at -40, -60, and -80 Torr (condition × chamber pressure interaction, P = 0.049) compared with NT. For CBR-MAP, both logistic analysis and separate two-way ANOVA revealed no differences during WBH. Therefore, in response to passive WBH, CBR control of heart rate (enhanced) and arterial pressure (no change) is well preserved.

Influence of parenting styles on self-control in emerging adults.

The patterns in which parents interact with their children, known as a parenting styles (PS), permeates many aspects of adult cognitions and behaviors. The majority of PS research has focused on behavioral outcomes, such as elementary and high school performance. There is a dearth of research that examines adults’ recollections of their parents’ parenting styles (PS), and relating that information to outcomes as an adult. Similarly, there is a lack of research examining how PS influences levels of self- control as an adult. A modified version of the Primary Caregivers Practices Report and a modified Self- Control Questionnaire were used to investigate how parenting styles implemented during childhood influenced self-control levels in college students. Participants included 210 students (117 female), from a Northern panhandle University. Two separate two-way ANOVA’s were used to explore the impact of PS and participant’s gender on levels of self-control as an adult, one for the female parents, the other for the male parents, in addition to examining the self-control outcomes of the different combinations of two parent households. It was found that having a male permissive parent was related to having significantly lower self-control scores, particularly for female participants, compared to the other PS’s. Due to the lack of research it is crucial to continue studies, especially with permissive parenting style by using other variables such as the number of children in a family, self-efficacy, as well as using a larger sample size outside of a university setting to better support the findings of this study.

Trials to Criteria for Residual Lung Volume in College Aged Males

PURPOSE: To determine the number of trials needed to achieve a RLV measurement on land or submerged in water that compares to recommended criteria value. METHODS: Thirty male subjects (23.8 ± 3.5 yr, 175.7 ± 8.7 cm, 82.0 ± 15.4 kg) had RLV collected five times across two conditions (on land and fully submerged in water). Separate repeated-measures ANOVA were used to compare RLV means across the following criteria: means of the first two trials (FIR), the first two consecutive trials within 100mL (ROW), the first two trials (consecutive or non-consecutive) within 100ml (WIN), the lowest two trials within 100ml (LOW), and the number of trials necessary to satisfy criteria FIR, ROW, WIN and LOW. The alpha level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Mean RLV on land showed a significant decrease from trial 1 to 2 of 0.074L, trial 1 to 3 of 0.097L, and trial 1 to 5 of 0.097L (p<0.05). Mean values for LOW (0.99L) were significantly less compared with FIR, ROW, and WIN (1.19L, 1.13L, and 1.05L respectively) on land, and significantly less than FIR (1.11L) submerged. The LOW were obtained in a mean of 4 trials, significantly more trials than FIR, ROW, and WIN in each condition. There was no significant difference between trials to criteria for LOW on land (3.97) compared to submerged (4.07).Table 1: Mean for RLV (L) across trials on land and submerged in water, and of FIR, ROW, WIN, LOW, and trials to criteria in each condition.CONCLUSION: For healthy, young male subjects the number of trials needed to determine RLV depends upon the criteria selected. Based on means and standards deviations, it is recommended that at least 4 trials be used for ROW and WIN, and at least 5 trials for LOW. Additionally, FIR is not an appropriate criterion due to changes in RLV in subsequent trials.

Trials to Criteria for Residual Lung Volume in College Aged Females

PURPOSE: To determine the number of trials needed to achieve a RLV measurement on land or submerged in water that compares to the recommended criteria value. METHODS: Thirty female subjects (22.5 ± 3.8 yr, 167.3 ± 9.1 cm, 66.9 ± 9.7 kg) had RLV collected 5 times across two different conditions (on land and fully submerged in water). Separate repeated-measures ANOVA were used to compare RLV means across the following criteria: means of the first two trials (FIR), the first two consecutive trials within 100mL (ROW), the first two trials (consecutive or non-consecutive) within 100ml (WIN), the lowest two trials within 100ml (LOW), and the number of trials necessary to satisfy criteria (TTC) of FIR, ROW, WIN and LOW. The alpha level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between RLV means on land or submerged. When measured on land, TTC for FIR was significantly less than ROW, WIN, and LOW, and it took significantly more trials to obtain LOW than ROW and WIN. There was no significant difference between TTC for ROW and WIN on land. Mean differences between TTC for FIR, ROW, WIN and LOW submerged were all significantly different.Table 1: Mean for RLV(L) across trials on land and submerged in water, and of FIR, ROW, WIN, LOW, and TTC in each condition.CONCLUSION: In young, healthy females the lack of significance between trials suggests that two trials may be sufficient to determine RLV. However, because significant differences between trials to reach criteria exist, the number of trials needed to determine RLV depends upon the criteria selected. Based on means and standards deviations, it is recommended that at least 4 trials be used for ROW and WIN, and at least 5 trials be used to determine LOW for accurate determination of an individual’s RLV.

국가대표 펜싱선수의 종목에 따른 체격 및 체력 비교 연구

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to examine physique and fitness in elite national fencing players. [METHODS] A total of 559 athletes who played as national players over 10 years participated in the study. There were 285 male and 274 female players (saber: 85 males, 93 females; epee: 105 males, 90 females; fleuret: 95 males, 91 females). Separate one-way ANOVA was performed to determine between sex and weapon categories. [RESULTS] There was a large difference between weapon categories in the male players more than in female players. Epee athletes were of largest physique (height, weight, and fat free mass), and the following were the order saber, and fleuret in both sex. Male epee athletes were significantly stronger in muscular strength and isokinetic muscular strength while female fleuret athletes were in power endurance, muscle endurance, and anaerobic power. Sabre athletes were significantly strong in muscular strength. Epee athletes were significantly strong in flexibility. [CONCLUSIONS] These results suggest that different physique and fitness factors in weapon categories require individualized training protocols.

Neuroticism And Gender On Affect And Feelings During And After A Crossfit Workout

Few studies have examined affect during and after a CrossFit workout of the day, or WOD. Male and female CrossFitters were found to vary on Neuroticism (Tobar et al., 2015), and Neuroticism has been found to influence affect after exercise (e.g., Tobar & Serene, 2008). PURPOSE: To examine the effects of Neuroticism on affect and feelings in men and women after an acute CrossFit WOD. METHODS: Men (n=14; M=35yrs) and women (n=15; M=31yrs) CrossFitters performed the “Cindy” WOD: 20 mins of pull-ups, pushups, and body-weight squats. Neuroticism (NEO-FFI), affect (Physical Activity Affect Scale), and feeling (Feeling Scale) were measured prior to, during, and 0-, 30-, 60-, 120-min post-exercise. A median split procedure on Neuroticism (N) scores was used to categorize men (Md=14) and women (Md=13) into low (LN: n=7 men; 8 women) and high (HN: n=7 men; 7 women) N groups. RESULTS: 2 (N groups) x 2 (gender) x 6 (time) MANOVA with repeated measures was conducted on Positive Affect (PA), Negative Affect (NA), Fatigue (FA), and Tranquility (TR). A 3-way interaction (p<.05) was found for NA. HN women reported increased NA during exercise which immediately returned to baseline post exercise, while NA remained stable across time for LN women. Both LN and HN men reported similar increases in NA during exercise which gradually decreased to baseline levels 2 hours post exercise. Main effects for Time were found (ps<.05) for PA, FA, and TR. PA increased immediately post exercise and remained elevated for 2 hours. FA increased during exercise and remained elevated immediately post exercise before gradually decreasing to baseline levels 2 hours post exercise. TR increased 30-min post exercise and remained elevated up to 2 hours post exercise. A separate ANOVA revealed similar findings for feeling states which decreased during exercise, especially for HN women, and improved immediately post exercise (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: A CrossFit WOD was associated with positive changes in affect and feelings post exercise, but this intense exercise adversely influenced affect and feelings during exercise. This finding may have implications on adoption and adherence to CrossFit, especially among women with elevated Neuroticism scores. CrossFit trainers may wish to counsel clients about this possible outcome until clients become more accustomed to CrossFit.