Sentence Construction Research Articles

PrAACT: Predictive Augmentative and Alternative Communication with Transformers

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems assist individuals with complex communication needs, allowing them to construct sentences by selecting communication cards. The facilitation of sentence construction primarily entails enabling efficient communication card selection. An approach to this involves using language models for communication card prediction. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of the AAC population poses unique challenges due to diverse vocabulary needs, suggesting one-size-fits-all approaches may be insufficient. This study introduces PrAACT, a method that leverages large, transformer-based language models, such as BERT, for communication card prediction. This method focuses on easy adaptability to incorporate user-specific vocabularies into the model. The method involves adapting a text corpus to the AAC domain, fine-tuning a transformer-based language model, and replacing the language model weights with an encoded representation of the user’s vocabulary. We conducted an assessment of PrAACT under both zero-shot and few-shot scenarios. The performance of the models produced using PrAACT was superior to those pre-trained for the task. In addition, the main advantage of PrAACT is that it allows to quickly adapt a transformer-based language model to communication card prediction according to the user’s vocabulary.

Identifying Linguistic and Speech Acts Variations of the Buginese Tribe Through Socio-Pragmatic Analysis in Establishing Daily Discourse Interactions

Buginese is a local language in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, which is spoken in almost 60% of Sulawesi Island. This study aimed to explore the selection of linguistic variations and language acts as a linguistic model used by ethnic Buginese in establishing discourses of everyday socio-pragmatic interactions. It relied on a qualitative design to obtain the linguistic corpus that occurs empirically and naturally in communication interactions. This study used the snowball method by combining ethnographic strategies. The instrument used the Speaking Involvement Technique, in which the researchers were directly involved in people’s interactions by paying attention to communicating situations, recording data, and conducting interviews for data validation purposes. All data or corpus of linguistic variations and speech acts collected were analyzed by the speaking strategy componential technique strategy developed by Dell Hymes. This study successfully discovers a model for identifying the Buginese ethnicity's linguistic variations and speech acts to build a discourse of communication interactions. The expressions of selection of linguistic variations and speech acts are dominantly based on polite sentence constructions and formulations, and ethically according to the local culture of Buginese ethnicity, namely the culture of siri. The results of this study can affect the enrichment of scientific information, which functions and acts as a meaningful reference in the field of linguistic studies, especially examining speech act variation in the expression of conversational discourse, in addition to being a foundation in the development of local content material and multicultural understanding.

Design and Development of Morphological Analyzer for Tigrigna Verbs using Hybrid Approach

Morphological analyzer is the base for various high-level NLP applications such as information retrieval, spell checking, grammar checking, machine translation, speech recognition, POS tagging and automatic sentence construction. This paper is carefully designed for design and analysis of morphological analyzer Tigrigna verbs using hybrid of memory learning and rules based approaches. The experiment have conducted using Python 3 where TiMBL algorithms IB2 and TRIBL2, and Finite State Transducer rules are used. The performance of the system has been evaluated using 10 fold cross validation technique. Testing was conducted using optimized parameter settings for regular verbs and linguistic rules of the Tigrigna language allomorph and phonology for the irregular verbs. The accuracy of the memory based approach with optimized parameters of TiMBL algorithm IB2 and TRIBL2 was 93.24% and 92.31%, respectively. Finally, the hybrid approach had an actual performance of 95.6% using linguistic rules for handling irregular and copula verbs.

Empowering Deaf-Hearing Communication: Exploring Synergies between Predictive and Generative AI-Based Strategies towards (Portuguese) Sign Language Interpretation.

Communication between Deaf and hearing individuals remains a persistent challenge requiring attention to foster inclusivity. Despite notable efforts in the development of digital solutions for sign language recognition (SLR), several issues persist, such as cross-platform interoperability and strategies for tokenizing signs to enable continuous conversations and coherent sentence construction. To address such issues, this paper proposes a non-invasive Portuguese Sign Language (Língua Gestual Portuguesa or LGP) interpretation system-as-a-service, leveraging skeletal posture sequence inference powered by long-short term memory (LSTM) architectures. To address the scarcity of examples during machine learning (ML) model training, dataset augmentation strategies are explored. Additionally, a buffer-based interaction technique is introduced to facilitate LGP terms tokenization. This technique provides real-time feedback to users, allowing them to gauge the time remaining to complete a sign, which aids in the construction of grammatically coherent sentences based on inferred terms/words. To support human-like conditioning rules for interpretation, a large language model (LLM) service is integrated. Experiments reveal that LSTM-based neural networks, trained with 50 LGP terms and subjected to data augmentation, achieved accuracy levels ranging from 80% to 95.6%. Users unanimously reported a high level of intuition when using the buffer-based interaction strategy for terms/words tokenization. Furthermore, tests with an LLM-specifically ChatGPT-demonstrated promising semantic correlation rates in generated sentences, comparable to expected sentences.

CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF CLOSED INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN KOREAN AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

This study discusses Korean and Indonesian morphosyntactic characteristics of closed interrogative sentences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with literature review and contrastive analysis. The results showed that there were differences and similarities in terms of closed interrogative markers, sentence structure, and sentence negation. The first difference in closed interrogative markers is that the marker in Korean is an interrogative sentence-ending (eomi) at the end of a sentence rather than a question word, whereas the marker in Indonesian is the question word apa at the beginning of the sentence and particle -kah at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. Second, there are differences and similarities in sentence construction. Subjects that refer to the second person are omitted in Korean, whereas in Indonesian, the subject is required. The parallels lie in the fact that the predicate is a necessary component of sentence structure and that the presence of the object depends on the kind of verb used as the predicate. Thirdly, there is a distinction between Korean and Indonesian sentence negation in that Korean has a wider range of negation forms.

Methods of Intellectual Text Analysis

Purpose. Natural language text processing techniques are used to solve a wide range of tasks. One of the most difficult tasks when working with natural language texts for different languages is to find certain indicators for further determining its authorship. The problem is still relevant due to the lack of a unified tool or method for working with texts in different languages. Working with texts in Ukrainian requires taking into account its peculiarities of word and sentence construction to obtain the best result. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the existing methods of text processing, their features and effectiveness in working with texts of different languages. Methodology. Natural language text processing methods are systematized by type and format, according to the tools and approaches used. For each method, its features, effectiveness, scope, and limitations are considered. The means of system analysis were used to form the final characterization of the method, taking into account its purpose and capabilities. Findings. The study of methods has revealed the following ones used for the intellectual analysis of texts in different languages, their scope, effectiveness in working with different languages, strengths and weaknesses. This will make it possible to choose an effective toolkit for working with Ukrainian texts. It has been established that intelligent text processing is a complex task that requires an individual approach to each language to take into account its peculiarities and obtain the best result. Originality. The basis for choosing an effective method for working with Ukrainian-language texts is formed, the existing methods of intellectual text processing, their application features, capabilities and efficiency in working with texts of different languages are analyzed and systematized. Practical value. The work allowed us to identify the most promising, effective and appropriate methods of intellectual analysis of natural language texts in order to use them for processing Ukrainian-language texts in the future.

Роль послелогов в конструировании членимых предложений в современном эрзянском языке

The aim of the study is to identify the role of the postposition in the construction of divisible sentences based on the material of one of the Mordovian languages, Erzya. The paper presents the semantic and syntactic meaning of this auxiliary part of speech expressing various relationships between words. By forming a word form, it develops, complements or enhances the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word, becoming a member of the sentence along with it. The study is novel in that it is the first in Mordovian linguistics to describe in detail the role of the postposition, which syntactically connects sentence members and differentiates the meanings of word forms in phrases and sentences. As a result, it is revealed that the postposition influences the differentiation of the semantics of sentence members; it is indicated that the words of this auxiliary part of speech are divided into postpositions and postpositional words according to their origin and morphological composition; it is found that the postpositional constructions (adverbial and nominal) preserving the lexico-semantic meanings of the words from which they are formed are largely characterised by syncretism; it is noted that the meanings of case-postpositional forms are determined in the sentence.

Kesalahan Berbahasa Lisan Penutur BIPA dalam Kanal YouTube “Sarah Johnson”

This study aims to examine the language errors made by BIPA speakers on Sarah Johnson's YouTube channel. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was carried out by looking at two videos on Sara Johnson's YouTube channel and then transcribing the recordings into writing. The analysis are carried out by reducing data, presenting data, and concluding research results. The aims of this research are (1) to describe errors in Indonesian pronunciation. In Indonesian pronunciation errors, 3 types of errors were found caused by phoneme changes, 2 forms of errors caused by adding and subtracting phonemes, and 2 forms of errors caused by pausing errors; (2) describe errors in the formation of Indonesian words. In the errors in the formation of Indonesian words, 6 forms of errors were found in the use of affixes, and 4 forms of errors in the choice of words; (3) errors in sentence construction in Indonesian. In the errors in the preparation of Indonesian sentences, 1 form of language error was found which was caused by ambiguity in the sentence, so that overall 18 forms of Indonesian language errors were found in this study. Errors in spoken language on the YouTube account "Sarah Johnson" are caused by errors or errors experienced by Sarah Johnson. This error is also caused by the influence of the mother tongue (interlingual) and also the lack of understanding and complexity of the second language that is less mastered (intralingual).

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Speech Intervention Implemented with a Virtual Reality System in Children with Developmental Language Disorders: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial.

Language disorders are characterized by impairments in verbal expression/understanding, including difficulties with one or more language components. The Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS) is a bioelectromedical device equipped with exercise sections aimed at improving cognitive and language deficits. It also increases patient motivation and engagement. The aim of our study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of VRRS intervention to improve speech therapy treatment for children with speech disorders. Thirty-two patients were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to the experimental (EG) or control group (CG). The CG underwent conventional speech therapy, while EG underwent VRRS-implemented speech therapy. Both groups were evaluated before (T0) and after (T1) the intervention using the Language Assessment Test. The results showed improvements in both groups. However, the EG group showed greater improvement in various areas, including comprehension of total words, repetition, naming of body parts, naming of everyday objects, total naming, morphosyntactic accuracy, sentence construction, average length of utterance, and spontaneous word production. This study demonstrated that VRRS can be a valuable tool for implementing effective speech rehabilitation. Further studies are needed, as the use of VRRS is still in its early stages, requiring larger samples sizes and long-term follow-up.

Indonesian Lexical Interference in the Students’ Descriptive Writing Texts of Politeknik Negeri Jember

This study aimed at analyzing the interference of Indonesian lexical made by students of Automotive Engineering Study Program of Engineering Department of Politeknik Negeri Jember in their descriptive writing texts. This is a descriptive study, the data were collected and documented using elicitation teqchnique, and then analyzed by using theory of language interference. This study revealed that there were 40 students made 239 lexical errors in their descriptive writing texts. The identified lexical errors were classified based on their frequencies. From the lexical errors analyzed, the result showed that the category of lexical errors committed by the students in their descriptive writing texts were 5 categories, lexical errors in the form of borrowing (17errors/7%), lexical errors in the form of calque (75 errors/31%) lexical errors in the form of misspelling (72 errors/30%), lexical errors in the form of misselection (53 errors/23%) lexical errors in the form of semantic confusion (22 errors/9%), The students made lexical errors in attempting to follow English sentence construction standards. The differences between the grammatical aspects of the English language and the Indonesian language mean that distinct of lexical errors are committed. The interference of the students' native tongue and their insufficient comprehension of some English grammar rules are to blame for these errors. To construct a decent and acceptable sentence, it is important to teach the students about the distinctions between the two languages' structural differences. The way that topics are handled in Indonesian and English has to be emphasized by the teachers.

The Construction of Complex Sentences with Predicative Phrases of Transitive Verbs in Japanese Language Learners Utterances: A Transformational Generative Grammar Study

This research examines how fukubun (complex sentence) with transitive verbs is constructed in the utterance of Japanese language learners in universities. The fukubun constructions are described and analyzed through transformational generative grammar. This research method is descriptive-qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews. Data analysis uses an analytical approach of transformational generative grammar, namely analysis of phrase structure rules and analysis of the transformation process. The results showed that there were 4 (four) types of B-derived constructs, namely: BB type, BB (1) type, BB (2) type, and BB (3) type. Among the four types of derivatives, type BB construction is dominant in the utterance of learners. This is indicated by the tendency to use the BB-type construction when describing various situations, even though the utterance events use various conjunctions. The dominance of the BB-type shows that the utterances by learners are still relatively simple because it only requires one object in the subordination clause and main clause. Furthermore, B fukubun found eight varieties of conjunctive transformation used in this type. All varieties of conjunctive transformation appeared in the BB-type construction, with relatively frequent use of causality, serial, selection/alternative, and temporal conjunctions. The T-process analysis shows several tendencies in the elementary transformation process in the utterance, namely the omission of the subject in both the subordination clause or the main clause, the merger of the subject or the predicate of the verb, whereas in causality conjunctive transformation learners showed a more varied and complex T-process.

Inflectional Preposition dirä in Armenian-Letter Kipchak Turkish Texts

Kipchak Turkish with Armenian script is one of the interesting and special fields of Turkish language with its linguistic features, the alphabet it uses, the interactions it reflects between languages and dialects, and its diversity of subjects such as history, religion and philology. With the written texts it produced in Eastern Europe in the 16th-17th centuries, it also has the feature of being the only written language period of Historical Kipchak. This period, which provides important data for interdisciplinary studies and fields with its socio-linguistic features, has attracted much more attention as a field of study in Turkology in recent years. Within the field of linguistics, prepositions have been the subject of many studies. Prepositions, which appear as a multifaceted grammatical element in terms of phonetic, lexical, semantic, syntactic and even morphological aspects, have been witnessed as an important element in the sentence construction of Turkish since Köktürk texts. In all periods of Turkish language, prepositions have had a usage area by sometimes becoming variants, sometimes developing, and sometimes being borrowed from foreign languages. This study is a study centred on the texts of Kipchak Turkish with Armenian script, and the data on the inflectional preposition dirä obtained as a result of scanning these texts are presented. In this direction, the functionality and usage area of the inflectional preposition dirä are evaluated in the study.

The effect of context on noisy-channel sentence comprehension

The process of sentence comprehension must allow for the possibility of noise in the input, e.g., from speaker error, listener mishearing, or environmental noise. Consequently, semantically implausible sentences such as The girl tossed the apple the boy are often interpreted as a semantically plausible alternative (e.g., The girl tossed the apple to the boy). Previous investigations of noisy-channel comprehension have relied exclusively on paradigms with isolated sentences. Because supportive contexts alter the expectations of possible interpretations, the noisy channel framework predicts that context should encourage more inference in interpreting implausible sentences, relative to null contexts (i.e. a lack of context) or unsupportive contexts. In the present work, we tested this prediction in four types of sentence constructions: two where inference is relatively frequent (double object - prepositional object), and two where inference is rare (active-passive). We found evidence that in the two sentence types that commonly elicit inference, supportive contexts encourage noisy-channel inferences about the intended meaning of implausible sentences more than non-supportive contexts or null contexts. These results suggest that noisy-channel inference may be more pervasive in everyday language processing than previously assumed based on work with isolated sentences.

REPRESENTASI NILAI AKHLAKUL KARIMAH DALAM SERI MENELADANI SIFAT DAN KARAKTER RASULLULLAH

This study aims to explain the nature and character of the Holy Prophetsa as narrated in the series Children's Books Exemplifying the Nature and Character of the Prophet published by Ziyadbooks. This research method is carried out with a qualitative approach by applying the content analysis method. The results of the analysis show that to achieve the purpose of conveying the nature and character of the Holy Prophetsa to children, the narrative used in this book is in the form of short and simple sentences. The form of narration used to explain the nature and character of the Holy Prophet in this book is in the form of descriptive and dialogue. Based on this, it can be concluded that the age and cognitive development of children as readers are the main considerations in the selection of vocabulary and sentence construction used in this book.

Developing English Vocabulary Mastery of Students at SMPIT Ibnu Sina Makassar through Word Card Games

This study is to describe two main points, namely (1) the development of English vocabulary mastery of 7th-grade students of SMPIT Ibnu Sina, Makassar using word card games, and (2) the aspects of vocabulary that hinder their English vocabulary development. Pre-experimental research method with pre and post-test design was used to quantitatively describe the impact of the treatment given through the use of word card games in developing students' vocabulary mastery comprising three aspects, namely (1)vocabulary forms in spelling and pronunciation, (2) denotative meaning of vocabulary, and (3) vocabulary usage focusing on the use of Present and Past Tense sentence patterns both in oral and written forms and the hindering aspects of their vocabulary mastery development which are then described qualitatively. The grade 7 students of SMPIT Ibnu Sina, Makassar totalling 28 students were the population of this study using the census sampling technique. To collect data, a vocabulary test was administered in three forms of questions, namely (1) spelling and pronunciation, (2) matching for vocabulary meaning, and (3) multiple choice and making simple sentences. The results showed that (1) the word cards could develop the English vocabulary mastery of students in terms of vocabulary form, vocabulary meaning, and vocabulary use empirically indicated by the mean score of pre-tests as 58.13 taken into an average category and post-tests is 79.72 classified into a good category and (2) the aspect that hinders students' vocabulary mastery is pronunciation and sentence construction. These findings are simply considered that word card games can be implemented to bridge the development of students’ vocabulary mastery coming along with teaching English structures.

The Development of Ideas for Writing the Introduction of An Argumentative Essay by Using The ‘Idea-Reality-Action-Now’ (IRAN) Technique among Non-Native Speakers in Sarikei District, Sarawak

The Secondary School Standard Curriculum (KSSM) has outlined that every student must be proficient in writing skills. The analysis report of Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) in 2020 shows that 6.1% of the 381,129 total students who sat for the exam failed the Malay language subject. Due to that results, the researchers have developed the IRAN Technique to help students generate ideas and build grammatical sentences in writing the introductory part of an argumentative essay. The IRAN technique is one of the thinking tools that combines cognitive management tools and a mind map to make it easier for students to learn the skills of writing unformatted essays. This qualitative study was conducted by analyzing documents and questionnaires to explore the use of the IRAN Technique when writing introductions and the construction of grammatical sentences in argumentative essays of medium-achieving students. The construction of the IRAN Technique is based on Behaviorism Learning Theory and adapts the Operant Conditioning Theory to ensure that the technique created can help students write the introductory part of an argumentative essay. This study involved two form four students from a secondary school in Sarikei District, Sarawak. The participants in this study were selected based on the purposive sampling method by selecting students with average performance who scored 50% and below in Paper 1 during the exam and were classified as middle-class students. Data collection was carried out with the IRAN Technique Template and analyzed in detail to investigate the use of the IRAN Technique to generate ideas and grammatical sentences in the introduction of argumentative essays. The findings from this research indicated that the IRAN Technique can enhance the introduction of a student's argumentative essay in a manner that strengthens the way ideas are processed and the construction of grammatical sentences.

IMPLICATIONS OF BAD TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMS ON A JUDICIAL CASE: PERSPECTIVES OF ARABIC TRANSLATORS

The question of translation accuracy is at the core of the field of translation studies. Despite the abundance of tools for evaluating translation quality, hardly anything is understood about the consequences of a poorly done translation. Students of translation often find the legal system to be one of the most complex. The translation of judicial documents from English to Arabic and from Arabic to English is particularly challenging due to the differences in linguistic system, legal permutations, and cultural variety between the two cultures. Equally, practitioners of translation use various methods for coping with these challenges. The purpose of this research was to look at the obstacles and issues that Arabic translators have while working on statutory documents and the methods they employ to overcome them. In addition, the story of a wrongful conviction Mazhar Hussain in Pakistan brought about by the inaccurate translation of legal concepts is presented in the paper. This survey gathered the opinions of Arabic translators. Over 70 Arabic translators took part in the survey, which was distributed online. According to the results, the most difficult aspects of translating legal contracts into Arabic are the use of binominal phrases and paralleled structures, the construction of legal sentences, the handling of numerous negatives, and the arrangement of legal texts. Poor translation of legal precepts has far-reaching consequences, as shown by the reported instance of wrongful conviction in Pakistan. The study's findings have significant implications for those working in the field of translation education, as well as for those developing curricula for it. As a result, it's clear that those who translate legal codes require education in the nuances of different legal systems, the influence of other cultures, and the wider repercussions of doing things wrong.

Learning to Write Negotiation Texts as Part of the High School Independent Curriculum

This study aims to describe the learning outcomes of writing negotiation texts by X E1 class students of SMAN 1 Bangsri in accordance with the Merdeka Curriculum in X E1 class X E 1 class. This study is qualitative in nature. This study employs a case study methodology. This study utilized student worksheets, learning modules, and literature source texts as its data and data sources. Various data collection methods include observations, interviews, and documentation. Triangulation models are employed for data analysis. This study's findings are the preparation of learning to write negotiation texts in X E1 class of SMAN 1 Bangsri, based on an autonomous curriculum that has been implemented effectively in accordance with the most recent curriculum guidelines. The creation of instructional modules is associated with the independent curriculum system. The teacher's instructional module conforms to the requirements of the independent curriculum. Currently, the implementation of learning employs an independent curriculum whose primary objective is to encourage students to develop their potential. The learning process emphasizes students' exploration of their surroundings. The results of students' ability to write negotiation texts are evident in four areas: content, structure, linguistic norms, and effective sentence construction. Content-wise, 83% of X E1 class students in SMAN 1 Bangsri are categorized as having adequate skills. Furthermore, the ability of X E1 class students of SMAN 1 Bangsri from the perspective of completeness of structure, which is 100%, is categorized as excellent. The ability of X E1 class students of SMAN 1 Bangsri from the perspective of language elements, which is 64%, is categorized as quite good. Therefore, the aggregate average score across all subject areas was 86%, and 14% of students did not satisfy the KKM. Based on this, 86 % comes within the category of excellent. Thus, the X E1 class students' learning of composing negotiation texts produced positive results.

Difficulties and Strategies in Producing English Writing Text: What do EFL Students’ Perceive?

This study aimed to discover the EFL students' viewpoints on the difficulties they encountered when writing in English, as well as their strategies for overcoming these hurdles. This study was conducted on EFL students in a senior high school in Medan. This research involved the involvement of twenty-nine eleventh-graders. The researchers utilized a questionnaire and an interview to collect data following their research themes. The questionnaire aims to identify the barriers students face when writing in English. The questionnaire was sent using a Google form with closed-ended questions based on Bryne's (1988) categories and a five-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree). Subsequently, an interview was conducted with a subset of participants (n = 5) specifically chosen to elicit further information about their strategies for overcoming writing difficulties. The interview was recorded using a cell phone by the researchers. Before data processing, the audio cassette was transcribed word-for-word. Thus, data collected with three instruments were analyzed using three approaches: frequency count for questionnaire data and content analysis for interview data. According to the findings, students encountered linguistic (grammar, vocabulary, language use, sentence construction) and psychological issues when composing English texts (lack of teacher instruction and feedback). There are no cognitive appearance issues. The students use mind mapping, translating materials from Indonesian to English, maintaining practice, and peer evaluation to overcome their writing difficulties. This research was expected to contribute to minimizing the difficulties experienced by students in writing English through the strategy revealed in this study

Improving Low Proficiency ESL Primary School Students’ Writing Skills using Flipped Classroom

There are many new approaches of teaching and learning in current classrooms. One of them is flipped classroom - a means of instruction in which students learn new input during the out-of-class period through electronic tools. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that writing skills has not been significantly utilised in flipped classroom. This paper reports on a study that explores the use of flipped classroom to enhance low proficiency ESL primary school students’ writing skills. Employing the action research approach, data were collected through pre and post-test, semi-structured interview and questionnaires. The findings depict that the students scored higher marks for the post-test writing task compared to the pre-test. The findings from the questionnaire and the interview has shown that the pupils favour learning writing skill through the flipped classroom approach and their writing skill has improved significantly through this approach. The findings reveal that the intervention proved to be effective in order to improve simple sentence construction. This research has proven that the implementation of flipped classroom approach has improved pupils’ writing skills and boost their confidence in enhancing their writing skills especially in English language.