Sentence Construction Research Articles

My students do not get Engaged in Speaking Activities in the Classroom

Being a teacher I have been coming across many classroom issues as real problems. Among them, I dealt with students’ less engagement in speaking activities aiming to identify the issues of students’ less engagement in speaking activities and to increase students’ participation actively in speaking activities. For that I conducted the interview with head teacher for getting permission and the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with students where I found some issues such as mispronunciation of words, nervousness about making mistakes, weak English, lack of vocabulary, and weak sentence construction, hesitant of being wrong in their activities because of which they were unable to engage themselves in speaking activities. And classroom activities/intervention and observation were further used for data to be analysed. I used pronunciation and vocabulary improvement strategies, presentation and role play activities to increase their active participation in speaking activities. In this study, I found that pronunciation and vocabulary improvement strategies were just effective to develop pronunciation and word-meaning skills for speaking. While presentation and role play activities were found more meaningful for developing students’ speaking skills.

Dominantne odlike sintaksičkog oblikovanja u Crvenoj planeti Gorana Korunovića

The text provides an analysis of the dominant syntactic features in the poetry book Red Planet by Goran Korunović, one of the most notable contemporary Serbian poets. The analysis of the text has revealed that in the prose fragments, sentence simplicity is achieved through the use of specific sentence types based on meaning, realized through coordinating relationships within communicative sentences, employed dependent clauses, and predicate actualization. Furthermore, the prose text lacks extensive syntagms, sentence condensers, and interpolation and inversion of sentence constituents demanding for reception. In the poetic section of the Red Planet, there is a slight change in syntactic composition: more demanding sentence constructions, an interweaving of multiple dependent clauses, and occasional verb condensers, appositives, and more complex syntagms occur. These mentioned aspects of syntactic shaping are closely related to the semantic layer of the text, suggesting the immediacy of the narrator's discourse, a sense of emotional distance, and perceptual limitations in encountering a new and different world. Additionally, subtle deviations from the uniform prevailing syntactic groundwork are derived, conveying the quality of the narrator's consciousness and the procedural nature of the events in which they participate and unfold within them. All of the above demonstrates the skilfull and artistically relevant shaping of the world of the Red Planet, one of the most remarkable works in contemporary Serbian literature.

The Realization of Adverb –Ly in English Sentences

The objective of the study is to find the realization of Adverb -ly in sentences. This study is descriptive qualitative which is carried out through the process of providing data, the data analysis stage, and the systematic stage of presenting the results of data analysis. In the data analysis stage, the data that has been collected is sorted according to their respective categories and given further descriptions and explanations. The result shows 1. The position of the adverb –ly can be placed in three positions, the beginning of the sentence (before the subject), the middle of the sentence (before the verb), and the end of the sentence (after the main clause). 2. Adverb –ly in a sentence can modify if it is in the form of a phrase, in the construction of comparative sentences, modifying 'however' to open a clause, modifying 'how' in an exclamation sentence, and modifying 'so' which is followed by the subject. and clauses. 3. Based on its semantic meaning the adverb -ly can have several meanings: point of view, as an emphasizer, as a maximiser, as a booster, as a minimizer, and as instrument. The research answers the realization of the adverb –ly can be in various places in English sentences, but the semantic meaning can be different. The present study implicates on adverbs having distinct semantic orientations, which provides natural reference materials for teaching and learning English in the EFL context.

Exploring English Descriptive Writing Vocabulary Acquisition through Creative Pedagogical Strategies

Review on previous English as a second language (ESL) interventional programmes in Malaysia has indicated limited emphasis on creative pedagogy. Particularly in writing classes that include descriptive writing, a genre that requires writers to be creative and expressive, a significant portion of learners were found to suffer from poor proficiency. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the impact of creative pedagogical strategies on ESL learners’ descriptive writing. Under classroom research, it adopted the action research design with a single case study to monitor upper secondary school learners’ writing with an emphasis on sentence construction and vocabulary. The data collection involved focus group interviews, written tests, and evaluation of students’ written work. It was revealed that creative pedagogical strategies were effective in improving students’ descriptive writing performance. The main findings derived included five themes as the following: ability to describe pictures using complex vocabulary, learning new words, acquisition of various adjectives and verbs, ability to show emotion or feelings, and acquisition of skill for delivering meaning with precision. We propose a chain of parallel action-related research plans to further investigate creative teaching approaches and to encourage similar creative pedagogical strategies by English teachers in the country. Keywords : action research; ESL writing skills; sentence-construction; vocabulary; creative pedagogical strategies; descriptive writing

Error Analysis on Passive Sentences Construction Made by the Eleventh Year Students of MA Assulaimaniyah Mojoagung

This research analyzed on passive sentences construction in the form of present and past tense. It focused on what types of passive sentences error made by students and how do the students made errors. The aims of this research were to describe the types of passive sentences error and how the students made the errors. Qualitative research was the method of this research. The participants of this research were the eleventh grade students of MIA at MA Assulaimaniyah Mojoagung consisting of 18 students. The data of this research was the sentences of passive voice containing errors made by students. The findings showed that there were four types of error identified in passive sentences construction made by students: omission, addition, misfomation, and misordering. Most of students got difficulties in differentiating between regular and irregular verb in passive sentence construction. It can be concluded that the students are still lack of understanding of verb usage in passive sentence construction.

The Contrastive Analysis of Katai in Japanese and Keras in Indonesian Language

This study aims to describe and analyze the similarities and differences between katai in Japanese words and keras in Indonesian words in terms of the study of meaning (semantics). Classification of data is carried out based on the theory put forward by Kunihiro (1989) and to determine the similarities and differences in meaning, it refers to the equivalent technique, where the phenomena are icchi (equivalent in both languages), ketsujo (equivalent in a language I, but not in language II), and shinki (equivalent in language II, but not in language I) (Konayagi, 2006). The data used in this study is data taken from corpus data and various articles or online news in Japanese and Indonesian. The results of the study indicate that there are corresponding and unmatched meanings for the words katai and keras. There are 9 data meanings that experience the icchi phenomenon, while the meaning of expansion is only found in Japanese (shinki) there are 4 data and the meaning of expansion is only found in Indonesian (ketsujo) found 10 data. This research is only limited to the analysis of meaning (semantics) so further research is needed regarding the contrastive analysis of katai and keras words in terms of syntactic studies, so that Japanese language learners not only understand the comparison of meanings but also understand the comparison of the use of katai and keras words in the structure and construction of Japanese and Indonesian sentences.

ERROR ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION BY USING GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD TO THE FIRST SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ARABIC EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM AT DATOKARAMA STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY PALU

This is a qualitative research focusing on answering the research question, “What kinds of error occur on sentence construction by using Grammar Translation Method to the first semester students of Arabic Education Study Program at Datokarama State Islamic University Palu?” The participants of this research are thirty two first semester students of Arabic Education Study Program at Datokarama State Islamic University Palu. The instrument of the research is a document analysis of a hundred Indonesian sentences translated into English. The result of this research shows that there are five types of error occurred: (1) omission; (2) addition; (3) misformation; (4) misorder; and (5) word misuse. Omission errors can be found on the article for the singular nouns, -s/-es ending for plural marker of nouns, to be in nominal sentences, measured quantities for uncountable nouns, and –s/-es ending for verbs in simple present tense. When the mother tongue interferes the sentence construction, the addition errors then took place. Misformation errors occurred on the use of demonstrative determiners, subject-verb agreement in present perfect tense as well as in nominal sentences. Misorder errors can be showed on the word order of present perfect tense. Word misuse errors occurred when the participants translated the sentences one word by one word literally while the vocabulary is not sufficient

ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE WRITING ERRORS OF ISIZULU-SPEAKING LEARNERS IN FET WRITING CLASSES IN KWAZULU-NATAL

Error analysis presupposes a distinction between two languages. This distinction was primarily concerned with how the two languages facilitated or hindered learning of the target language. In its original premise, the juxtaposed languages were considered facilitative if they were similar but restrictive if they were different. This gave rise to the notion of transference where it was viewed either negatively when it hindered acquisition of certain structures or positively if it facilitated acquisition. This approach developed into a new focus of studying errors and analysing them. At first such an analysis focused on mother tongue interference but later developed into interlanguage where errors were viewed as a natural phenomenon that demonstrates the progress of learning. This paper is therefore grounded on error analysis where errors in writing of high school learners are analysed in order to interrogate where second language learners are in internalisation of English structures. The analysis covers grammatical aspects such as morphology, syntax and semantics. The findings indicate that learners’ errors range from word and phrase level to sentence level. At word level errors of morphological constructions and spelling were committed and at phrase level, errors were caused by the complexity of the noun and verb phrases. At sentence level, there were errors in sentence construction. The study has implications for the teaching of writing.

INFOGRAPHIC AND RELIGIOUS CONTENT TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ ABILITY CONSTRUCTING CAUSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

This research is aimed at elucidating the improving of students’ ability in constructing cause effect sentences using Islamic content blended to one of multimodality teaching called infographic. This research is applied on tourism regular class X of SMK Negeri 8 Medan in 2020 where 30 students participated as subject of the research. This class action research is conducted in two main cycles namely planning, conducting, observing and reflecting where all are implemented separately in both cycles. Collection of the data is taken through observation sheet, result of the test and documentation of activity and infograhic result. The using of infographic not only could increase the ability of students to construct sentences containing cause effect relationship but also trigger their interest and maintain their motivation to participate actively during learning hours, and religious content itself is to call back students’ knowledge about why something is obliged or forbidden in Islam. The results show that students level of participation to actively get involved in learning cause effect sentences in first cycle reaches 60% while average learning outcomes is 60%. Then in second cycle the participation increases to 75% and average learning outcomes exceed 75%. Thus, using infographic is very useful to increase students’ ability in constructiong cause effect sentences.

Geographic Named Entity Recognition by Employing Natural Language Processing and an Improved BERT Model

Toponym recognition, or the challenge of detecting place names that have a similar referent, is involved in a number of activities connected to geographical information retrieval and geographical information sciences. This research focuses on recognizing Chinese toponyms from social media communications. While broad named entity recognition methods are frequently used to locate places, their accuracy is hampered by the many linguistic abnormalities seen in social media posts, such as informal sentence constructions, name abbreviations, and misspellings. In this study, we describe a Chinese toponym identification model based on a hybrid neural network that was created with these linguistic inconsistencies in mind. Our method adds a number of improvements to a standard bidirectional recurrent neural network model to help with location detection in social media messages. We demonstrate the results of a wide-ranging evaluation of the performance of different supervised machine learning methods, which have the natural advantage of avoiding human design features. A set of controlled experiments with four test datasets (one constructed and three public datasets) demonstrates the performance of supervised machine learning that can achieve good results on the task, significantly outperforming seven baseline models.

The Literary Elegance of Kurunthokai

Literature focuses on human life. It is a feast for human thought, feeling, and imagination. It is related to human language. It has the power to stir the mind of the learner and blossom in the heart. Literature is an art form that reflects social sentiments. Literature expresses the spiritual feelings and worldly attachments, successes and failures, and likes and dislikes of mankind. Kurunthokai is one of the Ettutthokai texts in the Sangam love genre of songs. It is described as a "good kurunthokai". It is known as Kurunthokai because it is a collection of songs with fewer lines. This book is explained by the beauty of words, the beauty of meaning, the beauty of sentence construction, the beauty of explanation, and the beauty of literary style. There are so many parables that it is said to be a parable repository. They express the thoughts and memories of the people and the moods of the poets. The ideas on the life of the Tamils of the Sangam age, as well as the poets' skills on literary qualities, captivate the minds of the readers. Due to its poetry, Kurunthokai is a book that is quoted by all writers and has the power to confront the realities of life. The simile, the description, the imagination, the theme, the iraichi, the rhyme, and the alliteration draw the reader's heart and entertain the thoughts, revealing the beauty. This research paper also aims to explore the features of such subtle literary techniques in short songs.

Binā al-Jumal al-Mu’aqqodah fī Riwayah “Mā Lā Nabūh Bih” ala Asāsi Nadhariyyati Tagmemic Kenneth L. Pike [Complex Sentence Construction in Novel “Mā Lā Nabūh Bih” Based on the Perspective of Kenneth L. Pike’s Tagmemic

Sentence studies that are rarely discussed in the realm of linguistics are complex sentences. This article aims to describe the construction and types of complex sentences based on their clause formation in the novel Mā Lā Nabūh Bih based on Kenneth L. Pike's Tagmemic theory. This research was a qualitative and descriptive study, with the primary data source were the novel Mā Lā Nabūh Bih by Sandra Serag. Each type of complex sentence was selected and described according to Tagmemic theory. The results of this study found that four ‘harf’ functions were used as subordinating conjunctions based on the formation of the clauses, which consists of the arrangement of musnad (subject), musnad ilaih (predicate), and maf'ul bih (object). The distinguishes among four ‘harf’ functions are in the form and position of the subordinating conjunctions that separate the main sentence and its subordinate clauses, namely time relations (mundzu/since), causal relationship (lianna/because), complementary relationships (anna/really), comparative relationship (kaanna/as if). Complex sentences in the Tagmemic perspective are more complex than other types of sentence structures since they may consist of two slots, two classes, two roles, or two cohesions. In contrast, other sentence structure types have only one slot, class, role, and cohesion.

It’s all about the sentential construction

Abstract Cross-linguistically, very few complete sentences, as opposed to a myriad of phrases, lexicalize to become words. I here offer an account for this skewed distribution, along the lines of Construction Grammar, by analyzing a set of mono-clausal sentences in Hebrew which have indeed become – or are on the verge of becoming – words. I adopt the distinction between categorical and thetic propositions, and show that only the latter can evolve into words. A thetic – unlike a categorical – proposition, much like a verb-phrase, enables a tight semantic bonding between its components to form an ‘interpretatively cohesive’ unit, which may lead to semantic change. An evaluative thetic – unlike a categorical – proposition is comment-like, hence ‘semantically-incomplete’, and in need of a topic from prior discourse to predicate on, which may lead to a change in grammatical status. All verb-phrases meet these two criteria but only few sentences do, hence, I argue, the skewed distribution of sources from which new words evolve.

PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA INDONESIA TATARAN KELAS KATA PADA ANAK USIA EMPAT TAHUN

The focus of the study of this research is the acquisition of the Indonesian language of the research subjects by paying attention to language production at the word class level of the subjects. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative because it intends to understand phenomena about the experiences of research subjects such as behavior, perceptions, motivations, actions, and others by way of descriptions in the form of words in a special or natural context with natural methods. The data collection technique used was the transcription of the recording results, and interviews with informants who were the subject's family. The form of data is in the form of transcription results and additional notes. The analysis technique in this study was carried out by recording transcripts and recording observations in the field, then coded to make it easier to track data, collect and classify data, then find patterns and relationships. The results of the study show that in the context of playing and carrying out daily activities at home, five types of word classes have been found that have been produced by the subject, namely verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals. The production of word classes which are mostly produced are verbs and nouns, while the word classes of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals are still little produced. On the basis of the results of these observations, the subject can be classified as a child who has a speech delay, because he has not mastered the construction of sentences using particles and conjunctions as a complement.

Show and tell: approaches for effective figures

Show and tell: approaches for effective figures

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE TEACHING CYCLE GENDER-BASED LEARNING TO THE EDUCATION OF READING AND WRITING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Resumo: Neste estudo, temos como objetivo enfatizar as contribuições que a metodologia do ciclo de ensino aprendizagem pode trazer para o processo de ensino de leitura e escrita no Ensino Fundamental. Através dele, apresentamos os conceitos e fundamentos dessa ferramenta didática, evidenciando a estrutura e análise de gêneros textuais presentes no currículo escolar. Cabe destacar que esta pesquisa tem como base teórica a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF), segundo a qual a forma linguística e os significados são realizados em contexto. Dessa forma, os gêneros mostram o impacto do contexto de cultura nos textos por meio de estrutura configurada em etapas e fases orientadas para um propósito.

Passive Imperatives in Indonesian

An imperative clause is understood as a construction in which the subject is commonly filled by a second person but it is licitly dropped and the verb that co-occurs with it is commonly realized by a basic form in Indonesian. An active clause, on the other hand, contains an obligatory subject, the verb inflected with meN verbal prefix, and an object that makes the sentence readily transformed into its passive clause counterpart. Given the characteristic contrasts between an imperative clause and an active clause in Indonesian, it seems to be impossible to derive a passive imperative. However, imperative passives are available in Indonesian. The present study aims to uncover the issues of imperative passives in Indonesian. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method. Most of the data for the study were obtained from Leipzig Corpora and the remaining data were elicited from other speakers of Indonesian. Adopting the theory of a speaker commitment hypothesis for the analysis, the findings show that Indonesian has a passive imperative. This support can be evidenced by the fact that an imperative passive can be associated with a complex sentence construction in which the subject of the passive imperative clause can be recovered from the main clause thereby corroborating the idea that passive imperatives operate on a par with negative imperatives which possess prototypical passive constructions.

Effects of concept mapping strategy on sentence construction, paragraphing and editing in junior secondary schools students’ composition writing achievements

This study investigated the effects of concept mapping on sentence construction, paragraphing, and editing in composition writing achievement of secondary school students in Kafanchan Education Zone, Kaduna State Nigeria. The study answered three research questions and tested three hypotheses. Quasi-experimental (non-equivalent pre-test-post-test control group design) research design was employed for the study. The population of the study included all the 1,242 Junior Secondary School two (JS II) students in 35 public secondary schools in Kafanchan Education Zone of Kaduna State. Sample of 66 students from two intact classes (experimental group = 36, control group = 30) participated in the study. Students in the experimental group received 8-weeks of training on concept mapping instruction, while those in the control group were exposed to normal conventional teaching. Students’ composition writing achievement test (SCWAT, test-retest reliability = 0.78) was developed by the researcher to obtain baseline information and after-intervention information. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics [means and standard deviation (SD)] and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results indicated that students have the very low ability in sentence construction, paragraphing, and editing in composition writing achievement at baseline. Also, concept mapping instruction significantly improved students’ ability to construct a cohesive sentence, develop a paragraph, and edit composition writing. The study concluded that concept mapping strategy has significant effects on sentence construction, paragraphing, and editing in composition writing achievement skills of junior secondary school students. The study strongly recommended the use of a concept mapping strategy by teachers, students, and school administrators in Nigeria.

Implementasi Flashcard Sebagai Media untuk Menambah Kosakata Bahasa Inggris pada Siswa SD Negeri 016 Kelurahan Sungai Perak

Vocabulary is a crucial thing that must be known as the main capital to learn sentence construction and other language skills because vocabulary is the basic foundation in language because one must have sufficient vocabulary to be able to understand what is read and heard, can speak and write in words. so that it can be understood by others. At SD Negeri 016 Sungai Perak Village, the majority of students were judged to lack a rich English vocabulary, the students also experienced difficulties in acquiring new vocabulary. To overcome this problem, the researcher chose one of the visual media that can help students in learning vocabulary, namely using flashcards or picture cards. The implementation method used in this study is in the form of observing English vocabulary, introducing flashcard media in teaching and learning activities, and implementing flashcard media in everyday life. This research was conducted with the aim that students are able to develop communication competencies and have an awareness of the nature and importance of English to improve the nation's competitiveness in a global society.

Cross-language Generalization in Bilingual Aphasia: Influence of Manner of Second Language Acquisition

ABSTRACT Background Language treatment for bilinguals with aphasia has been shown to result in gains in both the treated language and the untreated language (i.e., cross-language generalization). However, cross-language generalization is not consistently found. This inconsistency may be due to several factors, such as the age of acquisition of, and proficiency in, each language. One often-overlooked factor that may influence whether cross-language generalization occurs is the manner in which bilinguals learned their second language (L2): in a formal educational context (explicitly) or naturalistically through exposure to the language (implicitly). Prior research suggests that implicit L2 learning results in greater overlap in the representation of the first language (L1) and L2 in the brain, particularly for grammar, compared to explicit learning. In contrast, lexical processing in L1 and L2 is proposed to rely more on shared brain regions regardless of the manner of L2 acquisition. Greater overlap should provide a greater likelihood of cross-language generalization effects from treatment. Aims The goal of this study was to determine how the manner of acquisition of L2 may affect cross-language generalization following treatment in L2 separately targeting the lexicon (object naming) and grammar (sentence construction). Methods & Procedures Two Spanish-English bilinguals with aphasia each completed two treatment phases in English of 2-4 weeks each, in succession, with one week between them: semantic feature analysis (SFA) targeting object naming, and Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) targeting verb retrieval and sentence construction. Pre- and post-treatment assessments and weekly probes were completed for each phase. Participant P1 learned English explicitly in an educational setting, while participant P2 learned English implicitly. Outcomes & Results As predicted, P2 showed cross-language generalization after verb/grammar treatment (VNeST) whereas P1 did not. However, contrary to the prediction that both participants should show cross-language generalization after noun treatment (SFA), only P1 showed cross-language generalization of object naming. Conclusions Cross-language generalization was observed for both participants but for different aspects of language. The findings suggest that naturalistic second language learning may lead to stronger links between languages in the grammatical system, whereas formal second language learning may lead to stronger links between languages in the lexical-semantic system. Future research should further explore the effects of manner of acquisition as a predictor of language co-activation and cross-language treatment generalization in bilinguals with aphasia.