Sentence Patterns Research Articles

The Difficulties of Writing Descriptive Text for Junior High Schoolers

During the current pandemic, some schools have to implement hybrid learning, where some students come to school, and some have to go online. After the teacher gave the learning materials, some students who took online classes still did not understand it was different from students who took offline classes. The research used the qualitative method. The data was collected from 33 students in the 7b class and ten selected students based on their descriptive English writing text. It is revealed that the students have achieved reasonable control in writing descriptive text. However, in terms of writing, some students make spelling mistakes, and the use of tenses still needs more understanding. The result showed that the difficulties of descriptive writing are spelling, tenses, punctuation, sentence pattern, pronoun, conjunction, and preposition. They must consider schematic structures and use the appropriate language. Thus, their text will be well-organized and understandable.

Deep Learning Scoring Model in the Evaluation of Oral English Teaching.

This study is aimed at improving the accuracy of oral English recognition and proposing evaluation measures with better performance. This work is based on related theories such as deep learning, speech recognition, and oral English practice. As the literature summarized, the recurrent neural network was the calculation standard, and the oral English speech recognition indicators were the main basis on which an English speech recognition model was constructed. Then, 20 English majors and 5 sets of English sentence patterns were randomly selected as the research objects. The correction standards for English oral errors were introduced into the model to achieve further improvement. The research results showed that the average concordance rate of speech recognition reached 91% through the model test. The concordance rates of words, speech, and intonation in recognition were 89%, 91%, and 86%, respectively. The model could be used as an evaluation system for English speech recognition. Therefore, the application of the deep learning scoring model in the evaluation of oral English teaching was researched in this work, which provided an effective basis for the evaluation of intelligent English teaching.

ERROR TYPES IN SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

The aim of this study is to identify the types of errors in subject-verb agreement. The basic mistakes made by students in subject-verb agreements are a lack of knowledge about sentence patterns and their types. The study applied a qualitative descriptive method. The study is to describe and classify the errors made by the students and identify which parts of the subject-verb agreement have the most errors. The data collection technique of this study is by collecting the results of a worksheet assessment on subject-verb agreement given to 89 students. The data is analyzed by investigating what types of errors the students make and what factors often occur in subject-verb agreement. The results of this indicate that there are errors made by students including: singular subject must agree with a singular verb as well as a plural subject must agree with a plural verb, errors in a compound subject, errors in using the verb of the form have, and errors in be verb. The study implies that grammar and sentence construction, particularly subject-verb agreements, are basic chapters that must be trained continuously and become an important fundamental goal before students learn other things in English.

ANALISIS KONTRASTIF PENANDA NEGASI DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA PRANCIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA

This study examines the peculiarities, similarities, and differences of negation patterns in French and Indonesian sentences. The data analyzed are declarative, interrogative, and negative imperative sentences taken from the Leipzig Corpora Collection. The analysis results found that there are similarities in the formation of negation markers in French “ne … jamais” and Indonesian negation markers “tidak pernah”. The equivalence also appears in the arrangement of negative imperative sentence markers, which are formulated with negative ne+adverbs pas+verb and jangan+verb. Regarding the differences, the negation marker in French is present in two mandatory components, while in Indonesian, it is marked with one marker. There is even more variety of negations in French. In Indonesian, there is a standard rule between the combination of negation markers and the type of predicate in a sentence, but French tends to be more accessible. The formation of past and passive negative sentences is also different. Finally, in negative imperative sentences in French, the verb that is negated must be conjugated according to the subject, but in Indonesian, this is not the case.

The Eighth Grade Student’s Errors in English Sentence Patterns at MTs Al-Islami Tugasari Kurungan Nyawa I OKU Timur

The title of this thesis is “The eighth grade Students errors in English sentence patterns at MTs Al-Islami Tugasari Kurungan Nyawa 1 OKU Timur”. The main problems of this thesis were What are the students’ errors in using sentence pattern and What is factor made the errors by the students ? Therefore the objectives of this research were To know what kinds of error that made by the students in using sentence pattern and find out the Eighth grade students' error in English sentence patterns, and to know the possible cause made by the Eighth grade students’ The population of this research was the eighth year students at MTs Al-Islami Tugasari Kurungan Nyawa 1 OKU Timur in the academic year of 2011/2012 and the sample of this study was 35 students taken randomly by using cluster sampling. The method of this study was the descriptive method. To collect the data, the writer used written test. The results of the test were analyzed descriptively.The findings show the students made errors in using conjunctions with the Subordinating sentence patterns; “object” (40.57%), “adverb” (42%), and “complement” (39.43%). The average on the percentage of students errors was 40.66% on the written test.

RETHINKING THE FUNCTIONAL EXPANSION OF QUASI-DOUBLE-VALENCY VERBS FROM THE CHANGE OF SYNTACTIC VALENCE -- AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS BASED ON THE CHANGE OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

RETHINKING THE FUNCTIONAL EXPANSION OF QUASI-DOUBLE-VALENCY VERBS FROM THE CHANGE OF SYNTACTIC VALENCE -- AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS BASED ON THE CHANGE OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Facilitating authentic contextual EFL speaking and conversation with smart mechanisms and investigating its influence on learning achievements

This study introduced an app, called Smart UEnglish, for helping EFL conversation practices in authentic contexts. These conversation practices were categorized into ‘designed talk’ and ‘free talk’, based on the content of an English textbook and authentic ambient environment that includes such things as transportation, weather and scenic descriptions, respectively. The mechanisms in Smart UEnglish were designed in consideration of flexible, sustainable and adaptive conversations to improve English-speaking and lexical resources. Statistical analysis results show that the learning achievement of the experimental group is significantly higher than that of the control group. Moreover, both ‘designed talk’ and ‘free talk’ have significant positive correlations with learning achievement. Further analysis with stepwise multiple regression found that ‘designed talk’ plays the most important role and can significantly influence learning achievement. This is because ‘designed talk’ can motivate them to practice what they learned in class during their daily conversations and consolidate the understanding and applying of English vocabularies and sentence patterns through ‘designed talk’. According to interview records, participants also perceived that using Smart UEnglish for conversation practice in authentic contexts can stimulate their interests and ideas to think and practice more useful English conversation. Hence, Smart UEnglish can effectively help English-speaking and conversation in authentic contexts anytime and anywhere.

Practical Skills of Business English Correspondence Writing Based on Data Mining Algorithm

English correspondence writing has become a necessary skill for every scientific researcher and high-tech talents. An English correspondence writing auxiliary writing system can help nonnative English speakers make up for the lack of professional expression. The key factor of business English correspondence writing system is the construction of knowledge base. To improve the business English correspondence writing knowledge base, we need to mine frequent patterns of sentences in each category. The purpose of this topic is to improve and supplement the knowledge base for the business English correspondence writing system and propose frequent pattern mining for sentences in each category, so as to improve the writing knowledge base for the business English correspondence writing system. Firstly, we crawl a large number of business English letters and telegrams from the Internet, extract the relevant summary information, then store it, and preliminarily construct a corpus based on sentences. Then, we do some research on the structure of business English correspondence abstracts, mark the sentences in the corpus and count the relevant information, and have a certain understanding of their writing methods. Finally, we mine frequent patterns for sentences in each category, so as to improve the knowledge base of summary writing for the business English correspondence writing system. In the experiment, we use the classical FP growth algorithm as the mining method. The experiment shows that the frequent patterns between 3 and 6 words have been mined to a certain extent. By gradually improving the mining strategy, the quality of mining results has been improved and the writing effect of business English correspondence of scientific researchers has been improved.

On the Knowledge of Knowledge Itself

Metaphysics or the knowledge of knowledge itself is one of the main threads in the history of philosophy. Metaphysics is distinguished from “adding word” philosophy in that the latter is knowledge related to what the added words express. The essence of the distinction here is that metaphysics deals with what is a priori, while the study of adding word philosophies is empirical. Metaphysical inquiry always revolves around sentences, for knowledge is expressed in language, and sentences are the basic unit for the expression of knowledge. Sentences involve three aspects: at the linguistic level, the basic sentence pattern is “S is P”; at the level of sense, it is what language expresses; and at the reference level, the core concept is “truth.” Metaphysical inquiry always revolves around “being” and “truth,” and concerns the three levels above. The third level in particular reveals the conditions for the truth of a sentence, and helps explain the first two levels. We need to grasp the essence and characteristics of metaphysics and develop the study of metaphysics as a means of advancing philosophical research.

An Analysis of Intonation Patterns of English Interrogative Sentences Produced by Undergraduate Students in District Mansehra

This research intends to discover the tonal configurations of English Interrogative sentences used by undergraduate students of English in District Mansehra. The intonation patterns of English interrogative sentences used by undergraduate students were compared with those of native speakers of English. An experimental design was used to collect data from a sample of eighteen students (nine female and nine male) in the form of recordings and was run on PRAAT software to identify the intonation configuration of the recorded utterances. The analysis showed that non-native speakers used a variety of intonation patterns in the utterances of English language. In the comparison with the results of utterances by native speakers, it was observed that in yes/no questions, there was a slight difference between the percentages. Contrastively, in wh-questions, a significant difference was observed, as native speakers used a High-Low pattern whereas non-native speakers used the opposite one.

PENDEKATAN AURAL ORAL DALAM KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA

One of the Arabic language skills that must be mastered by students is speaking skiil (maharah al-kalam), namely the ability of students to use Arabic sounds (ashwath ‘arabiyyah) appropriately by using grammar (qawa’id nahwiyyah wa sharfiyyah), and arranging word –by- word. So that, it can be used to express what they want. One of the approaches that can be used in learning speaking skiils is the Aural Oral Approach. In Arabic it is called al-madkhal al-sam’i al-syafahi,which is an approach that has the assumption that language is what both heard and spoken. While writing is only representation of speech. In this approach, the learning process is more focused on listening (hearing) and imitating (pronouncing) activities according to what the teacher (native speaker) says. The results that wiil be achieved through this approach are not only mastering spoken language and listening spontaneously, but also being able to master reading and writing skills. Among the advantages of this approach are that students have good pronunciation. They are able to make standard sentence patterns that have been trained. They can carry out oral communication well. On the contrary, there are some weaknesses toward the Aural Oral Approach. The student’s responses are mecanistc. The do not realize, understand or think the real meaning of the spoken statement.

비즈니스 한국어 교재의 지시 화행 분석 연구

Objectives This study aims to investigate the performance aspect of directive speech act and hedging sentence patterns for politeness according to power relations through the discourse analysis of the Business Korean textbooks and suggests the ways of improving Business Korean textbooks. Methods This study chose three kinds of Business Korean textbooks published after 2018. These textbooks are composed of basic levels and intermediate levels. To analyze these textbooks, this study classified subtypes of directive speech act at first and then arranged the performance aspect of directive speech act according to the context variables and the aspect of the use of hedging sentence patterns for politeness in directive speech act. Results Based on the findings of this study, Business Korean textbooks published after 2018 are mainly composed of dialogues related to boss’ directive speech act. For this reason, the textbooks mainly dealt with boss’ command among subtypes of directive speech act. And hedging sentence patterns of ‘-(으)세요’와 ‘아/어 주세요’ were most commonly utilized in boss’ command speech act. But, subordinate and coworkers’ dialogues and directive speech act in the workplace were very little descried in the textbooks. Various politeness strategies and hedging sentence patterns are seldom used in Business Korean textbooks. Conclusions In the future, Business Korean textbooks have to deal with various directive speech act dialogues according to the power relation. And they have to use various kinds of politeness strategies and hedging sentence patterns for Business Korean learners. But this study did not suggest educational methods for directive speech act. In short, how to deal with directive speech act in Business Korean textbooks will be discussed in a follow-up study.

비즈니스 한국어 교재의 지시 화행 분석 연구

Objectives This study aims to investigate the performance aspect of directive speech act and hedging sentence patterns for politeness according to power relations through the discourse analysis of the Business Korean textbooks and suggests the ways of improving Business Korean textbooks. Methods This study chose three kinds of Business Korean textbooks published after 2018. These textbooks are composed of basic levels and intermediate levels. To analyze these textbooks, this study classified subtypes of directive speech act at first and then arranged the performance aspect of directive speech act according to the context variables and the aspect of the use of hedging sentence patterns for politeness in directive speech act. Results Based on the findings of this study, Business Korean textbooks published after 2018 are mainly composed of dialogues related to boss’ directive speech act. For this reason, the textbooks mainly dealt with boss’ command among subtypes of directive speech act. And hedging sentence patterns of ‘-(으)세요’와 ‘아/어 주세요’ were most commonly utilized in boss’ command speech act. But, subordinate and coworkers’ dialogues and directive speech act in the workplace were very little descried in the textbooks. Various politeness strategies and hedging sentence patterns are seldom used in Business Korean textbooks. Conclusions In the future, Business Korean textbooks have to deal with various directive speech act dialogues according to the power relation. And they have to use various kinds of politeness strategies and hedging sentence patterns for Business Korean learners. But this study did not suggest educational methods for directive speech act. In short, how to deal with directive speech act in Business Korean textbooks will be discussed in a follow-up study.

The interpretation of urbanonyms in discourse: Reconciling theoretical accounts with experimental results

Abstract The goal of this paper is to offer an account of the discourse properties of urbanonynms in Italian (e.g. Via Roma, Piazza di Spagna). The paper introduces urbanonyms as a sub-type of toponyms (place names) whose linguistic properties have received little attention so far. The paper proposes an experimental study that shows how urbanonyms can enter in anaphoric relations mediated via urbanonyms’ lexico-grammatical properties. Via these experimental results, it is shown that urbanonyms can act as antecedents of indexical pronouns (e.g. qui ‘here’), and complex noun phrases (e.g. questa via ‘this street’). It is also shown that urbanonyms can involve co-referring patterns in sentences including verba nominandi (chiamarsi ‘to be called’). These results are discussed against the theoretical proposals investigating toponyms and other proper names. It is suggested that the two main “rival” theories on names, the description theory and the causal reference theory, can only address the novel data if combined into a new theoretical synthesis.

A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE PATTERNS USED IN BARACK OBAMA SPEECH

This study focuses on 9 basic sentence patterns that used in Barack Obama speech which he delivered when visited Universitas Indonesia Jakarta. The aim of the study is to find out how many sentence patterns that used in Barack Obama Speech. This study used qualitative research which the researcher analyzed through the script. The results of the study showed that there were 8 sentence patterns in the speech as follows, they were pattern 1 (9 sentences), pattern 2 (2 sentences), pattern 3 (26 sentences), pattern 4 (1 sentence), pattern 6 (20 sentences), pattern 7 (103 sentences), pattern 8 (1 sentence), pattern 9 (2 sentences). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the pattern 7 were most dominant of the other pattern, then there was 1 pattern was not found, pattern 5. In this research there were various kinds of sentences pattern in 1 speech that can be used to help you improve writing skill, for English learners especially for the future researchers

Enhancing Text Generation via Parse Tree Embedding.

Natural language generation (NLG) is a core component of machine translation, dialogue systems, speech recognition, summarization, and so forth. The existing text generation methods tend to be based on recurrent neural language models (NLMs), which generate sentences from encoding vector. However, most of these models lack explicit structured representation for text generation. In this work, we introduce a new generative model for NLG, called Tree-VAE. First it samples a sentence from the training corpus and then generates a new sentence based on the corresponding parse tree embedding vector. Tree-LSTM is used in collaboration with the Stanford Parser to retrieve sentence construction data, which is then used to train a conditional discretization autoencoder generator based on the embeddings of sentence patterns. The proposed model is extensively evaluated on three different datasets. The experimental results proved that the proposed model can generate substantially more diverse and coherent text than existing baseline methods.

Implementing Error Correction Strategies to Enhance Arts & Science College Students’ Writing Skills

The purpose of the study is to implement error correction strategies to enhance arts & Science college students’ writing skills. Participants of the study were final year students of UG and PG from Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Arts and Science College for Women, Perambalur. An Online Google form and a survey questionnaire were administered in this study to collect data. Five point likert scale was incorporated in the questionnaire. Respondent’s size is two hundred and seventeen (217) female students. The problem statement of the study is that the female students of Arts and Science College struggle to frame a correct sentence with proper sentence structure. They are unable to frame a sentence with complete meaning. The hypothesis of the study is to enhance the arts and science female students' writing skills through the gallery walk technique and three error correction techniques. The objectives of the study are i) to enhance the writing skills of arts and science college female students, ii) To develop the ability of students to understand the importance of sentence making, iii) To bring awareness about the gallery walk technique, self, peer, and teacher correction, and its benefits. The research questions are i) Will the students develop their writing skills through self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies? ii) Will students enhance sentence structure and sentence pattern through the gallery walk technique? iii) Will students improve their language proficiency through texts and images? The collaborative theory is utilized in this study. The findings of the study are that through gallery walk and self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies, students have shown involvement and improvement.

Implementing Error Correction Strategies to Enhance Arts & Science College Students’ Writing Skills

The purpose of the study is to implement error correction strategies to enhance arts & Science college students’ writing skills. Participants of the study were final year students of UG and PG from Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Arts and Science College for Women, Perambalur. An Online Google form and a survey questionnaire were administered in this study to collect data. Five point likert scale was incorporated in the questionnaire. Respondent’s size is two hundred and seventeen (217) female students. The problem statement of the study is that the female students of Arts and Science College struggle to frame a correct sentence with proper sentence structure. They are unable to frame a sentence with complete meaning. The hypothesis of the study is to enhance the arts and science female students' writing skills through the gallery walk technique and three error correction techniques. The objectives of the study are i) to enhance the writing skills of arts and science college female students, ii) To develop the ability of students to understand the importance of sentence making, iii) To bring awareness about the gallery walk technique, self, peer, and teacher correction, and its benefits. The research questions are i) Will the students develop their writing skills through self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies? ii) Will students enhance sentence structure and sentence pattern through the gallery walk technique? iii) Will students improve their language proficiency through texts and images? The collaborative theory is utilized in this study. The findings of the study are that through gallery walk and self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies, students have shown involvement and improvement.

‘Anâshir al-Jumal baina al-Lughataini al-‘Arabiyyah wa at-Tâmiliyyah (Dirâsâh Taqâbuliyyah)

Each language has a specific pattern in sentence structure. Based on this, sentence pattern in Arabic language differs from Tamil language since they are from two different linguistic families namely Semitic language family and Dravidian language family respectively. Therefore, this research focuses on studying sentence pattern in Arabic and Tamil languages by exposing similarities and dissimilarities between them. This research uses contrastive descriptive methodology. This research finds that there are more dissimilarities than similarities in sentence pattern between Arabic and Tamil languages whence use of gender, number, tense, adjective, genitive and articles. As for the similarities, they are in sentence elements, nominal sentence and interrogative sentence.

ANALYSIS OF PATTERNED SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (V-RU)TO (V-TA) IN JAPANESE NOVEL

The aim of this study is to determine the type of verbs that can be placed before and after subordinate conjunctions ~to, relationship between both clauses, and grammatical meaning which is contained in the (V-ru)To (V-Ta) sentence pattern. This study uses a classification based on the theory of Tomomasu, et al and theory of Sunakawa, et al about ~to~ta pattern’s meaning which is divided into four types, there are Kikkake (trigger), Hakken (discovery), Guuzen (coincidence), and Renzoku (continuation). This study uses the Simak method for collecting the data, and using Padan Referensial method for analysis the data. Based on the analysis result, it is found that the type of verbs that can be placed before and after subordinate conjunctions ~to are same. The difference is that sonzai wo arawasu doushi (existence verbs) and joutai wo arawasu doushi (verbs that express situation) can be placed after the subordinate conjunctions ~to. Both syntactically and semantically, it is found that the subordinate conjunctions ~to in Kikkake's meaning is to show a mutual influencing relationship and the existence of a presuppositional modality also explain the causal relationship between clauses. The Hakken’s meaning is to shows an explanatory relationship also shows the discovery in the second clause. The Guuzen’s meaning connects two unrelated events and shows the movement of the third person. The Renzoku’s meaning is to relate several activities carried out on the basis of the speaker’s wishes.