Sentences In Order Research Articles

A Study on the Teaching Design of a Hybrid Civics Course Based on the Improved Attention Mechanism

As an important vehicle for moral education, the moral indicators of civics and political science textbooks are naturally some of the most important criteria for revising textbooks. However, the textbook text dataset has too much textual information, ambiguous features, unbalanced sample distributions, etc. To address these problems, this paper combines a novel data enhancement method to obtain classification results based on word vectors. Additionally, for the problem of unbalanced sample sizes, this paper proposes a network model based on the attention mechanism, which combines the ideas of SMOTE and EDA, and uses a self-built stop word list and synonym word forest to conduct synonym queries, achieve a few categories of oversampling, and randomly disrupt the sentence order and intra-sentence word order to build a balanced dataset. The experimental results also show that the data augmentation method used in this paper’s model can effectively improve the performance of the model, resulting in a higher boost in the F1-measure of the model. The model incorporating the attention mechanism has better model generalization compared to the one without the attention mechanism, as well as a significant advantage compared to the reference model in other settings. The experimental results show that, compared with the original text classifier, the scheme of this paper effectively improves the evaluation effect and the reliability design for teaching a civics course.

Construction of an Automatic Bengali Text Summarizer Using Machine Learning Approaches

In our study, we chose python as the programming platform for finding an Automatic Bengali Document Summarizer. English has sufficient tools to process and receive summarized records. However, there is no specifically applicable to Bengali since Bengali has a lot of ambiguity, it differs from English in terms of grammar. Afterward, this language holds an important place because this language is spoken by 26 core people all over the world. As a result, it has taken a new method to summarize Bengali documents. The proposed system has been designed by using the following stages: pre-processing the sample doc/input doc, word tagging, pronoun replacement, sentence ranking, as well as summary. Pronoun replacement has been used to reduce the incidence of swinging pronouns in the performance review. We ranked sentences based on sentence frequency, numerical figures, and pronoun replacement. Checking the similarity between two sentences in order to exclude one since it has less duplication. Hereby, we’ve taken 3000 data as input from newspaper and book documents and learned the words to be appropriate with syntax. In addition, to evaluate the performance of the designed summarizer, the design system looked at the different documents. According to the assessment method, the recall, precision, and F-score were 0.70, 0.82 and 0.74, respectively, representing 70%, 82% and 74% recall, precision, and F-score. It has been found that the proper pronoun replacement was 72%.

Updating sentences lists for assessment speech perception.

Adapt a list of sentences for a speech intelligibility test. A speech material data base consisting of 200 phonetically balanced sentences was analyzed and partially updated. In the first stage, 60 reviewers, specialists in linguistics and speech and hearing science, analyzed the sentences in relation to the parameters of familiarity, meaning and predictability using an on-line questionnaire. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to analyze the internal consistency of the questionnaire. In the second stage, the reviewers analyzed whether they were in accordance with the criteria indicated by the literature for the construction of sentences. In the first stage, the responses of 15 reviewers who completed the entire questionnaire were analyzed. Agreement between reviewers was high for all criteria. 71 sentences were recommended for modification in the first stage, with predictability being the most indicated parameter as requiring change. In the second stage, 28 more sentences were selected for adjustment, with the presence of a proper name in the sentence being the most frequently cited criterion. It was possible to adapt a list of sentences in order to provide speech language therapists with a free of charge speech perception protocol. It is hoped that this new test can assist in standardizing assessment for normal hearing adults and individuals with hearing loss in Brazilian Portuguese.

Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research: Instruction on Plagiarism

Helping students understand where they should provide citations in research manuscripts is an essential aspect of training them in the responsible and ethical conduct of research. This Lesson comprises about 35 minutes of in-class work to help students learn how to avoid plagiarism. The Lesson is ideally integrated into a course in which a research report will be written. It introduces students to professional norms and explores the ethical &ldquo;gray areas&rdquo; surrounding the topic of citation. First, small student groups discuss case studies to reach a consensus on the question, &ldquo;Is this plagiarism?&rdquo; After a report-out to identify emergent themes, students then evaluate a paragraph from a published primary research manuscript and discuss why some sentences have citations and others do not. The choice of manuscript excerpt is flexible, based on teacher preferences and course subject area. This Lesson integrates critical instruction in research ethics that is applied to the science skill of communicating results. Student progress can be monitored using a summative homework-style assessment, in which students are tasked to determine which sentences in a paragraph should have citations and then to rank those sentences in order of how confident the group is that a citation is required. By the end of the Lesson, students have explored the definition of plagiarism and the ethical norms and processes for identifying when a citation is necessary. <em>Primary image:&nbsp;</em>Text Duplication. Copying the work of others is plagiarism unless a proper citation is provided (copyright Joseph Ross).

Аспекты грамматической вариативности немецкого языка в свете концепции плюриареальности

The variability of grammatical means, including the verification of grammatical variants in the diatopic dimension to codify them, determine areal distribution and standardization, is currently in the focus of German linguistics. Based on the data from the corpus of the international research project “Regional Variation in the Grammar of Standard German”, the article analyzes the current phenomena and processes occurring in the grammatical structure of the German language. The concepts of the “common standard” (“Gebrauchsstandard”) and pluriareality are considered as the basis for this project, which make it possible to substantiate the existence of areal grammatical variability in the written standard of the modern German language at the regional, and not only at the national, level. From a wide range of grammatical variants, the paper presents an analysis of the key issues for the structure of the German language in the sphere of syntactic variation. The problem of the framework construction of the German sentence is considered as the central one, and the areal prevalence of the main varieties of moving out of the frame parts of the sentence, which are allowed in the texts of regional newspapers, is determined. Diatopic variability of the word order in complex sentences is considered using the example of subordinate clauses with the weil and obwohl conjunctions. The materials of the project allow determining the conditions for the use of syntactic variants of such structures. A special section of the work is devoted to the phenomena of syntactic variability of the German language in Switzerland, which reveals discrepancies with other regions concerning the filling of the first place in the main sentence, as well as for the structure and word order in subject and object subordinate clauses. Analysis of the facts of syntactic variabilityand their systematization allow obtaining reliable information about the current processes in the grammatical structure of the German language, as well as about the ways of its further development.

Baseline pupil size encodes task-related information and modulates the task-evoked response in a speech-in-noise task.

Pupillometry data are commonly reported relative to a baseline value recorded in a controlled pre-task condition. In this study, the influence of the experimental design and the preparatory processing related to task difficulty on the baseline pupil size was investigated during a speech intelligibility in noise paradigm. Furthermore, the relationship between the baseline pupil size and the temporal dynamics of the pupil response was assessed. The analysis revealed strong effects of block presentation order, within-block sentence order and task difficulty on the baseline values. An interaction between signal-to-noise ratio and block order was found, indicating that baseline values reflect listener expectations arising from the order in which the different blocks were presented. Furthermore, the baseline pupil size was found to affect the slope, delay and curvature of the pupillary response as well as the peak pupil dilation. This suggests that baseline correction might be sufficient when reporting pupillometry results in terms of mean pupil dilation only, but not when a more complex characterization of the temporal dynamics of the response is considered. By clarifying which factors affect baseline pupil size and how baseline values interact with the task-evoked response, the results from the present study can contribute to a better interpretation of the pupillary response as a marker of cognitive processing.

A Contrastive Study on Korean ‘ida (이다)’ and Polish ‘być’

The aim of this study is to contrastively analyse the Korean ‘ida’ and the Polish ‘być’, and then use a Catholic Bible parallel corpus to contrast ‘ida’ and ‘być’ sentences in order to examine their respective usage patterns. Being the most basic predicate element in the Korean sentence structure, ‘ida’ displays a very frequent use. Considering its ‘functional’ aspect, ‘ida’ corresponds to ‘być’ in Polish. ‘być’ is considered the only true irregular Polish verb. In contrary to ‘ida’ in Korean, it undergoes conjugation by person and number. Moreover, as it is the case with ‘ida’, ‘być’ can be combined with a noun, yet such a noun is normally used in the instrumental case. In addition, ‘być’ can also be omitted. The results of the Bible parallel corpus examination showed that in most cases ‘CN + ida’ in Korean corresponded to ‘być + CN’ in Polish. Cases of ‘CN + ida’ corresponding to ‘być + Adj’ were also common, and they can largely be categorised into two groups. The first are so called ‘CN-jeok (적, 的) + ida’ constructions, and the second are ‘CN + ida’ constructions that do not use ‘-jeok’. The former uniformly corresponded to ‘być + Adj’ in Polish, while the latter displayed a variety of corresponding patterns. In addition, we also observed cases of ‘CN + ida’ corresponding to exclamations, verb phrases, and adverbs in Polish, and also cases with no literal translation possible due to the absence of corresponding Polish vocabulary.

Impact of Googling Techniques on Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Students’ L2 Writing Performance

This study aimed to investigate the syntactic errors that the Iranian deaf and hearing-impaired (DHI) make in their L2 writings. To this purpose, 60 male and female Iranian DHI students with different social status were selected, through convenience sampling procedure, as participants from among the students of a deaf community in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Their general writing performance was assessed through a proficiency test (pre-test) before they received a six-week writing instruction, in which they were provided with model written utterances and common syntactic points such as sentence order, word order, subject/verb agreement, etc. At the end of the treatment, they were given two topics and asked to write short paragraphs (post-test). Then, different syntactic errors were spotted, analyzed and categorized based on Keshavarz’s linguistic taxonomy of errors. The obtained results indicated that the writing quality of the participants improved from pre-test to post-test. It was also found that majority of the participants committed more syntactic omission errors than syntactic addition errors and syntactic substitution errors. It was further found that syntactic errors in written language were not affected by the gender and social class of the participants. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence for teaching syntactic order to deaf and hearing-impaired students in order to enhance their L2 writing performance.

Resolução de ambiguidade anafórica em português, inglês e espanhol (estudo-piloto)

This paper presents the results of a pilot study that aims to analyse the differences in the resolution of ambiguous anaphora in Portuguese, English and Spanish as first languages (L1) and as second languages (L2). To collect the data, a questionnaire was developed and applied to national and foreign students at the University of Algarve, in Faro, Portugal. The conclusions are that native English speakers usually interpret the anaphoric pronoun in the subject position of the subordinate clause as corresponding to the subject of the main clause, regardless of whether the pronoun receives emphasis or not. Native Portuguese and Spanish speakers, on the other hand, seem to use the Position of Antecedent Strategy (CARMINATI, 2002) in cases of anaphora, but the preference becomes less evident when reversing the order of sentences (cases of cataphora). Besides the syntactic variables, the phrases were designed to investigate the semantic influence of the relation between the verbs to the resolution of ambiguous anaphora.

Rhetoric in Queen Elizabeth Speech

This study analyzes Queen Elizabeth's Rhetoric. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the types of rhetoric employed in Queen Elizabeth's Speech, specifically to ascertain the most prevalent type of rhetoric employed. The data for this study were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative approach. As a source of data, the researcher consulted a script. The researcher evaluated the script's sentences in order to assemble the data. They are as follows: Parallelism, Antithesis, Asyndenton, Alliteration, Anaphora, Metaphor, Metonymy, Simile, Personification, and Hyperbole. Queen Elizabeth used a variety of rhetorical styles. Personification was found to be 21%, Parallelism was found to be 15.7 percent, Alliteration was found to be 13.1 percent, Asyndenton was found to be 10.5 percent, Metaphor was found to be 10.5 percent, Hyperbole was found to be 10.5 percent, Anaphora was found to be 7.8%, Antithesis was found to be 5.2 percent, Metonymy was found to be 2.6 percent, and Simile was found to be 2.6 percent. According to the data above, a total of 21% of the speech had instances of personification. This suggests that personification is the most frequently employed type of rhetoric in Queen Elizabeth's speeches.

Design and Testing of Automatic Machine Translation System Based on Chinese-English Phrase Translation

With the development of linguistics and the improvement of computer performance, the effect of machine translation is getting better and better, and it is widely used. The automatic expression translation method based on the Chinese-English machine takes short sentences as the basic translation unit and makes full use of the order of short sentences. Compared with word-based statistical machine translation methods, the effect is greatly improved. The performance of machine translation is constantly improving. This article aims to study the design of phrase-based automatic machine translation systems by introducing machine translation methods and Chinese-English phrase translation, explore the design and testing of machine automatic translation systems based on the combination of Chinese-English phrase translation, and explain the role of machine automatic translation in promoting the development of translation. In this article, through the combination of machine translation experiments and machine automatic translation system design methods, the design and testing of machine automatic translation systems based on Chinese-English phrase translation combinations are studied to cultivate people's understanding of language, knowledge, and intelligence and then help solve other problems. Language processing issues promote the development of corpus linguistics. The experimental results in this article show that when the Chinese-English phrase translation probability table is changed from 82% to 51%, the BLEU translation evaluation system for the combination of Chinese-English phrases is improved. Automatic machine translation saves time and energy of translation work, which shows that machine translation shows its advantages due to its short development cycle and easy processing of large-scale corpora.

On Chinese-English Translation Strategies of Biopharmaceutical Corporate Profiles Guided by Adaptation Theory

With the closer economic ties between countries and the spread of epidemics such as COVID-19, Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises have a potential international market. The quality of the English translation of pharmaceutical company profiles is of great significance to the development of international market and human health. Compared with 8 Chinese and 8 English pharmaceutical company profiles, there are significant different focuses. Besides the basic information, Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles stress the history and awards of the companies, while English pharmaceutical company profiles are centered on the effective information. The existing C-E translation problems lie in word-for-word translation, lack of logic between sentences or text and redundancy. Guided by adaptation theory, the following conclusions are drawn: on syntax level, when translating, the translator should apply the methods of creative translation, clarify the logical relationship between clauses, adjust the word order of sentences and appropriately add logical conjunctions. On discourse level, the translator can use creative translation— recompose the information of the profiles. Besides, we should emphasize the company’s care for life and health. Only in this way can contextual relations and linguistic structure be adapted. I hope it will be helpful to the English translation of the profiles of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises.

ANALYZING STUDENTS’ READING ABILITY TO COMPREHEND TEXTS AT GRADE V OF GROUP I OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS AT DISTRICTS TAMPAN PEKANBARU

This was a descriptive quantitative study. The purpose of this study was to determine the reading comprehension ability of fifth grade students of Group I of Elementary Schools, Kecamatan Tampan, Pekanbaru. The data were collected through a test in the form of multiple choice questions, totaling 50 items. The validity of the research was performed by experts. The samples in this study were 343 students coming from 5 schools, namely SDN 37 Pekanbaru, SDN 147 Pekanbaru, SDN 192 Pekanbaru, SDN 188 Pekanbaru, and SDI Brilliant Pekanbaru. The results showed that the average indicator of understanding the meaning of the word was 61.34 with sufficient category, the indicator for understanding the content in the paragraph was 61.72 with sufficient category, the indicator of determining the main idea was 64.72 with sufficient category, the indicator in the correct order of sentences was 63.09 with sufficient category, and the indicator of concluding the reading text was 62.36 with enough category.

Helen Mackay, American modernist: finding a form for the Great War

ABSTRACT Helen Gansevoort Mackay, a little-known writer from New York, spent much of her life in France, where she became Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur. During the Great War she published a book of poetry and two books of sketches based on her work as a nurse. Like Ellen N. La Motte and Mary Borden, two other Americans now canonized for sketches composed while they worked together at a hospital in Belgium, Mackay was a modernist whose voice is self-mocking and ironic; her depictions of medical staff and soldiers are often satiric or starkly disillusioned. All three women had until 1917 somewhat greater freedom of expression than writers from nations at war. Intensely Francophile, Mackay focused on the destruction of bodies, homes, and the fabric of social life. She was highly praised by Richard Burton and several anonymous reviewers for her ‘emotional intensity’ and ‘tragic effect’. Unlike La Motte and Borden, however, Mackay has been forgotten, in part because of her diffidence as an untrained nurse, and in part because her vignettes were read for the lyricism of their descriptions rather than the crisp critical assessments of behaviour. This essay addresses the relationship between London, One November (1916), Mackay’s volume of poetry, and the prose sketches in Journal of Small Things (1917). The free verse of London, One November enabled a narrative mode in short lyrics, while it also exploited rhetorical structures beyond traditional metrical form. Her patterns of contrast and inversion capture social and psychological conflicts in wartime. In London, apostrophe and invocation use the metonymic power of lyric to bring to life places and objects as figures for those who in wartime are absent or dead. Description accumulates around roads or homes, conveying sensory perceptions to shape traces of a war narrative. Time may be frozen as lives are brought to a halt by a paralysing war wound, while individual moments point towards a history in process. Mackay’s experiments in prose correspond to those in her poetry, yet often invert her rhetorical strategies. In Journal of Small Things her prose poems and the progressive structure of a diary trace the curve of the war experience, plotted across fragmentary observations. At the same time, a lyric side of narrative emerges in the condensation to a momentary encounter or snapshot. The brevity of a sketch rhymes with curt observations about the age at which a soldier will die. Everyday observations are invested with contradictory structures that reverse the movement of a sentence in order to capture the emotions of a couple torn apart. The paradoxes of human behaviour expose the importance of pretence to sustaining war and drowning out doubts. Whereas the war was understood to unite a nation, Mackay addresses the separation between her privileged position and the rough poverty of those lower-class staff with whom she works at the Hôpital St Louis.

On the limits of shared syntactic representations: When word order variation blocks priming between an artificial language and Dutch.

Several studies used artificial language (AL) learning paradigms to investigate structural priming between languages in early phases of learning. The presence of such priming would indicate that these languages share syntactic representations. Muylle et al. (2020a) found similar priming of transitives and ditransitives between Dutch (SVO order) and an AL with either SVO or SOV order. However, it is unclear whether such sharing would occur if the AL allows both the same and different word order as the L1. Indeed, the presence of a (easy to share) similar structure might block (i.e., impede) sharing of a less similar structure. Here, we report 2 experiments that each tested 48 Dutch native speakers on an AL that allowed both SVO and SOV order in transitive and ditransitive sentences. We assessed both within-AL and AL-Dutch priming. We predicted (a) priming of both structure and word order within the AL, and (b) weaker AL-Dutch priming from SOV versus SVO sentences due to the presence of SVO sentences in the AL. Indeed, cross-linguistic priming was significantly weaker in SOV versus SVO conditions, but the blocking hypothesis was only supported by the transitive results. Unexpectedly, in the absence of a condition with verb overlap between prime and target sentences, no priming was found in AL and Dutch target conditions without verb overlap (Experiment 1), but priming emerged when a verb overlap condition was added (Experiment 2). This finding suggests that lexical repetition across sentences is crucial to establish abstract syntactic representations during early L2 acquisition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Tatbiiqu Tooriqoti al-Qiroah al-Jahriyah Lii Tarqiyati Aswat al-Arabiyah

The method in a learning has a very important role. Because through the learning method it can run smoothly. Likewise, learning qira'ah. In the implementation of qira'ah learning, it will not be separated from recognizing the hijyaiyyah letters and how to sound and place the letters correctly so that the qira'ah learning can be conveyed properly. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using the field research method. In collecting data, researchers used several methods including observation, interviews, tests, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of qira'ah jahriyyah in the classroom uses three methods and each method has its own purpose. This is so that qira'ah learning can improve students' abilities in saying makhraj and the sound of lafadz or Arabic sentences. From the test results, it was stated that the majority of students had mastered the pronunciation of Arabic lafadz sounds and only a small portion needed more practice in reading Arabic sentences in order to hone ashwat arabiyyah. Thus the jahriyyah method is considered effective and able to improve student fluency in speaking makhraj and Arabic sound and increase student confidence.

Al-Taḥlīl al-Taqābul: Dirāsah Muqāranah bayna al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah wa al-Kụriyyah ‘alā Mustawā al-Jumal al-Mubasiṭah wa atsāruha fī Ta’līm al-Lughah al-Kụriyyah

Abstract&#x0D; The aim of this study is to compare the structures of Arabic and Korean sentences in a simple way. The researcher uses a qualitative descriptive method and the type of research is literature review, data collection from primary and secondary data sources. For data analysis, there are two method according to C.C.Fries, namely: 1) descriptive analysis which exposures of the structure between two languages, 2) contrastive analysis which compares the structures of Arabic and Korean sentences to find out the differences, similarities, predictions of learning difficulties in the classroom, selection of methods and subject matter. The result show that there are differences especially in alphabets and the order of sentences .The Korean letters is 40, while Arabic 28,with both having special shapes. It seems that Arabic is flexible, allowing verbs and nouns at beginning of sentences. On the other hand, Korean is fixed, putting the verb after subject and object, because it always puts the noun first in the sentences.&#x0D; Key words: Contrastive Analysis, Structure of Sentences, Arabic, Korean

Corpus-Based Research of Simple Non-Inverted Pronominal Interrogative Constructions in English

The research featured nuclear models of pronominal interrogative sentences with direct word order in the English language. The use of non-inverted interrogative structures depends on the analytical character of English. The partial subjectpredicate inversion is the main means of interrogativity. However, interrogative sentences with direct word order are quite common in colloquial English. The violation of the inverted word order reflects the phenomenon of language economy and can be explained by expressive and stylistic tasks. Although violation of word order in declarative sentences is a popular research topic, the subject-predicate inversions in interrogative sentences remain largely understudied in domestic and foreign linguistics. The research involved a modified corpus analysis. Based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the author established the frequency of pronominal interrogative structures with direct word order, analyzed their grammatical features, and defined the most popular genres, which appeared to be the discourse of television and cinema. The obtained results make it possible to develop a formal classification of non-inverted pronominal and non-pronominal constructions.

Efficient Relational Sentence Ordering Network

In this paper, we propose a novel deep Efficient Relational Sentence Ordering Network (referred to as ERSON) by leveraging pre-trained language model in both encoder and decoder architectures to strengthen the coherence modeling of the entire model. Specifically, we first introduce a divide-and-fuse BERT (referred to as DF-BERT), a new refactor of BERT network, where lower layers in the improved model encode each sentence in the paragraph independently, which are shared by different sentence pairs, and the higher layers learn the cross-attention between sentence pairs jointly. It enables us to capture the semantic concepts and contextual information between the sentences of the paragraph, while significantly reducing the runtime and memory consumption without sacrificing the model performance. Besides, a Relational Pointer Decoder (referred to as RPD) is developed, which utilizes the pre-trained Next Sentence Prediction (NSP) task of BERT to capture the useful relative ordering information between sentences to enhance the order predictions. In addition, a variety of knowledge distillation based losses are added as auxiliary supervision to further improve the ordering performance. The extensive evaluations on Sentence Ordering, Order Discrimination, and Multi-Document Summarization tasks show the superiority of ERSON to the state-of-the-art ordering methods.

Hierarchical Concept-Driven Language Model

For guiding natural language generation, many semantic-driven methods have been proposed. While clearly improving the performance of the end-to-end training task, these existing semantic-driven methods still have clear limitations: for example, (i) they only utilize shallow semantic signals (e.g., from topic models) with only a single stochastic hidden layer in their data generation process, which suffer easily from noise (especially adapted for short-text etc.) and lack of interpretation; (ii) they ignore the sentence order and document context, as they treat each document as a bag of sentences, and fail to capture the long-distance dependencies and global semantic meaning of a document. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel semantic-driven language modeling framework, which is a method to learn a Hierarchical Language Model and a Recurrent Conceptualization-enhanced Gamma Belief Network, simultaneously. For scalable inference, we develop the auto-encoding Variational Recurrent Inference, allowing efficient end-to-end training and simultaneously capturing global semantics from a text corpus. Especially, this article introduces concept information derived from high-quality lexical knowledge graph Probase, which leverages strong interpretability and anti-nose capability for the proposed model. Moreover, the proposed model captures not only intra-sentence word dependencies, but also temporal transitions between sentences and inter-sentence concept dependence. Experiments conducted on several NLP tasks validate the superiority of the proposed approach, which could effectively infer meaningful hierarchical concept structure of document and hierarchical multi-scale structures of sequences, even compared with latest state-of-the-art Transformer-based models.