Meaning Of Sentence Research Articles

The transposed word effect is consistent with serial word recognition and varies with reading speed

The scientific study of reading has long been animated by questions of parallel vs. serial processing. Do readers recognize words serially, adding each one sequentially to a representation of the sentence structure? One fascinating phenomenon to emerge from this research is the transposed word effect: when asked to judge whether sentences are grammatical, readers often fail to notice grammatical errors caused by transposing two words. This effect could be evidence that readers recognize multiple words in parallel. Here we provide converging evidence that the transposed word effect is also consistent with serial processing because it occurs robustly when the words in each sentence are presented serially. We further investigated how the effect relates to individual differences in reading speed, to gaze fixation patterns, and to differences in difficulty across sentences. In a pretest, we first measured the natural English reading rate of 37 participants, which varied widely. In a subsequent grammatical decision task, we presented grammatical and ungrammatical sentences in two modes: one with all words presented simultaneously, and the other with single words presented sequentially at each participant’s natural rate. Unlike prior studies that used a fixed sequential presentation rate, we found that the magnitude of the transposed word effect was at least as strong in the sequential presentation mode as in the simultaneous mode, for both error rates and response times. Moreover, faster readers were more likely to miss transpositions of words presented sequentially. We argue that these data favor a “noisy channel” model of comprehension in which skilled readers rely on prior knowledge to rapidly infer the meaning of sentences, allowing for apparent errors in spatial or temporal order, even when the individual words are recognized one at a time.

دور حروف المعاني في تحديد معاني الجمل العربية :دراسة نحوية داللية

The linguistic extenuation has shown that the letters have a profound effect on determining the meanings of Arabic sentences. Their task is not only to reconcile the structure but also to occupy a sensitive position in the completion of the Arabic word structure with its purposeful meaning. And these letters of different types and different meanings and the diversity of their work in the Arabic language works radically to prove the meaning of the time and exile in another time; if one takes another place in the expression; and to this importance, this paper attempts to study these types of characters and used in the expression to determine the extent their impact on changing meanings. The paper proceeds in this study according to the analytical method in which these linguistic minutes are revealed that enable these letters to be revealed when they are occupied in the folds of the structures with heterogeneity in meaning.

Pengaruh Media Sosial Tik - Tok Terhadap Karater Siswa Sekolah Dasar

The Influence of Tik-Tok Social Media on the Character of Elementary School Students. In the era of globalization, there are technological developments. One of the problems that cannot be avoided and has become an important requirement in today's culture is the development of increasingly sophisticated technology. This study aims to determine the effect of social media relations on the character of fifth grade elementary school students in Jenang sub-district, Ponorogo district. The use of social media that will be researched is social media tik tok. This study uses a quantitative method, the data collection technique is by distributing online questionnaires to those who want to be studied. The sample studied was elementary school students in one of the Jenang sub-districts, Ponorogo district. The questionnaire was taken from 25 grade V elementary school students consisting of 12 boys and 13 girls. The research also involved one of the parents of fifth grade students and also the homeroom teacher of grade V, by conducting interviews with the people closest to them. We also conduct research for further research that requires information by making observations to directly observe the character and patterns of their social interaction after spending a lot of time playing social media. The results of this study indicate that there is an impact of the use of social media that can affect student character on development and learning patterns in grade 5 elementary school students, Jangan sub-district, Ponorogo district. This impact can lead to positive and negative impacts, where the positive impacts are more than the negative impacts. one of them is someone can hone creativity in creative editing, videos with music and writings that contain meaning in sentences. As well as being able to motivate others with videos and sentences that have meaning in one's life.

The effect of context on noisy-channel sentence comprehension

The process of sentence comprehension must allow for the possibility of noise in the input, e.g., from speaker error, listener mishearing, or environmental noise. Consequently, semantically implausible sentences such as The girl tossed the apple the boy are often interpreted as a semantically plausible alternative (e.g., The girl tossed the apple to the boy). Previous investigations of noisy-channel comprehension have relied exclusively on paradigms with isolated sentences. Because supportive contexts alter the expectations of possible interpretations, the noisy channel framework predicts that context should encourage more inference in interpreting implausible sentences, relative to null contexts (i.e. a lack of context) or unsupportive contexts. In the present work, we tested this prediction in four types of sentence constructions: two where inference is relatively frequent (double object - prepositional object), and two where inference is rare (active-passive). We found evidence that in the two sentence types that commonly elicit inference, supportive contexts encourage noisy-channel inferences about the intended meaning of implausible sentences more than non-supportive contexts or null contexts. These results suggest that noisy-channel inference may be more pervasive in everyday language processing than previously assumed based on work with isolated sentences.

SEMANTICAL AND STYLISTICAL PECULIARITIES OF PARTICLES IN KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE

This article focuses on examining the semantics and stylistics of particles in the Karakalpak language, a Turkic language primarily spoken in Karakalpakstan. Particles play a crucial role in shaping the meaning and expression of sentences in any language, and this study aims to shed light on their significance within the specific linguistic context of Karakalpak. The article explores the semantic properties of particles in the Karakalpak language, investigating their individual meanings, functions, and roles within sentence structures. It examines how particles contribute to the formation of different linguistic categories, such as aspect, tense, modality, and negation. By delving into the nuances of particle usage, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of their semantic contributions and the implications for overall sentence meaning. KEY WORDS: semantical, stylistical, particles, Karakalpak language, linguistic structure.

Explicit word-study interventions for adult Arabic-speaking English language learners

Spelling gains were examined when spelling patterns were taught to Arabic adult ELLs in two interventions. The first intervention utilised an explicit word-study technique in isolation of meaningful reading tasks. Participants sorted discovery words; deduced, read about and discussed the spelling patterns; brainstormed words that followed the target patterns; and used the target patterns in writing meaningful sentences. The second intervention engaged participants with meaningful reading-comprehension tasks that contained the target patterns heavily embedded within the reading passages to foster incidental learning of the patterns. Participants subsequently followed the same word-study technique which was used in the first intervention. Pre- and post-test results demonstrated that both interventions led to meaningful gains in spelling achievement. The gains were comparable for both interventions. The results call for comprehensive inclusion of explicit teaching of the English orthographic spelling patterns within curriculums – a practice that is not typically emphasised with ELLs.

Theory-Driven Analysis of Natural Language Processing Measures of Thought Disorder Using Generative Language Modeling

BackgroundNatural language processing (NLP) holds promise to transform psychiatric research and practice. A pertinent example is the success of NLP in the automatic detection of speech disorganization in formal thought disorder (FTD). However, we lack an understanding of precisely what common NLP metrics measure and how they relate to theoretical accounts of FTD. We propose tackling these questions by using deep generative language models to simulate FTD-like narratives by perturbing computational parameters instantiating theory-based mechanisms of FTD. MethodsWe simulated FTD-like narratives using Generative-Pretrained-Transformer-2 by either increasing word selection stochasticity or limiting the model’s memory span. We then examined the sensitivity of common NLP measures of derailment (semantic distance between consecutive words or sentences) and tangentiality (how quickly meaning drifts away from the topic) in detecting and dissociating the 2 underlying impairments. ResultsBoth parameters led to narratives characterized by greater semantic distance between consecutive sentences. Conversely, semantic distance between words was increased by increasing stochasticity, but decreased by limiting memory span. An NLP measure of tangentiality was uniquely predicted by limited memory span. The effects of limited memory span were nonmonotonic in that forgetting the global context resulted in sentences that were semantically closer to their local, intermediate context. Finally, different methods for encoding the meaning of sentences varied dramatically in performance. ConclusionsThis work validates a simulation-based approach as a valuable tool for hypothesis generation and mechanistic analysis of NLP markers in psychiatry. To facilitate dissemination of this approach, we accompany the paper with a hands-on Python tutorial.

Dimensionality and Ramping: Signatures of Sentence Integration in the Dynamics of Brains and Deep Language Models.

A sentence is more than the sum of its words: its meaning depends on how they combine with one another. The brain mechanisms underlying such semantic composition remain poorly understood. To shed light on the neural vector code underlying semantic composition, we introduce two hypotheses: (1) the intrinsic dimensionality of the space of neural representations should increase as a sentence unfolds, paralleling the growing complexity of its semantic representation; and (2) this progressive integration should be reflected in ramping and sentence-final signals. To test these predictions, we designed a dataset of closely matched normal and jabberwocky sentences (composed of meaningless pseudo words) and displayed them to deep language models and to 11 human participants (5 men and 6 women) monitored with simultaneous MEG and intracranial EEG. In both deep language models and electrophysiological data, we found that representational dimensionality was higher for meaningful sentences than jabberwocky. Furthermore, multivariate decoding of normal versus jabberwocky confirmed three dynamic patterns: (1) a phasic pattern following each word, peaking in temporal and parietal areas; (2) a ramping pattern, characteristic of bilateral inferior and middle frontal gyri; and (3) a sentence-final pattern in left superior frontal gyrus and right orbitofrontal cortex. These results provide a first glimpse into the neural geometry of semantic integration and constrain the search for a neural code of linguistic composition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Starting from general linguistic concepts, we make two sets of predictions in neural signals evoked by reading multiword sentences. First, the intrinsic dimensionality of the representation should grow with additional meaningful words. Second, the neural dynamics should exhibit signatures of encoding, maintaining, and resolving semantic composition. We successfully validated these hypotheses in deep neural language models, artificial neural networks trained on text and performing very well on many natural language processing tasks. Then, using a unique combination of MEG and intracranial electrodes, we recorded high-resolution brain data from human participants while they read a controlled set of sentences. Time-resolved dimensionality analysis showed increasing dimensionality with meaning, and multivariate decoding allowed us to isolate the three dynamical patterns we had hypothesized.

A New Corpus of Lexical Substitution and Word Blend Errors: Probing the Semantic Structure of Lemma Access Failures.

Models of lemma access in language production predict occasional mis-selection of lemmas linked to highly similar concepts (synonyms) and concepts standing in a set-superset relation (subsumatives). It is unclear, however, if such errors occur in spontaneous speech, and if they do, whether humans can detect them given their minimal impact on sentence meaning. This data report examines a large corpus of English spontaneous speech errors and documents a low but non-negligible occurrence of these categories. The existence of synonym and subsumative errors is documented in a larger open access data set that supports a range of new investigations of the semantic structure of lexical substitution and word blend speech errors.

Negative Transfer in Chinese College Students' English Reading

Contrary to what most Chinese higher education researchers believe, teaching practice shows that Chinese university students still have some difficulty in reading academic literature in English, and this is not caused by a lack of vocabulary. To investigate the impact that Chinese-based reading habits produce on Chinese university students understanding of the logic of English academic texts, 23 students were given a standardized English reading test covering ecology, zoology, economics, and cartography. Test results and post-test interviews reveal that most Chinese students were significantly better at understanding the meaning of single sentences than at sorting out the logic of the texts. When reading English literature, some students fail to correctly understand the role of logical adverbs and conjunctions, and even ignored logical words in the texts. As a result, the speed of reading English literature slows down and students fail to correctly understand the central content of the texts. This is caused by the different meanings and functions of different logical words in Chinese and English. The results of this study point out that there is a lack of training in the ability to sort out the logic of texts in Chinese higher English education and provide new teaching ideas for teachers who are struggling to improve students' ability to read English literature.

Extremism Counter-narration of the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah within the Perspective of Ludwig Wittgenstein Language Games Theory

Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) is one of the extreme Islamic groups that has a strong influence in the spread of takfiriism in Indonesia. This group has proven to be strongly affiliated with ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), which is an extreme transnational Islamic group. JAD is one of the extreme groups in Indonesia that has the most followers and is spread throughout Indonesia. This is based on the large number of Indonesian people, especially Muslims who are exposed to JAD ideology. JAD has a different character from its predecessor group which also carried out acts of terrorism. JAD's character is like targeting a near enemy, disbelieving all those who serve the country, carrying out lone wolf actions, involving one family in its jihad, and involving women. Thus, this research leads to a form of counter-narrative/preventive effort as a form of self-defense to dispel such dangerous narratives. The study in this study uses a descriptive analysis model based on library research by taking data sourced from primary data, as well as secondary data. The findings in this study provide a new way of anticipating extreme narratives taught by JAD (Jamaah Ansharut Daulah), namely through the analysis of Ludwig Wittgenstein's language games. Through this analysis it can be found that there is a structure of propaganda language games, inciting, praying, and orders that are delivered religiously and in the form of justifications. Therefore, the analysis of language games provides a way, namely by paying attention to words according to their use in sentences, paying attention to the meaning of sentences according to their use in language, and paying attention to the meaning of language according to their use in life.

Wittgenstein & het logisch empiricisme. Een gespannen verhouding

Wittgenstein & logical empiricism Rudolf Carnap and Ludwig Wittgenstein share many philosophical interests: an admiration of Frege’s formal logic, an anti-metaphysical stance and a modernist aesthetic aimed at removing superficial elements from discourse or thought. Despite their shared interests, Carnap and Wittgenstein ended their interaction in a plagiarism dispute. In this essay, I discuss which metaphilosophical reasons lie behind their dispute. I argue that Wittgenstein’s overarching philosophical project stood in direct conflict with Carnap’s. First, Wittgenstein never accepted that there are meaningful sentences about the language of science. Thus, there could be no meaningful reflection on science, and this nullified Carnap’s Logic of Science project. Second, Wittgenstein had an overall disdain for Carnap’s desire, as displayed in the Manifesto and the Aufbau, to reform philosophical activity as a part of science itself in tandem with a general reform of the place science in society.

Between alpha and gamma oscillations: Neural signatures of linguistic predictions and listener's attention to speaker's communication intention

When listeners hear a message produced by their interlocutor, they can predict upcoming words thanks to the sentential context and their attention can be focused on the speaker's communication intention. In two electroencephalographical (EEG) studies, we investigated the oscillatory correlates of prediction in spoken-language comprehension and how they are modulated by the listener’s attention. Sentential contexts which were strongly predictive of a particular word were ended by a possessive adjective either matching the gender of the predicted word or not. Alpha, beta and gamma oscillations were studied as they were considered to play a crucial role in the predictive process. While evidence of word prediction was related to alpha fluctuations when listeners focused their attention on sentence meaning, changes in high-gamma oscillations were triggered by word prediction when listeners focused their attention on the speaker's communication intention. Independently of the endogenous attention to a level of linguistic information, the oscillatory correlates of word predictions in language comprehension were sensitive to the prosodic emphasis produced by the speaker at a late stage. These findings thus bear major implications for understanding the neural mechanisms that support predictive processing in spoken-language comprehension.

Inferential practical knowledge of meaning

ABSTRACT Speakers of a natural language regularly form justified beliefs about what others are saying when they utter sentences of the language. What accounts for these justified beliefs? At one level, we already have a plausible answer: there is a perfectly good ordinary sense in which users of a language know what its sentences mean, and it is very plausible that the hearer’s knowledge of the meaning of S helps explain her justification for her belief about what is said by an utterance of S. But what exactly does our knowledge of sentence meanings consist in? In this essay I advance and defend the view that we know the meanings of sentences in virtue of having a certain distinctive kind of know-how that I call inferential practical knowledge. I argue that this view provides the best explanation for the justification of our beliefs about what is said. In particular, it provides a better explanation than the more conventional and widely accepted view that we know the meaning of S in virtue of possessing the theoretical knowledge that S has such-and-such meaning.

Borno-Net: A Real-Time Bengali Sign-Character Detection and Sentence Generation System Using Quantized Yolov4-Tiny and LSTMs

Sign language is the most commonly used form of communication for persons with disabilities who have hearing or speech difficulties. However, persons without hearing impairment cannot understand these signs in many cases. As a consequence, persons with disabilities experience difficulties while expressing their emotions or needs. Thus, a sign character detection and text generation system is necessary to mitigate this issue. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end system that can detect Bengali sign characters from input images or video frames and generate meaningful sentences. The proposed system consists of two phases. In the first phase, a quantization technique for the YoloV4-Tiny detection model is proposed for detecting 49 different sign characters, including 36 Bengali alphabet characters, 10 numeric characters, and 3 special characters. Here, the detection model localizes hand signs and predicts the corresponding character. The second phase generates text from the predicted characters by a detection model. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model is utilized to generate meaningful text from the character signs detected in the previous phase. To train the proposed system, the BdSL 49 dataset is used, which has approximately 14,745 images of 49 different classes. The proposed quantized YoloV4-Tiny model achieves a mAP of 99.7%, and the proposed language model achieves an overall accuracy of 99.12%. In addition, performance analysis among YoloV4, YoloV4 Tiny, and YoloV7 models is provided in this research.

The Use of English Subtitle on Films to Help Self-Study in Mastering Vocabulary

The master key to understanding the meaning of foreign language sentences is vocabulary. Mastering a lot of vocabulary makes it easier to understand the reading, follow a conversation, give an answer, and speak a foreign language. Without a proper vocabulary, the students cannot communicate and understand what is being communicated. The goal of vocabulary teaching should be to get students to actively think about the meaning of words and how we can use them in different situations. The use of subtitles in films is an effective way to make it easier for students to develop an understanding of the sentences and vocabulary conveyed in films. For students studying English, movie subtitles have a distinct appeal, especially for expanding vocabulary. The purpose of this study is to see how the use of subtitles in films is beneficial for mastering students' vocabulary and find out whether subtitles in films can influence students' mastery of English vocabulary. The research method used by the author is a qualitative descriptive research. Data collection was carried out through documentation and interviews with research subjects. The subjects of this research were two students majoring in English class of 2020 at a private campus in South Kalimantan. This study finds the conclusion that the use of films with English subtitles as a strategy for teaching vocabulary independently can help students to master English vocabulary in a fun and interesting way because students enjoy and are motivated to learn vocabulary.

Distribution of sentence length and dependency distance in children's compositions: Characteristics of natural language and variations in language development

This study analyzed the distribution of the sentence length and mean of dependency distances (MDD) in Japanese sentences, comparing data from random sources with that obtained from children's compositions, and identifying changes in distribution according to grade level. Findings reveal that the sentence length in random data is well suited to a geometric distribution, whereas MDD is well suited to a lognormal distribution. In contrast, data from children's compositions show a shift in the distribution of the number of clauses from a lognormal to a gamma distribution, depending on the school year, with MDD suiting a gamma distribution. Mean MDD increases exponentially with the logarithm of the number of clauses in random data, while it increases linearly in composition data, thus generally supporting previous findings that dependency distances are optimized in natural language. However, MDDs exhibit non-monotonic changes with grades, suggesting the complexity of children's language development.

When a look is enough: Neurophysiological correlates of referential speaker gaze in situated comprehension

Behavioral studies have shown that speaker gaze to objects in a co-present scene can influence listeners’ expectations about how the utterance will unfold. These findings have recently been supported by ERP studies that linked the underlying mechanisms of the integration of speaker gaze with an utterance meaning representation to multiple ERP components. This leads to the question, however, as to whether speaker gaze should be considered part of the communicative signal itself, such that the referential information conveyed by gaze can help listeners not only form expectations but also to confirm referential expectations induced by the prior linguistic context. In the current study, we investigated this question by conducting an ERP experiment (N=24, Age:[19,31]), in which referential expectations were established by linguistic context together with several depicted objects in the scene. Those expectations then could be confirmed by subsequent speaker gaze that preceded the referential expression. Participants were presented with a centrally positioned face performing gaze actions aligned to utterances comparing two out of three displayed objects, with the task to judge whether the sentence was true given the provided scene. We manipulated the gaze cue to be either Present (toward the subsequently named object) or Absent preceding contextually Expected or Unexpected referring nouns. The results provided strong evidence for gaze as being treated as an integral part of the communicative signal: While in the absence of gaze, effects of phonological verification (PMN), word meaning retrieval (N400) and sentence meaning integration/evaluation (P600) were found on the unexpected noun, in the presence of gaze effects of retrieval (N400) and integration/evaluation (P300) were solely found in response to the pre-referent gaze cue when it was directed toward the unexpected referent with attenuated effects on the following referring noun.

Figurative Language in Justin Bieber’s Song Lyrics from Purpose Album

Figurative language is way communication to convey the speaker’s through with meaningful sentences. The purpose of this study is to find the type of figurative language contained in the lyrics of Justin Bieber's song from Purpose Album. In analyzing the data qualitative and descriptive methods are used. The theory used in this research is Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) to analyze the types of figurative language. According to him there are ten types of figurative language such as: simile, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allusion, dead metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, paradox, and the last is irony. From the ten types of figurative language, there are six types found in Justin Bieber's songs in Purpose Album, there are: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, and metonymy. The most type used in this research is simile and hyperbole.

Learning English Using Narative Text at Junior High School

This article discusses of the teacher's ways and methods of teaching narrative text in English classes at the junior high school level. Learning English is not a prioritized language of communication, so learning literature is one of the teacher's problems in the classroom. Therefore, this article aims to find out the problems using narrative text and solutions to overcome them. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative through interviews with a teacher at SMPN 1 Kedunggalar. The results of the research indicated that the most obvious problem of using narrative text was the lack of students' understanding in several aspects such as: the meaning of vocabulary, sentences, and delivery during the lesson. Even though there are some problems faced by students, they will later gain knowledge of language both linguistics and introduction to new cultures when learning English using narrative text. This is all thanks to the teacher trying to create an interactive classroom atmosphere so that literature and language learning can be conveyed and well received.