List Of Sentences Research Articles

Behavior as a stereotype cue: An European Portuguese pretest on age and gender stereotypes

When it comes to the study of stereotypes, plenty of material can be of use. While personality traits tend to be the most commonly adopted, behavioral information can also be relevant, both in the study of stereotypes, as well as in other research fields (e.g., illusory correlations, memory and judgement and decision making). The purpose of this paper was to create a readily available list of behavioral sentences with stereotypicality ratings for both age (young to old) and gender (woman to man) categories, to be used in future studies. In two studies, participants judged age and gender stereotypicality of more than two hundred sentences in European Portuguese. Results were stable across both studies, using different methodologies (three alternative forced-choice task, in Study 1; bipolar rating scale, in Study 2). Relative frequencies for each choice, as well as average ratings, per behavior, are provided at the end.

Development and Validation of Tulu Sentence Lists to Test Speech Recognition Threshold in Noise

Introduction We aimed to develop sentence lists in Tulu language to measure speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) in noise and verify the equivalence of the developed lists in noise among individuals with normal hearing. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in three phases; first, the developmental phase, collection, and development of the sentence material in the Tulu language were carried out. Sentences rated highly familiar/familiar and highly natural/natural by 80% of the raters were considered for the next phase. In the second phase, 22 sentence lists were prepared, with each list containing ten sentences of equal difficulty level in noise. The difficulty level was matched mainly based on the similarity (±1 standard deviation [SD]) of signal-to-noise ratio 50 (SNR-50), the slope of the sentences, the number of content words, and phonemes. The third phase evaluated the equivalency of developed sentence lists. Sixty-two native Tulu speakers with normal hearing sensitivity, aged between 18 and 39 years, participated. Of these 62 participants, twelve were recruited for the first phase, 20 individuals participated in the second phase, and 30 participated in the third phase. Results Thirteen sentence lists were equivalent and were a reliable measure of SNR-50 in native speakers of Tulu who have hearing sensitivity within normal limits. Using the sentence scoring method, the average SNR-50 of these sentence lists was − 4.19 dB with a SD of 0.21 dB. The developed sentences also had less within-subject variability than between-subject variability. Conclusions These 13 equivalent sentence lists provide a valid and reliable tool to measure the SRT in noise in native Tulu speakers with hearing sensitivity within normal limits.

Defining the Addressing Terms in Indonesian Language (A Case Study of Gorontalese)

As one aspect of sociolinguistics, social communication is used to indicate relationships in society and refers to names that may come from status. Indonesia has many regional languages, one of which is Gorontalo. In Gorontalo, there are many regional languages. This study aims to analyze the meaning of the greeting terms used by the Gorontalo language speakers. The qualitative descriptive method was used in this study through interviews. Informants were taken based on the criteria of native speakers, adults, able to speak and understand the language, good speaking skills, and socially acceptable groups. The data collection uses a list of words and sentences about the term nicknames in Indonesian as an instrument. The steps to analyze the data are unitization, categorization, explanation, and interpretation. The study results found several greeting terms in the Gorontalo language, namely community, and religious leaders, grandparents' relationships with parents, grandchildren, neighbors, and friends. The greeting terms here are used in the formal and informal language during a conversation, and each language that exists in different or different communication has its characteristics in using the greeting term.

Neural Sentence Ordering Based on Constraint Graphs

Sentence ordering aims at arranging a list of sentences in the correct order. Based on the observation that sentence order at different distances may rely on different types of information, we devise a new approach based on multi-granular orders between sentences. These orders form multiple constraint graphs, which are then encoded by Graph Isomorphism Networks and fused into sentence representations. Finally, sentence order is determined using the order-enhanced sentence representations. Our experiments on five benchmark datasets show that our method outperforms all existing baselines significantly, achieving a new state-of-the-art performance. The results demonstrate the advantage of considering multiple types of order information and using graph neural networks to integrate sentence content and order information for the task. Our code is available at https://github.com/DaoD/ConstraintGraph4NSO.

The Effects of Task Difficulty Predictability and Noise Reduction on Recall Performance and Pupil Dilation Responses.

Objectives:Communication requires cognitive processes which are not captured by traditional speech understanding tests. Under challenging listening situations, more working memory resources are needed to process speech, leaving fewer resources available for storage. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of task difficulty predictability, that is, knowing versus not knowing task difficulty in advance, and the effect of noise reduction on working memory resource allocation to processing and storage of speech heard in background noise. For this purpose, an “offline” behavioral measure, the Sentence-Final Word Identification and Recall (SWIR) test, and an “online” physiological measure, pupillometry, were combined. Moreover, the outcomes of the two measures were compared to investigate whether they reflect the same processes related to resource allocation.Design:Twenty-four experienced hearing aid users with moderate to moderately severe hearing loss participated in this study. The SWIR test and pupillometry were measured simultaneously with noise reduction in the test hearing aids activated and deactivated in a background noise composed of four-talker babble. The task of the SWIR test is to listen to lists of sentences, repeat the last word immediately after each sentence and recall the repeated words when the list is finished. The sentence baseline dilation, which is defined as the mean pupil dilation before each sentence, and task-evoked peak pupil dilation (PPD) were analyzed over the course of the lists. The task difficulty predictability was manipulated by including lists of three, five, and seven sentences. The test was conducted over two sessions, one during which the participants were informed about list length before each list (predictable task difficulty) and one during which they were not (unpredictable task difficulty).Results:The sentence baseline dilation was higher when task difficulty was unpredictable compared to predictable, except at the start of the list, where there was no difference. The PPD tended to be higher at the beginning of the list, this pattern being more prominent when task difficulty was unpredictable. Recall performance was better and sentence baseline dilation was higher when noise reduction was on, especially toward the end of longer lists. There was no effect of noise reduction on PPD.Conclusions:Task difficulty predictability did not have an effect on resource allocation, since recall performance was similar independently of whether task difficulty was predictable or unpredictable. The higher sentence baseline dilation when task difficulty was unpredictable likely reflected a difference in the recall strategy or higher degree of task engagement/alertness or arousal. Hence, pupillometry captured processes which the SWIR test does not capture. Noise reduction frees up resources to be used for storage of speech, which was reflected in the better recall performance and larger sentence baseline dilation toward the end of the list when noise reduction was on. Thus, both measures captured different temporal aspects of the same processes related to resource allocation with noise reduction on and off.

Crossing hands behind your back reduces recall of manual action sentences and alters brain dynamics

The embodied meaning approach posits that understanding action-related language recruits motor processes in the brain. However, the functional impact of these motor processes on cognition has been questioned. The present study aims to provide new electrophysiological (EEG) evidence concerning the role of motor processes in the comprehension and memory of action language. Participants read lists of sentences including manual-action or attentional verbs, while keeping their hands either in front of them or crossing them behind their back. Results showed that posture impacted selectively the processing of manual action sentence, and not of attentional sentences, in three different ways: 1) EEG fronto-central beta rhythms, a signature of motor processes, were desynchronized while reading action sentences in the hands-in-front posture compared to the hands-behind posture. The estimated source was the posterior cingulate cortex, involved in proprioceptive regulation. 2) Recall of nouns associated with manual sentences decreased when learning occurred in the hands-behind posture. 3) ERPs analysis revealed that the initial posture at learning modulates neural processes during subsequent recall of manual sentences in the left superior frontal gyrus, which is related to motor processes. These results provide decisive evidence for the functional involvement of embodied simulations in the encoding and retrieval of action-related language.

Effects of Noise and Serial Position on Free Recall of Spoken Words and Pupil Dilation during Encoding in Normal-Hearing Adults.

This preliminary study assessed the effects of noise and stimulus presentation order on recall of spoken words and recorded pupil sizes while normal-hearing listeners were trying to encode a series of words for a subsequent recall task. In three listening conditions (stationary noise in Experiment 1; quiet versus four-talker babble in Experiment 2), participants were assigned to remember as many words as possible to recall them in any order after each list of seven sentences. In the two noise conditions, lists of sentences fixed at 65 dB SPL were presented at an easily audible level via a loudspeaker. Reading span (RS) scores were used as a grouping variable, based on a median split. The primacy effect was present apart from the noise interference, and the high-RS group significantly outperformed the low-RS group at free recall measured in the quiet and four-talker babble noise conditions. RS scores were positively correlated with free-recall scores. In both quiet and four-talker babble noise conditions, sentence baselines after correction to the initial stimulus baseline increased significantly with increasing memory load. Larger sentence baselines but smaller peak pupil dilations seemed to be associated with noise interruption. The analysis method of pupil dilation used in this study is likely to provide a more thorough understanding of how listeners respond to a later recall task in comparison with previously used methods. Further studies are needed to confirm the applicability of our method in people with impaired hearing using multiple repetitions to estimate the allocation of relevant cognitive resources.

Epenthesis and deletion as strategies to acquire complex syllabic structures: Strategies in the Interlanguage of Brazilian learners of German as a foreign language

This research aimed to discuss strategies to reformulate complex syllabic constituents (initial onsets and final codas) in the Interlanguage of Brazilian learners of German as a foreign language. The comparison of the phonotactics from both languages led to the hypothesis that Brazilian learners have difficulties in producing these constituents and, therefore, develop different strategies to accommodate the German syllabic structure to the syllabic mold of Brazilian Portuguese. Five types of initial onsets (consisting of up to three consonants) and nine of final codas (consisting of up to four consonants) were analyzed through the variables, proficiency level and style change (obtained from reading a list of words, a list of sentences and the report of a comic). The correlation between the variables in the selection of three types of strategies was explored: deletion from an element, epenthesis (prothesis, anaptyxis and paragoge), and L–vocalization. The results showed that proficiency level and style of task influence the selection of the modification strategy.

Neural Mechanisms of Hearing Recovery for Cochlear-Implanted Patients: An Electroencephalogram Follow-Up Study.

BackgroundPatients with severe profound hearing loss could benefit from cochlear implantation (CI). However, the neural mechanism of such benefit is still unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral indicators of auditory function remodeling in patients with CI. Both indicators were sampled at multiple time points after implantation (1, 90, and 180 days).MethodsFirst, the speech perception ability was evaluated with the recording of a list of Chinese words and sentences in 15 healthy controls (HC group) and 10 patients with CI (CI group). EEG data were collected using an oddball paradigm. Then, the characteristics of event-related potentials (ERPs) and mismatch negative (MMN) were compared between the CI group and the HC group. In addition, we analyzed the phase lag indices (PLI) in the CI group and the HC group and calculated the difference in functional connectivity between the two groups at different stages after implantation.ResultsThe behavioral indicator, speech recognition ability, in CI patients improved as the implantation time increased. The MMN analysis showed that CI patients could recognize the difference between standard and deviation stimuli just like the HCs 90 days after cochlear implantation. Comparing the latencies of N1/P2/MMN between the CI group and the HC group, we found that the latency of N1/P2 in CI patients was longer, while the latency of MMN in CI users was shorter. In addition, PLI-based whole-brain functional connectivity (PLI-FC) showed that the difference between the CI group and the HC group mainly exists in electrode pairs between the bilateral auditory area and the frontal area. Furthermore, all those differences gradually decreased with the increase in implantation time.ConclusionThe N1 amplitude, N1/P2/MMN latency, and PLI-FC in the alpha band may reflect the process of auditory function remodeling and could be an objective index for the assessment of speech perception ability and the effect of cochlear implantation.

How Do We Allocate Our Resources When Listening and Memorizing Speech in Noise? A Pupillometry Study.

Actively following a conversation can be demanding and limited cognitive resources must be allocated to the processing of speech, retaining and encoding the perceived content, and preparing an answer. The aim of the present study was to disentangle the allocation of effort into the effort required for listening (listening effort) and the effort required for retention (memory effort) by means of pupil dilation. Twenty-five normal-hearing German speaking participants underwent a sentence final word identification and recall test, while pupillometry was conducted. The participants' task was to listen to a sentence in four-talker babble background noise and to repeat the final word afterward. At the end of a list of sentences, they were asked to recall as many of the final words as possible. Pupil dilation was recorded during different list lengths (three sentences versus six sentences) and varying memory load (recall versus no recall). Additionally, the effect of a noise reduction algorithm on performance, listening effort, and memory effort was evaluated. We analyzed pupil dilation both before each sentence (sentence baseline) as well as the dilation in response to each sentence relative to the sentence baseline (sentence dilation). The pupillometry data indicated a steeper increase of sentence baseline under recall compared to no recall, suggesting higher memory effort due to memory processing. This increase in sentence baseline was most prominent toward the end of the longer lists, that is, during the second half of six sentences. Without a recall task, sentence baseline declined over the course of the list. Noise reduction appeared to have a significant influence on effort allocation for listening, which was reflected in generally decreased sentence dilation. Our results showed that recording pupil dilation in a speech identification and recall task provides valuable insights beyond behavioral performance. It is a suitable tool to disentangle the allocation of effort to listening versus memorizing speech.

Encoding and referent event influence on retrospective memory.

Previous work from our lab has shown that event structure can influence memory performance. Our work in prospective memory has shown that, consistent with an event model view, performance is better when multiple encoding events refer to a common retrieval event. The aim of this study was to assess the generality of this influence of event model structure on memory by using two retrospective memory tasks. This was done using lists of sentences (Experiment 1) and narrative texts (Experiment 2). The results of these retrospective memory tasks replicated that of the prospective memory task and are most consistent with an event cognition account. These results also suggest that encoding and referent event structures may affect some levels of representation (e.g., the surface form) more than others (e.g., the textbase and event model). Overall, we demonstrate that event structure has principled influences on memory apart from the nature of the materials or the task. Moreover, we discuss how these findings are inconsistent with more traditional theories of memory processing, such as associative interference and spreading activation accounts.

Influence of different types of noise on sentence recognition in normally hearing adults

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze speech perception in normally hearing adults when listening in silence and with different types of noise. Methods: 40 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 45 years, participated in the study. Speech perception was assessed with the Lists of Sentences in Portuguese test, without a competing noise and with speech-spectrum, babble, and cocktail party noise. A mixed-effects linear regression model and the 95% confidence interval were used. Results: the subjects’ performance was worse in the three types of noise than in silence. When comparing the types of noise, differences were found in all combinations (speech-spectrum X babble, speech-spectrum X cocktail party, and babble X cocktail party), with a worse performance in babble, noise, followed by cocktail party. Conclusion: all noises negatively influenced speech perception, with a worse performance in babble, followed by cocktail party and speech-spectrum.

CAN AUDIO-VISUAL TRAINING EQUALLY AFFECT PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONTRASTS? AN EXAMPLE OF L2 FRICATIVE PRODUCTION

The paper explores the effect of audio-visual perceptual training on Serbian EFL learners’ production of novel phonemic and phonetic contrasts in L2, specifically focused on fricatives. Hence, the paper aims at discovering whether audio-visual training has equal effects at phonemic and phonetic levels, and also, whether the effect is the same at two different age/proficiency levels, 6th grade primary and 4th grade secondary school. In order to explore the phonemic level we concentrated on interdental fricatives, and for the phonetic level differences sibilant contrasts were included, following the predictions of the Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best 1994) and Speech Learning Model (Flege 1995). The testing for relevant acoustic information was per- formed prior to and immediately following the experimental period, when all the participants were recorded pronouncing a prepared sentence list containing target sounds. It consisted of measuring spectral moments, frication duration and comparison of spectrograms. The results of the audio-visual phonetic training proved especially beneficial for phonemic contrasts, i.e. interdental fricatives for both levels of age/proficiency, while sibilant contrasts showed insignificant progress. The age/proficiency level did not appear to be a significant predictor of the effect of audio-visual training. Along with the empirical results, the paper likewise presents pedagogical implications important for pronunciation teaching and highlights the significance of phonetic training in the Serbian EFL context in particular.

Automated Features Extraction from Software Requirements Specification (SRS) Documents as The Basis of Software Product Line (SPL) Engineering

Extractive Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) puts features on the foremost aspect in domain analysis that needs to be extracted from the existing system's artifact. Feature in SPLE, which is closely related to system functionality, has been previously studied to be extracted from source code, models, and various text documents that exist along the software development process. Source code, with its concise and normative standard, has become the most focus target for feature extraction source on many kinds of research. However, in the software engineering principle, the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is the basis or main reference for system functionality conformance. Meanwhile, previous researches of feature extraction from text document are conducted on a list of functional requirement sentences that have been previously prepared, not literally SRS as a whole document. So, this research proposes direct processing on the SRS document that uses requirement boilerplates for requirement sentence statement. The proposed method uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) approach on the SRS document. Sequence Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging technique is used for automatic requirement sentence identification and extraction. The features are acquired afterward from extracted requirement sentences automatically using the word dependency parsing technique. Besides, mostly the previous researches about feature extraction were using non-public available SRS document that remains classified or not accessible, so this work uses selected SRS from publicly available SRS dataset to add reproducible research value. This research proves that requirement sentence extraction directly from the SRS document is viable with precision value from 64% to 100% and recall value from 64% to 89%. While features extraction from extracted requirement sentences has success rate from 65% to 88%.

Development and Validation of the Spanish AzBio Sentence Corpus.

To create and validate a Spanish sentence test for evaluation of speech understanding of Spanish-speaking listeners with hearing loss or cochlear implants (CI). Two thousand sentences were recorded from two male and two female speakers. The average intelligibility of each sentence was estimated as the mean score achieved by five listeners presented with a five-channel cochlear implant simulation. The mean scores of each sentence were used to construct 42 lists of 20 sentences with similar mean scores. List equivalency was then validated by presenting all lists to 10 CI users and in a 2-list comparison in a clinical setting to 38 CI patients. Tertiary referral center. Normal-hearing listeners (n = 5), CI users in a research study (n = 10), and CI patients (n = 38) in routine clinical follow-up. Multiple sentence lists from a newly minted speech perception test. List intelligibility and equivalence across sentence lists. Forty-two lists of sentences were equivalent when all lists were presented in random order to 10 adult CI recipients. The variability of scores observed on lists presented to the same listener in the same condition was captured using a binomial distribution model based on a 40-item list for 38 adult implant recipients. The Spanish AzBio Sentence Test includes 42 lists of 20 sentences. These sentences are roughly equivalent in terms of overall difficulty and confidence limits have been provided to assess the significance of variability in list scores observed within or across conditions. These materials will be of benefit when assessing native Spanish speakers in both research and clinical settings.

Mispronouncing of Consonant Alveolar Plosive /t/, and /d/ in The Final position in English byTarakanese

This study aims to examine whether speakers who have a basic English language make mistakes in pronouncing the plosive / t /, / d / consonants due to the influence of the Tarakan language, which is the language of the speakers during their domicile in the area. A recording technique was used in collecting data. The instrument used is a list of words, sentences and paragraphs. The population in this study were English-bachelor students who had lived in Tarakan for a long time and were accustomed to using the Tarakan accent. The sampling technique used was purposive sample of 3 people. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods by analyzing the data of the transcription.The results of this study indicate that in pronouncing English consonants and vowels, there are still many students who do not pronounce them correctly. They make a lot of mistakes in pronouncing the plosive / d / correctly in every word. They tend to change it to / t /.

Enhancing Motor Brain Activity Improves Memory for Action Language: A tDCS Study.

The embodied cognition approach to linguistic meaning posits that action language understanding is grounded in sensory-motor systems. However, evidence that the human motor cortex is necessary for action language memory is meager. To address this issue, in two groups of healthy individuals, we perturbed the left primary motor cortex (M1) by means of either anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), before participants had to memorize lists of manual action and attentional sentences. In each group, participants received sham and active tDCS in two separate sessions. Following anodal tDCS (a-tDCS), participants improved the recall of action sentences compared with sham tDCS. No similar effects were detected following cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS). Both a-tDCS and c-tDCS induced variable changes in motor excitability, as measured by motor-evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Remarkably, across groups, action-specific memory improvements were positively predicted by changes in motor excitability. We provide evidence that excitatory modulation of the motor cortex selectively improves performance in a task requiring comprehension and memory of action sentences. These findings indicate that M1 is necessary for accurate processing of linguistic meanings and thus provide causal evidence that high-order cognitive functions are grounded in the human motor system.

Linguistic summarization to support supply network decisions

A supply chain network architecture is a key element of designing and modeling a supply chain to better understand the cost and time associated with the distribution of products with available resources and market locations. Due to the large size of combinations for product design and supplier choices; descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics are needed to design, control and then improve a supply chain network. Current study is the first instance in the supply network management field using linguistic summarization (LS), a descriptive analytics tool generating natural language-based summaries of raw data with the help of fuzzy sets. This study has developed a LS method for revealing information from a realistic complex network of a bike supply chain, and it produces network description phrases by using fuzzy set theory to model linguistic/textual terms. The truth degree of generated summaries is calculated by fuzzy cardinality-based methods instead of scalar cardinality-based methods to overcome inherent disadvantages. The results of the study are interpreted in two ways: word clouds are used for single objective cases, and list of sentences that exceed a threshold value are used for bi-objective cases. LS-based findings, explanations and strategic decisions are directed at decision support to increase supply network performance, efficiency and sustainability.

Cochlear implantation outcomes with round window electrode insertion versus cochleostomy insertion

Objectivesassessment of two techniques for electrode insertion during cochlear implantation which are the round window and the traditional cochleostomy insertions, the comparison utilized cochlear implantation outcomes. Study deigna prospective cohort study. Patientschildren (n = 200) between 2 and 8 years old who had bilateral severe to profound SNHL and received a unilateral cochlear implant, 100 children had a round window insertion and were labeled the RW group while the other 100 children had a cochleostomy insertion and were labeled the C group which was taken as a control group. Outcome measure(s)all the participants in this study were followed up and tested twice for their cochlear implant outcomes, the first time when the duration of using their implants was no less than 24 months and no more than 30 months. The second time between 31 and 36 months post implantation. For speech perception; The Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant test (CNC) and The Bamford-Kowal-Bench sentence lists (BKB). For language acquisition; The Preschool Language Scale-fourth edition (PLS-4) and The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth edition (PPVT-4) had been utilized. For speech production; the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP). Resultsfor speech perception: The mean CNC scores for the RW group and the C group between 24 and 30 months post-implantation and at 31–36 months post-implantation were better for the round window group. Also, the mean BKB scores for the RW group were higher than the C group between 24 and 30 months post-implantation (p < 0.0013) and at 31–36 months post-implantation (p < 0.0011). for language acquisition; the PLS-4 mean scores for the RW group and the C group between 24 and 30 months post-implantation and at 31–36 months post-implantation were better for the round window group (p < 0.001). The PPVT-4 mean scores for the RW group were also higher than the C group at both durations. for speech production; The mean word intelligibility scores of the DEAP for the RW group were better at 24 to 30 and 31–36 months post-implantation. ConclusionRound window insertion is associated with superior cochlear implantation outcomes regarding speech perception, language acquisition and speech production rather than the standard cochleostomy insertion.

Esforço auditivo e registro do controle parassimpático do coração durante o reconhecimento de sentenças: estudo piloto

Introdução: Medidas psicofisiológicas do sistema nervoso autônomo em resposta a tarefas auditivas podem fornecer um meio de quantificar os efeitos do esforço auditivo. Objetivo: Comparar a modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca em situações de escuta distintas e determinar se a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) é um índice psicofisiológico sensível para mensurar o esforço auditivo. Método: Estudo piloto, observacional, transversal e prospectivo. Participaram 14 adultos normo-ouvintes, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. Estes responderam a anamnese e realizaram audiometria tonal limiar para verificação de limiares auditivos. Para o registro da VFC, colocou-se a cinta do cardiofrequencímetro na região do processo xifoide e este registro foi coletado por 10 minutos para três situações distintas: “repouso”, “recuperação pós-reconhecimento de sentenças no silêncio” e “recuperação pós-reconhecimento de sentenças no ruído”. O reconhecimento de sentenças foi realizado utilizando-se duas listas de sentenças, de forma randomizada, binaural, nas situações de escuta silêncio e na relação sinal/ruído de -5 dB e, também foi registrada VFC por um período de dois minutos. Aplicou-se o teste de ANOVA de medidas repetidas seguido pelo pós-teste de Bonferroni para comparar o índice de RMSSD nos diferentes momentos de registro da VFC. Resultados: A análise estatística demonstrou que não houve diferença significante do registro da VFC nos diferentes momentos, inclusive durante a tarefa de reconhecimento de sentenças no ruído, considerada a tarefa mais árdua. Conclusão: Para esta amostra, o registro da VFC não foi considerado um índice sensível para a mensuração do esforço auditivo.