Sentence Adverbials Research Articles

Stylistic in children's stories

Background: Stylistics examines the use of language that assesses aesthetics in children's stories. It requires stylistics to bind readers by presenting interesting stories and arousing curiosity. In contrast, stylistics in children's stories can be found if the stylistic devices are known. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore stylistics in children stories of five graders in SDN Kompa Design and methods: This type of research uses qualitative with a literature review method. The literature selection technique uses keywords story, device, and stylistics. Results: This study identifies various stylistic devices, such as Parallelism, Chiasmus, Antithesis, Climax, Asyndeton, Sentential adverb, Irony, Understatement, Litotes, Hyperbole, Metabasis, Hypophora, Distinction, Metanoia, Zeugma, Diazeugma, Mesozeugma, Hypozeugma, Syllepsis, Hyperbaton, Anastrophe, Appositive, Simile, Metaphor, Chatachresis, Metonymy, Personification, Apostrophe, Transferred epithet, Anaphora, Epistrophe, Simploce, Anadiplosis, Conduplication, Epanalepsis, Diacope, Epizeuxis, Scesis Onomaton, Alliteration, Onomatopoeia, Assonance, Rhetorical question, Apophesis, Anacoluthon, Oxymoron, and Antimetabole, used in children's short stories to enhance narrative appeal and expression.

On obligatorily fronted adverbials in German – the case of klar ‘of course’

In German, almost any kind of constituent can occupy the first position, the prefield, of a declarative clause.Either a constituent is moved there from a base position within the clause or it is filled by a semantically voidpronoun. Nevertheless, some expressions such as expressive adverbials rarely occur in the prefield. Meinunger(2022) refers to such expressions as ‘prefield-phobic’. But the opposite is also the case: some expressions onlyoccur in the prefield and not in other positions of the clause or with a different interpretation. An example ofsuch a ‘prefield-philic’ expression is the evidential sentence adverb klar, lit. ‘clear’. In the prefield it means ‘ofcourse’ (Klar weiß ich das! ‘Of course I know’), while it means ‘clearly’ in other positions of the clause (Erhat es ganz klar gewusst. ‘He has clearly known’). The article describes these uses and suggests that there aretwo sentence adverbs of klar with different histories. One means ‘clearly’ and has developed from the manneradverbial klar by extension of the scope. The other means ‘of course’ and has developed through reanalysis ofthe adjective klar used as an independent exclamatory utterance (Klar! ‘of course’) into a sentence adverb. Theanalysis is supported by diachronic evidence and appears to carry over to other prefield-philic expressions.

Sant nok fyller Kjersti 70 år, men ...

Norwegian has a productive class of sentence adverbials, disjuncts of the form adjective + nok ‒ [A nok] for short. Examples include sant nok ‘true (enough)’, paradoksalt nok ‘paradoxically (enough)’, and tåpelig nok ‘foolishly (enough)’. Three structural analyses have been proposed for such constructions in the Scandinavian languages. The first has [A nok] as an adjective phrase, with an adjective head and nok as a modifier, i.e. two words. In the second and third proposal, [A nok] is considered to be one word, viz. an adverb. The proposals differ with respect to word formation type. One considers [A nok] expressions to be compounds, which implies that nok is seen as an adverbial root. The other considers them to be derivatives, with an adverbial suffix -nok. This article studies the grammatical and phonological properties of [A nok] disjuncts in order to determine what kind of constructions they represent. It is argued that they are not single words, but phrases, viz. adverb phrases. nok is an adverbial head taking an adjectival complement.

Kant’s “in itself”: Toward a New Adverbial Reading

Abstract It is commonly assumed that the expression “an sich selbst” (“in itself”) in Kant combines with terms to form complex nouns such as “thing in itself” and “end in itself.” I argue that the basic use of “an sich selbst” in Kant’s German is as a sentence adverb, which has the role of modifying subject-predicate combinations, rather than either subject or predicate on their own. Expressions of the form “S is P an sich selbst” mean roughly that S is P ‘in its own right’ or without some further ‘condition’. Accordingly, “an sich selbst” should not be treated as forming complex nouns. This analysis has significant consequences for the interpretation of “thing in itself” in particular, for it implies that the latter is not a complete nominal expression. Instead, one must treat ‘an sich selbst’ as expressing how some S is a ‘thing’, looking to the wider sentential context. I conclude with a brief account of the new significance granted to the concept of a ‘thing’ (Ding) according to the present interpretation.

Metarepresentational phenomena in Japanese and English

Abstract Contrastive studies of languages usually focus on differences in lexical items, syntactic structures, semantic expressions, collocations, and so on. In the present paper we take a cognitive pragmatic approach, assuming that metarepresentation in the sense of Sperber (2000) and Wilson (2000) offers a crucial perspective in such studies. We discuss how the speech act component of higher-level explicatures is linguistically realized in Japanese and English, focusing on sentence adverbials, ‘because’ clauses, speech act particles, reported speech, private predicates, and desiderative predicates. We conclude that in the Japanese language, information concerning the speech act component tends to be linguistically realized, while such information is not necessarily realized in English. We suggest that this cognitive pragmatic approach can be applied to other languages where higher-level explicatures are basically explicit as in Japanese or implicit as in English.

Types and functions of insubordinate complement clauses with hogy ‘that’ in Hungarian

The aim of this paper is to give a constructional typology, on the basis of a corpus study, of the semantic types of Hungarian insubordinate clauses introduced by the complementizer hogy ‘that’, along with discussing the difficulties of their identification and description, especially the problems raised by the multiple part-of-speech affiliation of hogy (interrogative pronoun, conjunction, particle). In Hungarian, as in other languages, stand-alone versions (wishes, evaluations) that are both syntactically and pragmatically independent can fundamentally be told apart from pragmatically non-independent elaborative clauses (with and without discourse markers). However there are transitional cases between those two extremes (mixed stand-alone-elaborative clauses), as well as within the types (wishing evaluative clauses). In terms of their sentence type affiliation, too, several insubordinate variants exist that can be seen as mixed instances (curses). Pure and transitional cases were separated according to the following parameters: constructional semantic type, structural features (sentence type, verb mood, exaggerative particle is present or not), discourse markers is present or not. Furthermore, transitional cases can arise due to the existence of constructions that exclusively occur with interjections or sentence adverbials, whereas in other types the use of these items is optional. The pragmatic functions of insubordinate constructions are dominantly uniform on the basis of questionnaire studies conducted with native participants: they express emphasis or are highly loaded emotionally.

The Analysis of Rhetorical Devices in Two Tesla Promotional Videos

This study was conducted to discover the rhetorical devices Elon Musk used when delivering Tesla promotional videos, namely the Tesla Unveils Model 3 and Tesla Semi & Roadster Unveil. This study also wants to examine the messages that are underscored by the use of rhetorical devices. In this study, the writer used Harris’ (2018) theory of rhetorical devices as the leading theory. The study was done by applying qualitative content analysis (QCA). The study showed that Elon Musk utilized climax, asyndeton, polysyndeton, sentential adverb, exemplum, amplification, anaphora, and hypophora in Tesla Unveils Model 3. Rhetorical devices such as climax, asyndeton, sentential adverb, exemplum, amplification, anaphora, and hypophora are found in Tesla Semi & Roadster Unveil. However, the data regarding polysyndeton is non-existent in Tesla Semi & Roadster Unveil. Each rhetorical device employed by Elon Musk helped underscore the messages in both videos. Ultimately, rhetorical devices affect the promotional video positively as they help amplify the meaning of the speech.

Argument placement in Icelandic

This paper gives an overview of the Icelandic data in the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD; Lundquist et al. 2019). The data were collected from 30 native speakers of Icelandic, and the experimental task elicited argument placement (subject shift, object shift, long object shift, particle shift). The results confirm that subject shift of definite subjects and pronouns is produced categorically in Icelandic, as is pronominal object shift. With regard to the placement of non-pronominal objects relative sentence adverbials and particles, there is, on the other hand, variability. Rather surprisingly, the results suggest that the placement of subjects (initial or postverbal) influences non-pronominal object shift. With respect to the ordering of objects and particles, the distinction between directional and metaphorical particles is relevant. The patterns are partly different from what we find in the comparable data from the other North Germanic languages (also available in NWD).

„GETTING IT ACROSS THE TABLE“: THE MANIFESTLY DISCOURSE ADVERBIALS REVISITED

The paper reconsiders the semantic and pragmatic roles of a subset of parenthetical linguistic expressions that typically go under a general heading of sentence (or sentential) adverbs (or adverbials) or pragmatic markers. The subset comprises expressions that encode the speaker’s strongest subjective stance to the proposition expressed by the utterance (e.g. the English expressions obviously, clearly, evidently, certainly and surely, and their Serbian counterparts očigledno, jasno, sigurno and svakako). Given the main, theoretic, orientation of the paper, however, the contrastive issue had to be neglected. Still, the paper gives an impetus for contrastive studies, in particular, regarding the encoded linguistic meaning in relation to interactional import. An accumulation of contrastive data, and analyses thereof, will contribute not only to re-evaluating and refining what we have come to know about encoded meaning, but also, and more importantly, to solving the conten- tious issue of the strict conceptual/procedural dichotomy.

The trajectory of the “Možno ja X?” construction: variation in speech acts of request in contemporary Russian

I explore the ongoing language change in which the impersonal modal word možno ‘can, be possible’ takes a personal clause (možno + nom) as its complement instead of the Experiencer in the Dative case (možno + dat) and the infinitival clause in the speech act of request in Contemporary Russian. The corpus-based evidence reveals that the construction možno + dat is gradually being replaced by možno + nom. I discuss various syntactic and pragmatic factors such as verb class, aspect, transitivity and politeness strategies that motivate the choice of a specific modal construction. Methods of statistical modelling, used to sort out the most significant factors contributing to the choice of construction, show that the most important factor is the date of creation of the text. I propose a scenario for the development of the možno + nom construction. First, možno began to be used as a tag-question after both infinitive and personal clauses. The requester marked by the Dative has been steadily replaced by the more agentive Subject in the Nominative case. Then, by analogy with the možno + dat construction, možno was placed at the beginning of the sentence and was reanalyzed as a constructional unit with the following structure: možno + finite clause, in which možno functions as a sentence adverb.

Translating Sentence Adverbs in C. S. Lewis’s "The Chronicles of Narnia – The Magician’s Nephew"

Sentence adverbs (SAs) take the whole sentence into their scope and express the speaker’s viewpoint, opinion or comment on an action, or some sort of modality assessment on the event. They do not offer any information on how the action occurred and this is what makes them different from manner adverbs. It is interesting to investigate the strategies that two Romanian translators adopt in their renderings of C. S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician’s Nephew, since C. S. Lewis does not shy away from using adverbs in his writings. Retranslation in itself is quite an intriguing phenomenon to analyze, but in this case what makes it even more interesting is the way in which the translators chose to render a grammatical structure which behaves in a very heterogeneous manner.

Successes and shortcomings of phonological accounts of Scandinavian object shift

Object shift (OS) is a word order phenomenon in Scandinavian languages where under some circumstances the object appears before a sentential adverb. Despite the frequent assumptions that word order is determined in syntax, and despite the link of OS and syntactic phenomena like V2, there is no consensus that OS is a syntactic phenomenon. Particularly, it has been observed that OS targets specifically prosodically weak elements. This motivated recent analyses of OS as a prosodic phenomenon. We focus on two proposals that look for a synchronic motivation for OS in a correlation between its distribution and some prosodic property: (i) Erteschik-Shir et al. (2020) posit that OS is motivated and modulated by prosodic incorporation, and (ii) Hosono (2013) hypothesizes that shifted pronominal objects help facilitate downstep. We identify concrete predictions from both proposals (default prosodic incorporation, and no downstep in unshifted OS-context sentences, respectively) and test them using novel data. The results show that neither of the proposals can be maintained in its original form. In addition to the empirical shortcomings of the prosodic proposals, we explore a missed syntactic generalization regarding the role objecthood plays in OS.

Modeste proposition pour un classement des adverbes français

Adverbs represent a heterogeneous group. The classification of adverbs delineated below follows the approach of Martinet.First of all, I have eliminated peripheral adverbs such as sentence adverbs, conjuncts or speech-act modifiers. To classify the remaining non-peripheral adverbs, I have used two criteria: functional relations between classes and mutual exclusion of the units which belong to the same class.These criteria result in five adverb classes: Degree adverbs, adverbs ending in -ment, adverbs able to modify nouns by the mean of the preposition de, adverbs able to modify nouns without the preposition de (focalizers), and the remaining set.The classification proposed here based on functional relations between classes and mutual exclusion appears to be compatible with other studies using semantic criteria.

The syntax of peripheral adverbial clauses

This paper explores the relation between the interpretations ofwhilein English andmentrein Italian introducing adverbial clauses. Centralwhile/mentreclauses express a temporal/aspectual modification of the proposition in the host clause. Peripheralwhile/mentreclauses make accessible a proposition from the discourse context enhancing the relevance of the host proposition. In one approach, clauses introduced by adversativewhile/mentreare analyzed as ‘less integrated’ with the associated clause than those introduced by temporalwhile/mentre.In another approach, adverbial clauses introduced by adversativewhile/mentreare considered not syntactically integrated with the host clause. This paper re-examines the nature of the syntactic integration of the adverbial clauses with the host clause, revealing a parallelism between the adversative peripheralwhile/mentreclauses and speaker-related sentential adverbs, leading to the conclusion that the non-integration analysis is not appropriate for this type of peripheral clauses and that any analysis must be aligned with that of the relevant non-clausal adverbials, supporting Frey (2018, 2020a, b). We also argue that central adverbial clauses recycled as speech event modifiers must be considered non-integrated. Concretely, we propose that they are integrated in discourse, through a specialized layer FrameP (Haegeman & Greco 2018).

An enunciative description of three concessive sentence adverbs in English: yet, however

Les constructions concessives impliquent une opération complexe selon laquelle l’énonciateur signale la prise en compte, sinon la validation, d’un rapport d’inférence entre deux états de choses p et q, tout en s'opposant à ce rapport dans le contexte. De telles constructions peuvent marquer une distance prise par l’énonciateur vis-à-vis de l’une ou l’autre des propositions en présence, voire du rapport inférentiel sous-jacent. Ce positionnement subjectif, par rapport aux domaines de p, q et du rapport entre ces deux, est corrélé à l’emploi de certains marqueurs, qui peuvent recevoir des paramétrages complémentaires selon leur configuration contextuelle.La présente étude se concentre sur trois constructions concessives en particulier (le terme de « construction » est employé au sens large d’une configuration textuelle en tenant compte de la position et du contexte) impliquant la catégorie des connecteurs : YET, HOWEVER et NEVERTHELESS. Chaque marqueur est décrit à la lumière de la théorie des opérations prédicatives et énonciatives, comme la trace d’opérations portant sur la construction de valeurs référentielles pour les propositions associées, ainsi que sur le positionnement énonciatif. La modélisation des opérations correspond à des configurations contextuelles caractéristiques des marqueurs, décrites à la lumière de données extraites de corpus (le British National Corpus, et un court texte argumentatif contemporain).

The Grammaticalization of the Epistemic Adverb Perhaps in Late Middle and Early Modern English

Abstract Old and Early Middle English did not yet have modal sentential adverbs of low probability. Old Norse did not have such words, either. From the 13th century onwards first epistemic prepositional phrases of Anglo-Norman origin functioning as modal adverbials consisting of the preposition per/par and nouns such as adventure, case, chance were borrowed into Middle English. In the late 15th century an analogous hybrid form per-hap(s), the combination of the Old French preposition per/par ‘by, through’ and the Old Norse noun hap(p) ‘chance’, both singular and plural, was coined according to the same pattern and was gradually grammaticalized as a univerbated modal sentence adverb in Early Modern English. The Norse root happ- was the source of some other new (Late) Middle English words which had no cognate equivalents in the source language: the adjective happy with its derivatives happily, happiness, etc. and the verb happen. Together with another new Late Middle English formation may-be, a calque of French peutêtre, perhaps superseded the competing forms mayhap, (modal) happily, percase, peradventure, perchance, prepositional phrases with the noun hap and, finally, per-hap itself in Early Modern English after two centuries of lexical layering or multiple synonymy. The history of perhaps is a clear example of grammaticalization, whereby a prepositional phrase became a modal adverb now also used as a discourse marker. We find here all the typical features of the process: phonetic attrition, decategorization, univerbation, and obligatorification.

Modalizatory jako wielowymiarowe zagadnienie w nauce języka szwedzkiego

Sentence adverbials build a multidimensional constituent in many languages, i.e. they can, among others, modify the meaning of the entire sentence, emphasize a particular element in it, or build the coherence in texts. Due to the multifaced character of this linguistic phenomenon the acquisition of it in foreign language learners can be a complex process. The learner is not only faced with a variety of different words and phrases that can be used in order to deliver a complementary information in the text, but also, depending on the structural requirements of the specific language, has to learn to put this constituent in the correct place in the sentence. In present paper the use of sentence adverbials in Polish learners od Swedish will be presented. The data considered in the analysis comprises two types of texts: a summary of an expository text and a narrative. The results show that foreign language learners at the intermediate stage of the language use a broad repertoire of sentence adverbials and place them in appropriate contexts. In narratives modal expressions predominate, while in summaries connectives and intensifiers are used more often. The learners can place sentence adverbials correctly in the sentence, especially in main clauses. However, the word order in dependent clauses when other sentence adverbials occur, except for sentences with the negation inte, is still under development.

The Student’s Errors on The Use Of Adjectives with The Suffix–Ly

This study deals with student’s errors on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly and regarding adjectives and adverbs identical in form mainly in–ly form and in without–ly form. This survey only investigates them in the written exercises. They cover descriptive adjectives, manner adverbs, intensifying adverbs, and sentence adverbs. The objective of this study is to find out the types and the causes of errors made by student’s on the use adjective and adverbs with the suffix–ly. The sample of this study is 30 student of the third year students of SMA Negeri 13 Medan. This study uses a descriptive quantitative design. The instrument for collecting data consists of a teacher made test in the multiple choice form. The percentage of the student’s errors is dominantly occured in descriptive adjectives from 900 item occurrences, there were 423 errors which categorized into 5 sub categories on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. Firstly, the use of descriptive adjective was 151 (35,70 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 67 (15,84 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 84 (19,86 %) errors. Secondly, the use of manner adverbs was 159 (35,22 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 89 (21,04 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 60 (14,18 %) errors. The other one is the use of intensifying adverbs with the suffix–ly was 64 (15,13 %) errors, another one is the use of time adverbs with the suffix–ly was 37 (8,75 %) errors, and the last one is the use sentence adverbs with the suffix–ly was 22 (5,2 %) errors. It is concluded that the errors are due to neglect of rules regarding the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. In short, the errors were dominantly caused by intralingual transfer on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. It recomended that further in depth studies on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly had be done for the betterment of the teaching-learning process.

Are "Modal Adverbs" automatically Modal Markers? The Case of French "Certainement" with its Epistemico-Modal and its Evidential Use

The French adverb certainement (‘certainly’) is labelled a “modal adverb”. It has two (sentence adverb) uses according to the literature, called “strong modal use” and “weak modal use”. The strong modal use is indeed strong (epistemico-)modal in that it indicates total certainty, whether subjective or intersubjective. What is called its “weak modal use” is shown to be an evidential use. It indicates primarily that the content qualified by the adverb results from a non-monotonic inference, performed by the speaker, whose conclusions are plausible, defeasible, and thus never totally certain. This is due to the presence of an evidential-inferential component in its meaning. As for the so-called weak modal element of “probability” in its meaning, we reanalyse it as “non- certainty” and argue it is an element of utterance meaning, a property of quasi-assertions to which non-monotonically inferred content gives rise. Finally, we claim that the adverb also has a meaning component that we call “epistemic posture of certainty”, shown to be different from epistemic modality. On the basis of three parameters and their values, we show how certainementcan be interpreted, in a series of contextual configurations, either as an instance of its epistemico- modal use or of its evidential use.

Sentence-initial time adverbials in English

AbstractThe article deals with sentence-initial time adverbials in English declarative sentences. Theoretically, it is grounded in functionally-oriented and discourse-based studies, trying to combine the study of syntactic structure, information structure, information flow, and cognitive-pragmatic aspects of discourse construction and interpretation. The aim is to examine some regularities regarding the interplay of their syntactic and pragmatic characteristics and their textual and pragmatic discourse functions. The corpus-based research includes several parameters: (1) syntactic – the form and functional subtype of initial time adverbials, and the syntactic structure of the sentences containing them; (2) pragmatic – related to the information status of initial time adverbials; (3) textual – dealing with semantic, formal and functional similarities between the initial time adverbials and the sentences containing them, and other adverbials and structures in the relevant language segment, as well as with the position of the initial time adverbials in the text. The identified discourse functions (textual and pragmatic) of the initial placement of time adverbials include linking with the previous and following text, rearranging the functional elements within a sentence, temporal scene-setting, creating two especially prominent positions in a sentence, signaling segment boundaries of textual units, etc. It is suggested that particular discourse functions, rather than being associated with one of the parameters examined, actually depend on the interrelatedness of several of them.