Sensory Properties Of Cheese Research Articles

Integration of extruded linseed into dairy sheep diets: Effects on milk composition and quality and sensorial properties of Pecorino cheese

The objective of this work was to study the influence of including extruded linseed at different supplementation levels in dairy sheep feed on the chemical, organoleptic and nutritional quality of milk and Pecorino cheese. Three hundred and thirty multiparous Sarda ewes, three weeks before their expected date of parturition, were divided into three groups of 110 animals each. Ewes were fed one of three different concentrates: a control concentrate (CTR) without linseed and two concentrates supplemented with different levels (100 and 200g/kg as fed; EL-10 and EL-20, respectively) of extruded linseed. The experimental concentrates were fed to the ewes during late pregnancy (400g per head per day) and early lactation (60 days after parturition; 800g per head per day). All animals had unlimited access to pasture and hay. Milk production was recorded, and milk samples were collected for the analysis of chemical composition and clotting properties. Cheeses were made with bulk milk from the three groups using a traditional cheese-making technique. After 60 days of ripening, the chemical composition and organoleptic properties of the cheeses were analysed using a Panel test. Milk yield and all major milk components, except milk fat yield, were both linearly (0.01<P<0.001) and quadratically (0.05<P<0.001) related to the level of linseed in the diet. Except for the urea content, which decreased at a decreasing rate (linear P<0.001 and quadratic P<0.05), milk components increased at an increased rate with increasing EL supplementation. The fatty acid composition of milk and cheese was affected by dietary linseed supplementation. Milk fat of groups receiving feed that included extruded linseed showed higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and lower levels of saturated fatty acids. Linseed administration linearly increased milk polyunsaturated fatty acid content (P<0.001). The C18:3 n-3 milk content increased by 36 and 87% (P<0.001) for the EL-10 and EL-20 groups, respectively. The higher content of total n-3 fatty acids in milk caused a linear decrease of the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in the EL groups (P<0.001). Dietary treatments affected the chemical composition of cheese; the increase in the level of extruded linseed was negatively correlated with the moisture content of cheeses. Modifications to the fatty acid profiles of the cheeses were similar to those observed for milk. Sensory properties of cheese were not negatively affected by dietary treatments. Cheeses produced from groups fed diets with added linseed had higher scores for overall and ripe cheese flavour and texture properties. Treated cheeses had no off-flavours and were characterised by a more marked grainy texture. The present work indicated that a concentrate containing 100g/kg of extruded linseed can be used to increase the overall quality of Pecorino cheese without negative effects on its typical sensorial and organoleptic characteristics or on the productive performance of the animals.

Effect of different grazing systems on upland pastures compared with hay diet on cheese sensory properties evaluated at different ripening times

Milk fatty acid (FA) profiles and sensory properties of Cantal cheese from three equivalent groups of 12 Montbéliarde cows kept indoors and fed hay and concentrates (I), grazing on upland pasture with a diversified flora under continuous mode (C), or grazing on upland re-naturalized temporary grassland under rotational mode (R) were compared. C milk was richer in total cis-C18:1 isomers, odd-and-branched-chain, mono-unsaturated, n-3 and n-6 FAs, while R milk was richer in total trans-C18:1 isomers, rumenic acid and poly-unsaturated FAs. Differences in FA profiles between R and C milks could be explained by differences in grass quality. Cheeses were made on three consecutive days. Panellists were unable to distinguish R and C cheeses at 12-week ripening; differences became perceptible after 24 weeks. The 24-week ripened C cheese gave more intense odour, more intense and persistent aroma, and sourer, more pungent and saltier taste than the corresponding R cheese.

Impact of fat reduction on flavor and flavor chemistry of Cheddar cheeses

A current industry goal is to produce a 75 to 80% fat-reduced Cheddar cheese that is tasty and appealing to consumers. Despite previous studies on reduced-fat cheese, information is critically lacking in understanding the flavor and flavor chemistry of reduced-fat and nonfat Cheddar cheeses and how it differs from its full-fat counterpart. The objective of this study was to document and compare flavor development in cheeses with different fat contents so as to quantitatively characterize how flavor and flavor development in Cheddar cheese are altered with fat reduction. Cheddar cheeses with 50% reduced-fat cheese (RFC) and low-fat cheese containing 6% fat (LFC) along with 2 full-fat cheeses (FFC) were manufactured in duplicate. Cheeses were ripened at 8°C and samples were taken following 2 wk and 3, 6, and 9 mo for sensory and instrumental volatile analyses. A trained sensory panel (n=10 panelists) documented flavor attributes of cheeses. Volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction or solvent-assisted flavor evaporation followed by separation and identification using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry. Selected compounds were quantified using external standard curves. Sensory properties of cheeses were distinct initially but more differences were documented as cheeses aged. By 9 mo, LFC and RFC displayed distinct burnt/rosy flavors that were not present in FFC. Sulfur flavor was also lower in LFC compared with other cheeses. Forty aroma-active compounds were characterized in the cheeses by headspace or solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-olfactometry. Compounds were largely not distinct between the cheeses at each time point, but concentration differences were evident. Higher concentrations of furanones (furaneol, homofuraneol, sotolon), phenylethanal, 1-octen-3-one, and free fatty acids, and lower concentrations of lactones were present in LFC compared with FFC after 9 mo of ripening. These results confirm that flavor differences documented between full-fat and reduced-fat cheeses are not due solely to differences in matrix and flavor release but also to distinct differences in ripening biochemistry, which leads to an imbalance of many flavor-contributing compounds.

Influence of four single fresh forages onvolatile organic compound (VOC) content and profile and sensory properties of goat Caciotta cheese

Aim of the trial was to evaluate the effect of fresh single-species herbage on the VOC and sensory properties of cheese, in order to individuate specific descriptors linked to the use of fresh herbage in pureness. Two groups of Siriana housed goats were fed alternately with 2 grasses: Avena sativa (AS) and Lolium perenne (LP) and 2 legumes: Medicago sativa (MS) and Trifolium incarnatum (TI) in pureness. The milk was processed as Caciotta cheese and ripened for 20 days. The VOC analyses (by GC-MS) showed the highest VOC total content in AS cheeses (226.55a.u.), where alcohols was the dominant class; the lowest value (79.96a.u.) was found in TI cheeses, and the dominant class was hydrocarbons. The panel test (for colour, odour, taste and final acceptability) showed that cheeses from grasses’ groups were described with astringent and blue taste, those from legumes with acidic, bitter and light goaty taste. All cheeses showed goaty taste, except LP cheeses. Grasses’ cheeses showed higher final acceptability than those from legumes. The results showed that each meadow’s species, with its specific content of secondary metabolites, at specific phenological stage, was able to characterise the derived cheese products at sensorial level.

Addition of Pasture Plant Essential Oil in Milk: Influence on Chemical and Sensory Properties of Milk and Cheese

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of the addition, to milk, of an essential oil (EO) obtained from the hydrodistillation of plants collected from a mountain natural pasture on the milk and cheese sensory properties. The EO was mainly composed of terpenoid compounds (67 of the 95 compounds identified) as well as ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, alkanes, and benzenic compounds. In milk, the addition of this EO at the concentration of 0.1μL/L did not influence its sensory properties, whereas at 1.0μL/L, sensory properties were modified. In cheeses, the effect of adding EO into milk was studied in an experimental dairy plant allowing the production of small Cantal-type cheeses (10kg) in 3 vats processed in parallel. The control (C) vat contained 110L of raw milk; in the other 2 vats, 0.1μL/L (EO1) or 3.0μL/L (EO30) of EO were added to 110L of the same milk. Six replicates were performed. After 5 mo of ripening, chemical and sensory analyses were carried out on the cheeses, including determination of the volatile compounds by dynamic headspace combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EO did not influence the sensory properties of the cheeses at the lower concentration (EO1). However, the EO30 cheeses had a more intense odor and aroma, both characterized as “mint/chlorophyll” and “thyme/oregano.” These unusual odors and aromas originated directly from the EO added. In total, 152 compounds desorbing from cheese were found, of which 41 had been added with the EO; in contrast, 54 compounds of the EO were not recovered in the cheese. Few volatile compounds desorbing from cheeses, other than the added compounds, were affected by EO addition. Among them, 2-butanol, propanol, and 3-heptanone suggested a slight effect of the EO on lipid catabolism. The antimicrobial activity of terpenes is not or is only marginally involved in the explanation of the influence of the botanical composition of the meadows on the pressed cheeses sensory properties.

Impact of Whey pH at Drainage on the Physicochemical, Sensory, and Functional Properties of Mozzarella Cheese Made from Buffalo Milk

In this study, the effects of whey pH at drainage on the physicochemical, sensory, and functional properties of mozzarella cheese made from buffalo milk during storage were investigated. Four cheese samples were manufactured using starter culture at different whey pH values [(A) 6.2, (B) 5.9, (C) 5.6, and (D) 5.3] and analyzed on the 1st, 28th, and 56th day. Ash, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations decreased as the whey pH at drainage was lowered. Cheese yield and calcium recovery were the highest in D cheeses. During storage, expressible serum levels decreased and nonexpressible serum levels increased, indicating an increase in the water holding capacity of the cheeses. Reducing the calcium content of cheeses increased meltability values, but an overly low calcium level (D cheeses) had an adverse effect on the meltability. The melting properties of cheese samples, except D cheeses, were improved with aging. A cheeses were the hardest and D cheeses the softest throughout storage. The 1st day sensory evaluations revealed that C and D cheeses were preferred and that A cheeses were not. All sensory properties of A cheeses were improved with storage. D cheeses were rated inferior to the others at the end of the storage time.

Efeito do uso de cultura adjunta (Lactobacillus helveticus) na proteólise, propriedades viscoelásticas e aceitação sensorial de queijo prato light

Proteolysis, viscoelastic properties and sensory acceptance of reduced fat Prato cheeses made with and without adjunt culture (AC) were evaluated. The cheeses were made from microfiltered milk. Two different treatments were replicated twice: control cheese was made only with traditional starter, while the other was made with the addition of both AC (Lactobacillus helveticus) and traditional starter. Cheese composition was determined after 5 days of manufacture. Proteolysis and rheological properties were evaluated after 5, 25 and 45 days. Viscoelastic parameters were obtained using relaxation tests. Cheese sensory properties were evaluated using acceptability tests. There was no statistical difference (p>0,05) in cheese composition. The proteolysis depth indexes were significantly higher (p 0.05) in viscoelastic parameters for cheeses made with and without AC. Sensory acceptability tests indicated significant difference (p<0.05) between samples for flavor, texture and global impression. Cheese made with AC was better graded than cheese made only with starter. Buying intention grades showed that 70% consumers would certainly or probably buy cheese made with AC, while only 43.4% would behave the same with control cheese.

Application of a Coagulating Preparation Obtained with Rhizomucor Miehei N in Cheese-Making

Studies were carried out to determine the suitability of a coagulating preparation, Rhizomucor proteinase, obtained from Rhizomucor miehei for production of Camembert, Edam and Cheddar cheeses. While analyzing the cheese-making process, it was found that the obtained preparation could be used in the production of high quality cheeses without the need for changing the established technological parameters. In cheeses produced with Rhizomucor proteinase, proteolysis and lipolysis was more intense than in renin cheeses - whi ch has a beneficial effect on cheese sensory properties. Lower utilization of milk nitrogen compounds and fat encourages further studies into the application of the obtained preparation in combination with other coagulating enzymes.

Influence of Condensed Sweet Cream Buttermilk on the Manufacture, Yield, and Functionality of Pizza Cheese

Compositional changes in raw and pasteurized cream and unconcentrated sweet cream buttermilk (SCB) obtained from a local dairy were investigated over 1 yr. Total phospholipid (PL) composition in SCB ranged from 0.113 to 0.153%. Whey protein denaturation in pasteurized cream over 1 yr ranged from 18 to 59%. Pizza cheese was manufactured from milk standardized with condensed SCB (∼34.0% total solids, 9.0% casein, 17.8% lactose). Effects of using condensed SCB on composition, yield, PL recovery, and functional properties of pizza cheese were investigated. Cheesemilks were prepared by adding 0, 2, 4, and 6% (wt/wt) condensed SCB to part-skim milk, and cream was added to obtain cheesemilks with ∼11.2 to 12.7% total solids and casein:fat ratio of ∼1. Use of condensed SCB resulted in a significant increase in cheese moisture. Cheese-making procedures were modified to obtain similar cheese moisture contents. Fat and nitrogen recoveries in SCB cheeses were slightly lower and higher, respectively, than in control cheeses. Phospholipid recovery in cheeses was below 40%. Values of pH and 12% trichloro-acetic acid-soluble nitrogen were similar among all treatments. Cheeses made from milk standardized with SCB showed less melt and stretch than control cheese, especially at the 4 and 6% SCB levels. Addition of SCB significantly lowered free oil at wk 1 but there were no significant differences at wk 2 and 4. Use of SCB did not result in oxidized flavor in unmelted cheeses. At low levels (e.g., 2% SCB), addition of condensed SCB improved cheese yield without affecting compositional, rheological, and sensory properties of cheese.

Correlation between sensory and instrumental properties of Canestrato Pugliese slices packed in biodegradable films

This paper compares the performance of three novel biodegradable films having different gas and water vapour permeabilities to the performance of a multilayer film made of polyethylene and EVOH and having high barrier properties. As model food C. Pugliese cheese was chosen. The samples were stored for 28 days and, once a week, they were analysed using sensory and instrumental tests. Sensory data showed samples packed in high permeable biodegradable film were different from fresh cut samples after only 7 days of storage, whereas the other biodegradable films having intermediate water vapour permeability allowed the cheese to keep its sensory properties unchanged for 21 days. The only film which maintained the sensory properties of cheese, with except for texture, during all the investigated time, was the high barrier film. The sensory data are confirmed by acceptability scores.

Effect of some fat replacers on chemical, physical and sensory attributes of low-fat white pickled cheese

Full-fat and low-fat white pickled cheeses were manufactured, by the traditional procedure, from bovine milk. Results indicated that, as the fat content of cheese milk decreased, fat in total solids, total solids and cheese yield of white pickled cheese significantly decreased but the moisture and total nitrogen values significantly increased. Total solids, salt, salt in total solids, pH and acidity values of cheese were not affected by the fat replacers in the cheese milk used. Sensory properties of cheese were adversely affected by the use of fat replacers in cheese making. From the rheological point of view, all the low-fat cheeses containing fat replacers were different from the full-fat cheese. Moreover, no off-flavour or bitterness was noted in any full-fat or low-fat cheese.

Quality aspects of Gouda cheese made from goat milk preserved by the lactoperoxidase system

Abstract Gouda cheese was made from goats’ milk preserved by the lactoperoxidase (LP) system and the effect of the LP system on the biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of cheese over a ripening period of 90 days was investigated. Cheese made from LP-activated goats’ milk had a significantly (p

Instrumental and Expert Assessment of Mahon Cheese Texture

ABSTRACT: To improve Mahon cheese texture assessment, the relationship between instrumental and sensory measurements was sought. For that purpose 30 pieces of Mahon cheese from different batches and 2 different manufacturers were examined. Textural characteristics at different curing times were evaluated by uniaxial compression, puncture, and sensory analysis. Significant linear correlations were found between instrumental and sensory measurements. A logarithmic model (Weber‐Fechner) fitted data better than a linear one. Only 1 factor was extracted when considering all the instrumental and sensory variables, thus indicating that both sets of measurements are related to the same phenomenon. The best predictors for Mahon cheese sensory attributes were found to be cheese moisture, deformability modulus, and slope in puncture.

SELECTION AND SCREENING OF A DESCRIPTIVE PANEL FOR EWES MILK CHEESE SENSORY PROFILING

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to select a competent sensory panel considering its ability to describe ewes milk cheese sensory properties. The panelists evaluated the sensory characteristics of several ewes milk cheeses in terms of odor, flavor and texture. The performance of judges was assessed taking into account the following aspects: (1) individual discriminatory ability and reproducibility for each sensory attribute; (2) group discriminatory ability and reproducibility and agreement between judges for each attribute; (3) panel homogeneity; (4) panel consonance; and (5) overall panel discriminatory ability. The panel performance was checked with a set of statistical procedures. The results obtained by the selected group were better than the initial panel from the point of view of discriminant power, reproducibility and agreement. The suggested method can be easily applied in routine control of assessors performance and to discover deviant behavior or differences in individual perception of the samples.

Influence of the composition of Alpine highland pasture on the chemical, rheological and sensory properties of cheese.

A study was undertaken to compare the chemical and sensory characteristics of Abondance cheeses made with milk from animals grazing areas within the same highland pasture, but with different predominant plants. Nine cheeses made during the last 3 d of three successive 7 d periods were evaluated. The animals grazed on the southern side of the highland pasture during the first period (15-21 June), on the northern side during the second period (22-29 June) and returned to the southern side for the third period (30 June-6 July). The gross composition of the cheeses did not vary between periods. 'North' cheeses contained more plasmin, gamma-casein, alpha s1-I-casein and water-soluble N than 'south' cheeses. Both sensory and instrumental measurements indicated that north cheeses were less firm, stickier and more easily fractured than south cheeses. North cheeses were also more salty, bitter and persistent. Their overall aroma was more intense and they had more intense sour, burnt, toasted, fermented vegetable and sweat aromas, but less intense toffee, exotic fruit and acid milk aromas. The texture differences noted between the cheeses from milk produced on the two areas may come from differences in primary proteolysis, partly due to different amounts of plasmin and plasminogen in milk and in cheeses. The aroma differences were related to differences in volatile compounds. Some compounds had a microbial origin, while some others may have come from the pasture.

APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS TO SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF EWES’MILK CHEESE

Idiazábal cheese is an uncooked pressed cheese, with Appellation of Origin, elaborated with raw ewes’milk. The seasonal characteristic of the Idiazábal cheese, together with other factors such as physical, chemical and microbiological features of the milk, as well as climatic and geographic conditions, can have an influence upon the sensory properties of cheese. The wide acceptance of ewes’milk cheese in Spain and the fact that no sensory characterization studies have been developed for the Idiazábal cheese led to the realization of the present work, that aims at characterization of the cheese from a sensory standpoint and at describing its degree of homogeneity taking into account factors such as the month and cheese factory of elaboration. After carrying out the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, which included 22 descriptors, and through a jury of specialists, factor analysis enabled us to classify Idiazábal cheese as a slightly pungent cheese in odor, flavor and aftertaste, with its own characteristic flavor and a firm, moderately grainy texture. Nonetheless, a significant degree of heterogeneity was observed among the samples.

Sensory-Chemical Relationships in Parmigiano-Reggiano Cheese

The taste and odour properties of 20 samples of Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese were individually related to their volatile and non-volatile components using partial least squares analysis as the multivariate regression technique. Odour intensity, taste fragrancy and staleness were three sensory attributes involved in significant relationships with two major chemical classes (esters and free fatty acids) and with selected volatile (short-chain branched alcohols, sulphides) and non-volatile (free amino-acids, salt) compounds. The combined set of sensory and chemical data, subjected to Principal Components Analysis, exhibited two major changes in the sensory properties of cheese, as possibly being affected by salt-controlled chemical patterns; the score-plot of the samples as regards the first two principal components showed that winter cheese was separated from cheese manufactured the rest of the year.

Substation insulator failure prevention by ultrasonic corona detection : Frederick Jr, W. IEE Trans Ind Appl Vol 1A–8 No 1 (Jan–Feb 1972) pp 82–83

The interactions between botanical composition of pasture, quality of herbage grazed, performances of dairy cows and sensory and nutritional properties of dairy products were investigated using an integrated system approach. Two contrasting grazing systems were evaluated from May to September in two years. The treatments included a continuous grazing system (DIV) managed at a lenient stocking rate (1.0 LU ha−1) on a botanically-rich permanent pasture, and a rotational grazing system (PROD) set up at a higher stocking rate (1.7 LU ha−1) on a former temporary grassland presenting moderate biodiversity. DIV aimed to maximize biodiversity and obtain high sensory and nutritional quality cheese, whereas PROD was oriented towards milk production and herbage quality. In each system, 12 non-feed-supplemented Montbéliarde cows were used. The DIV system led to higher milk production per cow in the early grazing season than the PROD system (22.2 vs. 19.9 kg d−1). At the beginning of summer, this milk production pattern was inverted following a decrease in grass nutritive value in the DIV system. In parallel, DIV cows showed a more marked loss of body condition than PROD cows over the season. In terms of milk fatty acid profile, the DIV system proved very interesting early in the grazing season but lost its value over time as the herbage matured. Cheese sensory properties differed between systems only after a long ripening period (6 months). Regarding the ecological performances, the DIV plot showed greater botanical and entomological biodiversity than the PROD plot. This study provides evidence that the balance between animal performances, dairy product quality and biodiversity in dairy systems is more complex than previously thought, since the expected benefits of each system vary markedly over periods. The evolution of herbage vegetation stage during the grazing season combined with the botanical composition of the pasture is a key component for understanding these variations.