Processing Disorder Research Articles

Mastering Balance: A Systematic Review on The Effectiveness of Enhancing Balance Skills Through Balance Board

A systematic review on tactile sensitivity through the use of a tactile balance board holds significant implications for both research and practical applications in various fields. Tactile sensitivity, the ability to process and respond to tactile stimuli, is a crucial aspect of sensory processing that influences motor skills, spatial awareness, and overall well-being. This review serves as a comprehensive synthesis of existing literature, providing a nuanced understanding of the current state of research on tactile balance boards and their impact on tactile sensitivity. By systematically analysing and summarizing findings from multiple studies, it aims to identify patterns, trends and gaps in knowledge. This process enables researchers and practitioners to build upon existing evidence, fostering a more informed approach to further investigations. In the realm of research, the systematic review can serve as a foundational resource for scholars and scientists interested in the intersection of tactile sensitivity and balance board interventions. It allows them to identify areas where further exploration is needed, encouraging the development of targeted research questions and methodologies. Additionally, the review may highlight inconsistencies or variations in existing studies, prompting researchers to address these discrepancies in future investigations. Practically, the findings of this systematic review can have direct implications for professionals in fields such as rehabilitation, occupational therapy and neurology. Understanding the impact of tactile balance board interventions on tactile sensitivity can guide the development of evidence-based practices aimed at improving sensory processing and motor skills in individuals with sensory challenges. This, in turn, may enhance therapeutic interventions and contribute to the design of tailored rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, the review may inform educators and practitioners working with populations that commonly experience tactile sensitivity issues, such as individuals with autism spectrum disorders or sensory processing disorders. Insights from this synthesis of literature can be translated into practical strategies for the design of sensory-friendly environments and the implementation of interventions that incorporate tactile balance boards.

Parental perspectives on the use of fidget toys and sensory-seeking profiles in autistic and neurotypical children

This study addresses the research gap concerning whether the use of fidget toys or fidget spinners specifically are perceived to support children and positively influence their behavioural and emotional wellbeing as well as investigating how these perceptions relate to children’s sensory-seeking profiles. 129 parents/carers of autistic children (n = 53) and neurotypical (NT) children (n = 76) completed an online survey. The survey consisted of questions relating to the benefits and risks of fidget toys as well as statements about their own child’s fidget toy use. The Sensory Profile 2 was used to obtain parents perspectives on their child’s sensory behaviours. The main findings demonstrated that parents of autistic children perceived fidget toys and fidget spinners to be overall more beneficial than NT parents, especially in relation to reducing anxiety. Higher sensory-seeking scores for both autistic children and NT children were associated with greater parental agreement for fidget toys and fidget spinners being beneficial. Parents of autistic children with higher sensory seeking scores found fidget toys to reduce anxiety and spinners to be less distracting. Whereas, parents of NT children with higher sensory seeking scores perceived both fidget toys and spinners to help their child concentrate. Implications include that educators should consider parental views when forming policies about the use of fidget toys. Findings also imply that the sensory profiles of autistic and NT students should be considered in relation to the use of fidget toys.

Differences in temporal profile of brain responses by pleasantness of somatosensory stimulation in autistic individuals

Purpose/Aim. Autistic individuals may show either hyper- or hypo- responsiveness to touch compared to non-autistic individuals. These behavioural responses depend on perceptual and evaluative mechanisms, which unfold sequentially and thus can be distinguished by exploring the timing of neural responses. In this study, we examined neural response timing to pleasant, unpleasant, and affectively neutral textures, to determine whether these perceptual versus evaluative subprocesses differ in autism and how each subprocess contributes to behavioural responses. Materials and Methods. Our sample included n = 13 autistic and n = 14 non-autistic adults who completed functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analysed early, intermediate, and late phases of the tactile response, derived from studies of noxious tactile stimulation, to three different textures. Results. The autistic group showed distinct differences from the non-autistic group to each of the textures, showing earlier, somatosensory differences in response to the pleasantly and unpleasantly rated textures and later, frontomotor differences in response to the neutrally rated texture. Further, reduced early phase response to the pleasant texture correlated with increased sensory seeking behaviour. Conclusions. While preliminary, these results suggest distinct patterns between autistic and non-autistic individuals in how the neural response to touch unfolds and its correspondence with the perceived pleasantness of tactile experience. The findings suggest perceptual differences in response to affectively charged textures and evaluative differences in response to neutral, ambiguous textures. These temporal properties may inform future studies of tactile processing in autism, lending a better understanding of how individuals differ in their sensory experiences across contexts.

HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN TINGKAT KEKAMBUHAN PADA PASIEN HALUSINASI DI PUSKESMAS KABUH

Hallucination are a condition in which a person experience changes in the number and pattern of external and internal stimuli accompanied by decreased or exaggerated response or damage responses to stimuli .(Stuart & Laraia, 2005 dalam Muhith 2018). The provision of hallucination management interventions to minimize the appearance of hallucinations can be done by teaching patients to rebuke hallucinations when they appear. This study was conducted by involving 2 respondents from Al Hidayah Mojokerto Halfway House with problems of sensory perception disorders, auditory hallucinations. Researchers conducted nursing care, namely hallucination management by applying SP 1 to SP 4 with outcome criteria guided by SLKI. Nursing care for 7 days from both clients obtained the results of verbalization hearing whispers quite decreased, sensory distortion decreased enough, hallucinatory behavior decreased enough, suspicion decreased enough, pacing decreased enough, response according to stimulus improved enough, concentration improved enough, and orientation improved enough. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of hallucinatory management interventions can reduce hallucinatory signs and symptoms if done routinely and correctly, and can be one way for clients to control their hallucinations.

Challenges and adverse events in pediatric hypoglossal nerve stimulation

IntroductionHypoglossal nerve stimulation was recently FDA approved for use in children with Down Syndrome and persistent obstructive sleep apnea. Although there is a robust experience in hypoglossal nerve stimulation in adults, we observed several challenges that are unique to providing this therapy to a complex pediatric population with a high rate of sensory processing disorders. We sought to review the adverse events and challenges to inform clinicians as hypoglossal nerve stimulation becomes a more accessible option for this complex population. MethodsRetrospective case series of children with Down Syndrome and persistent OSA who underwent hypoglossal nerve stimulation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria included Down Syndrome, age 10–22 years, persistent severe OSA after adenotonsillectomy (AHI>10 with <25 % central or mixed events), inability to tolerate positive airway pressure, and absence of concentric palatal collapse on sleep endoscopy. Patients were identified and their charts were reviewed. Adverse events and their subsequent management were recorded. The major outcome variable was the total number of adverse events. ResultsA total of 53 patients underwent implantation of a hypoglossal nerve stimulator; 35 (66 %) patients were male and the average age at implantation was 15.1 years (standard deviation 3.0y). A total of 30 adverse events were noted, including 17 nonserious and 13 serious. The most common nonserious complications included temporary tongue discomfort, rash at the surgical site, and cellulitis. Serious complications included readmission (for cellulitis, pain, and device extrusion), reoperation (most commonly for battery depletion) and pressure ulcer formation. ConclusionHypoglossal nerve stimulation provides a much-needed therapy for children with DS and persistent OSA after adenotonsillectomy. Although there is a robust experience in providing this treatment to adults, many considerations must be made when adapting this technology to a pediatric population with a high rate of sensory processing disorders.

SENSORY PROCESSING IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM- A SCOPING REVIEW

Difficulties in sensory processing in children with autism have been known since the first descriptions of autism. The oldest and most recent theories of autism are based on the assumption that people with autism process sensory information differently than people without autism. This work aimed to examine sensory patterns and systems of sensory processing in children with autism and children with typical development through a systematic review of the relevant literature. From December 2022 to May 2023 by searching the online databases for publications in the field of autism and sensory processing, namely PubMed, Eric, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus, a total of 254 publications were identified. After applying inclusion criteria 5 publications that were analyzed. The search was performed by combining the keywords "autism", "sensory processing" "sensory processing disorder". The results show that children with autism manifest more atypical sensory processing than typically developing children. Furthermore, children with autism show differences in sensory patterns and systems, which indicate greater problems and greater concern within sensory processing. These results highlight the importance of developing treatments and interventions aimed at improving sensory processing in children with autism and alleviating the symptoms of atypical sensory processing.

Nature-Based Interventions for Autistic Children

There is a gap in the evidence regarding nature-based interventions (NBIs) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To systematically review and meta-analyze available evidence on the health-related outcomes in NBIs for children with ASD. The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Embase, Emcare, Education Resources Information Center, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched from inception until May 2023. Google Scholar and references from included studies were searched for additional studies. Included studies were randomized clinical trials (RCTs), controlled studies, and single-group before-and-after studies that reported health-related outcomes. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to synthesize the data. The findings of studies that were ineligible for meta-analysis were summarized according to the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWIM) reporting guidelines. The outcomes of interest were health-related outcomes (ie, social functioning, behavioral functioning, emotional functioning, sensory functioning) and the self-reported well-being of children with ASD. A total of 24 studies with 717 participants (mean age range, 5.3 to 17.8 years; 141 [21.9%] female) were included. A meta-analysis from 13 studies indicated a significant negative moderate association between NBIs and social communication (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.59; 95% CI, -0.85 to -0.34). For behavioral functioning outcomes, NBIs showed a significant moderate association with reduced hyperactivity (SMD, -0.56; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.26) and a small to moderate association with reduced irritability (SMD, -0.49; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.19). For sensory functioning, NBIs were significantly associated with improved inattention and distractibility (SMD, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.60). Significant moderate associations were observed in sensory seeking (SMD, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.22; P < .001; I2 = 0%) and sensory sensitivity (SMD, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.12 to 1.00; P = .01; I2 = 0%). Heterogeneity of the intervention effects was not high, and I2 ranged from 0% to 67%. The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggested an association of NBIs in group-based recreational therapy with experiential learning with positive short-term outcomes on sensory, social, and behavioral functioning for children with ASD. Future evidence using robust study design to aid the health and functional trajectories of children with ASD is recommended.

Pemberian Terapi Okupasi : Menggambar untuk Mengontrol Halusinasi Pendengaran Pada Pasien Skizofrenia

Background: Hallucinations are often found in patients with mental disorders as one of the symptoms which hallucinations with depression are characterized by withdrawing and being alone. Giving occupational therapy can improve mental health, social inclusion and also respect yourself by keeping yourself busy doing useful activities. This descriptive case study aims to provide an overview of how occupational drawing therapy is used to control auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients. Method: This qualitative research uses descriptive case studies with a nursing process approach. One participant, namely a schizophrenic patient with nursing problems with sensory perception disorders, and auditory hallucinations. Results: After implementation, the patient showed a decrease in symptoms. In session 1, the patient draws hallucinatory voices, in session 2, the patient draws his feelings, in session 3, the patient draws his wishes. Initially, the patient was seen chatting to himself, smiling to himself, lacking eye contact, and being more aloof. After being given therapy, the patient seemed to stop talking and laughing to himself. Conclusion: Occupational drawing therapy can focus the patient's mind and solve the hallucinations that come.

STUDI KASUS PADA PASIEN DENGAN GANGGUAN PERSEPSI SENSORI: HALUSINASI PENDENGARAN

Hallucinations are a form of reality orientation disorder which is characterized by a person giving a response or assessment without any stimulus received by the five senses, and is one of the effects of perceptual disorders. The aim of this research is to provide nursing care to patients with auditory sensory perception disorders using dhikr and istighfar therapy. The method used by researchers is qualitative research using case studies with a nursing process approach to one of the patients who experienced sensory perception disorders. Data assessment was carried out by interviewing, observing and looking at the patient's medical records. Data analysis was carried out by data collection and data reduction. The research results showed that the patient was able to control his auditory hallucinations with dhikr and istighfar therapy. Spiritual Therapy with dhikr and istighfar, namely treatment aimed at curing mental illness, for each individual, with inner or spiritual strength, in the form of religious rituals rather than treatment with drugs, with the aim of strengthening a person's faith so that they can develop their potential and religious nature maximally, so it can be concluded that the application of dhikr and istighfar therapy can control the auditory hallucinations experienced by patients.

Nursing Care in Hallucination Patients

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The aim of this study was to examine the implementation of nursing care for two patients who experienced hallucinatory sensory perception disorders. The research method uses a case study approach with data analysis through medical records, observations, and interviews with patients and families. The results showed that both patients experienced sensory perception disorders in the form of auditory hallucinations. The initial assessment includes identification of mental health history, observation of hallucinatory behavior, and precipitating factors. The nursing diagnosis was determined as sensory perception disorder: hallucinations. The treatment plan involves collaboration with the mental health team, use of drug therapy prescribed by the doctor, as well as nursing interventions such as education about stress management, distraction techniques, and increased coping. Evaluations are carried out periodically to monitor the patient's response to the interventions provided. The conclusion of this study is that nursing care for patients with sensory perception disorders requires a comprehensive approach that includes collaboration between nurses, mental health teams and families in order to help improve the quality of life of patients with sensory perception disorders, especially in managing the symptoms of hallucinations.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Nursing Care in Tn. B And Tn. S with Disorders of Sensory Perception: Hallucinations

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study aims to explain and evaluate the implementation of nursing care for patients who experience auditory hallucinations. The research method uses a case study approach by collecting data from initial assessments, nursing diagnoses, care plans, nursing interventions, evaluations, and discharge planning. The research results show that an initial assessment is carried out by identifying mental health history, behavior related to hallucinations, and triggering factors that may influence the patient's condition. The nursing diagnosis was determined as sensory perception disorder: auditory hallucinations. The treatment plan involves collaboration with the mental health team, behavioral monitoring, emotional support, and education of the patient and family. Nursing interventions include explanation of the nature of hallucinations, assistance in identifying reality, and use of relaxation and distraction techniques. Evaluations are carried out to assess the patient's response to the interventions provided and monitor changes in the intensity or frequency of hallucinations, discharge planning and provide information regarding warning signs. Conclusion: Nursing care for patients with sensory perception disorders requires a holistic approach and collaboration between nurses and the mental health team. Education for patients and families also has an important role in supporting the management of this condition.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Sensory integration disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder—A review study

In this article, we examine the diagnostic process for children on the autism spectrum, paying particular attention to the importance of sensory diagnosis as a key tool in identifying therapeutic needs and establishing intervention strategies. We discuss the challenges posed to therapists by difficulties in communication, relationship building, and motivation, and the need to flexibly adapt diagnostic tools to each child’s individual needs. Sensory diagnosis not only helps parents understand their children’s behaviors and their underlying causes but also provides concrete knowledge of effective therapeutic strategies that can be used in the day-to-day support of the development of children on the autism spectrum. Our analysis underscores the importance of sensory diagnosis as a tool to help understand and support children in coping with daily challenges and building harmonious relationships with their environment, a key component of effective therapy for children with autism.

Construction of a Sensory Integration Physical Education Model to Improve Basic Motor Skills in Primary Schools

Background and aims: In the construction of primary schools' basic motor skills sensory integration sports model, the study also entered a new teaching concept model, which is the original physical education curriculum model to deepen the reform, highlighting the health goals of the construction of the curriculum model, the value of which includes physical health, improve mental health, and enhance social resilience of a training model. This paper aims to help Chinese primary school students improve sensory integration disorder and basic motor skills ability in the lower grades of primary school, a physical education model of basic motor skills in primary schools was constructed. Materials and methods: In this study, the questionnaire method and expert interview method were used to collect data from 50 teachers and 1000 first-grade students, and a sample of 390 students and 50 teachers were selected to study the current status of basic motor skills and sensory integration ability of primary school first-grade students and then used Delphi technology, focus groups, and Connoisseurship to determine the basic motor skills sensory integration physical education teaching model in primary schools. Results: The study shows that the experts participating in the study recognize the integration of sensory integration teaching mode and basic motor skills teaching mode, and the basic motor skills sensory integration physical education teaching mode in primary schools is consistent with the standard concept of Chinese physical education and health curriculum, which is an expansion and extension of the teaching content of physical education courses to help students' all-round physical and mental development. Conclusions: The study underscores experts' validation of integrating sensory and motor skills teaching in Chinese primary school physical education. This innovative approach aligns with holistic curriculum goals, promoting students' comprehensive physical and mental development.

Teachers' and Parents' Assessment of Challenges in Children Exhibiting Sensory Seeking Behavior and Possible Effects of the Use of Ball Vests: A Pre-Post Study.

Children with dysfunction in sensory processing (DSP) may experience challenges, which might affect their participation in activities and potentially also their further development. This study examined the challenges of children with DSP who exhibit sensory seeking behavior, the differences in these challenges between boys and girls, and the possible effects of their use of ball vests. The challenges of 70 pupils (aged 6-12 years) exhibiting sensory seeking behavior were assessed by their parents (n = 66) and teachers (n = 60) by surveys containing items from the 'Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire' (SDQ) and the 'Five to Fifteen' (FTF) questionnaire. Differences in the SDQ/FTF scores between boys and girls were explored using chi-square analysis. The potential effects of the ball vest were assessed using a study-specific follow-up survey. Linear mixed model regression analysis was used to examine associations between the extent of use of the vest and the assessed effects. The pupils were assessed for challenges that interfered with their learning (62%), forming friendships (51.7%), and the classroom environment (56.9%). After three weeks, the parents found that some pupils had improved regarding attention (39%), body perception (34%), and hyperactivity and impulsivity (33%). The teachers reported that 30% of the pupils had improved their coping skills in learning.

Effectiveness of a Sensory Play Activity Program with Parent Engagement for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial

Background: According to DSM-5, sensory processing problems are among diagnostic criteria in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Various studies have shown that play, as the main occupation of children, can be helpful in performing sensory interventions. Solving sensory problems is one of the most common demands of families with children with ASD. Children's families play a key role in the implementation of occupational therapeutic interventions. Objectives: This randomized clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of sensory play activities performed by parents at home on the sensory patterns of children with ASD. Methods: Fifty-one children with ASD, aged 3 to 6 years, were divided into the intervention and control groups. All participants attended 16 sessions of in-person individualized sensory integration therapy (SIT) in a clinic for 8 weeks. In the intervention group, children received 8 sessions of a sensory play activity intervention performed by parents at home. Data collection instruments included the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 and the sensory profile 2. Parametric (independent and paired t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests) were used for statistical analysis to compare between-group and within-group mean differences. Results: The results showed that although all four sensory processing patterns improved significantly in both groups (P &lt; 0.05) (i.e., the within-group effect), children in the intervention group showed significant improvements in three sensory patterns, including sensory avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and sensory registration (P&lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the sensory seeking pattern between the 2 groups (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Sensory integration therapy improved dysfunctional sensory processing patterns in ASD children, an effect that was enhanced by the simultaneous implementation of sensory play interventions.

Sensory Integration Approaches for Children and Youth in Occupational Therapy Practice.

This AOTA Position Statement describes the role of occupational therapy practitioners in providing services to children and youth with a variety of sensory processing patterns and sensory integrative dysfunction. It also serves as a resource for policymakers, funding and reimbursement sources, and caregivers.

2 Perimenopause, Menopause and ADHD

Objective:We previously reported the impact of hormonal changes during menopause on ADHD and associated symptoms. Here we provide findings from an expanded sample limited to those 46 and older.Participants and Methods:Information was obtained from a reader survey sponsored by ADDitude Magazine. Responses were received from 3117 women of whom 2653 were 46 or older. Analyses were limited to this older group, since mean age of perimenopause is around 47 in the general population. The final sample ranged in age from 46 to 94 (mean=53) and 85% had been diagnosed with diagnosed with ADHD. Respondents were asked to indicate their age at diagnosis and the impact of 11 different symptoms or associated problems of ADHD at each of 5-time intervals: 0-9 years, 1019 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years and 60+years. Co-morbidities were also considered.Results:Changes in ADHD Symptoms: Sixty-one percent reported that ADHD had the greatest impact on their daily lives between 40 and 59 years of age. The largest group of respondents (43%) were first diagnosed between ages 41 and 50. The reported prevalence of inattention, disorganization, poor time-management, emotional dysregulation, procrastination, impulsivity and poor memory/brain fog increased over the life span. More than half indicated that a sense of overwhelm, brain fog &amp; memory issues, procrastination, poor time-management, inattention/distractibility and disorganization had a 'life altering impact’ during the critical menopausal/perimenopausal window. By contrast, complaints about significant hyperactivity, impulsivity, social struggles and perfectionism remained fairly constant over the lifespan, and were not among the most common complaints (i.e., only endorsed by 25% to 35% of the sample). Interestingly, while 61% reported that ADHD had its greatest impact on daily life between 40-59, only 3% reported the same thing for age 60 and above. Thus, in this expanded sample the first diagnosis of ADHD was most common in adulthood and peaked in the perimenopausal years. ADHD was also again most disruptive during the perimenopausal/menopausal window of time. This shift was most pronounced for symptoms of poor memory/brain fog and 'feeling overwhelmed.' Symptoms either diminished or they adjusted as they moved out of the transition years.Comorbid Symptoms: Anxiety and depression were most common (73% and 63%, respectively) consistent with the literature. Also elevated, but much less frequent here, were learning, eating and sensory processing disorders (i.e., 10%-13% each). Thus, depression and anxiety may be the most frequent correlates of an ADHD diagnosis, irrespective of age of onset.Conclusions:Hormonal change during the climacteric often is associated with worsening of cognitive complaints. Such increased complaints can lead to a first diagnosis of ADHD during this period, as well as a worsening of symptoms in those previously diagnosed. Moreover, this hormonal shift may underlie this diagnosis in a subset of the individuals currently characterized as having adult-onset ADHD. Lessoning of complaints in those ages 60 and above raises questions regarding the underlying mechanisms for this change (e.g., physiologic adaptation, compensation or decreased life demands).

Vestibular Migraine Pathophysiology and Treatment: a Narrative Review.

To review the diagnosis of vestibular migraine (VM) and update the clinician on the most recent developments in our understanding of its pathophysiology and treatment. Functional imaging studies have identified multiple regions of the brain with abnormal activity and connectivity in VM. There is evidence of abnormal sensory processing and integration in VM patients. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has also been found to play a role in trigeminal and vestibular nucleus pathways. Research into treatment modalities has identified several neuromodulation devices that may be effective in VM. There are a growing number of evidence-based preventive options for VM, including medications that target CGRP. VM is best understood as a sensory processing disorder. CGRP appears to play a role, and further research is needed to fully understand its effects. Treatment options are expanding, but there is still a need for more randomly controlled trials in this area.

Sensation seeking correlates with increased white matter integrity of structures associated with visuospatial processing in healthy adults.

The ability to process sensory information is an essential adaptive function, and hyper- or hypo-sensitive maladaptive profiles of responses to environmental stimuli generate sensory processing disorders linked to cognitive, affective, and behavioral alterations. Consequently, assessing sensory processing profiles might help research the vulnerability and resilience to mental disorders. The research on neuroradiological correlates of the sensory processing profiles is mainly limited to the young-age population or neurodevelopmental disorders. So, this study aims to examine the structural MRI correlates of sensory profiles in a sample of typically developed adults. We investigated structural cortical thickness (CT) and white matter integrity, through Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), correlates of Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) questionnaire subscales in 57 typical developing subjects (34F; mean age: 32.7 ± 9.3). We found significant results only for the sensation seeking (STS) subscale. Positive and negative correlations emerged with fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) in anterior thalamic radiation, optic radiation, superior longitudinal fasciculus, corpus callosum, and the cingulum bundle. No correlation between sensation seeking and whole brain cortical thickness was found. Overall, our results suggest a positive correlation between sensation seeking and higher white matter structural integrity in those tracts mainly involved in visuospatial processing but no correlation with gray matter structure. The enhanced structural integrity associated with sensation seeking may reflect a neurobiological substrate linked to active research of sensory stimuli and resilience to major psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression.

Persistent Primitive Reflex and Developmental Delay in the School-Aged Child

Primitive reflexes are an integral part of a newborn’s survival mechanism and will naturally integrate during the first years of life as more mature postural reflexes emerge. A persistent primitive reflex can interfere with the development of motor skills, cognitive processing, and emotional regulation. Research suggests an association between persistent primitive reflexes and neurodevelopmental delays such as learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and processing disorders. Developmental surveillance and screening support early recognition and guide intervention. More research is needed regarding the usefulness of reflex integration techniques for improving motor, cognitive, and emotional functioning and better overall quality of life.