Sensory Hearing Loss Research Articles

Auditory Temporal-Organization Abilities in School-Age Children With Peripheral Hearing Loss

The objective was to assess auditory sequential organization (ASO) ability in children with and without hearing loss. Forty children 9 to 12 years old participated in the study: 12 with sensory hearing loss (HL), 12 with central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), and 16 with normal hearing. They performed an ASO task in which they were asked to recall 2, 3, and 5 verbal and nonverbal stimuli with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 425 ms as well as sequences of 2 elements with an ISI of 20 or 1,000 ms. No significant difference was found between the group of children with HL and the 2 other groups on nonverbal stimuli in all testing conditions. Regardless of ISI duration or number of elements in the sequence, children with HL had significantly fewer correct responses than children with normal hearing and children with CAPD for the verbal stimuli /ba/-/da/. Children with HL had significantly better performance than children with CAPD for the verbal a/-/da/ when the number of elements in the sequence varied. Children with sensory HL showed impaired ASO ability when recalling verbal /ba/-/da/. Results suggest that hearing loss can induce a specific signature when processing these verbal stimuli.

The Influence of Aging on Auditory Evoked Potential in Advanced Age Group

Each sensory system has its own time of maturation. The individuation of the exact period of life when brain aging starts is difficult to define. Normally, the amplitude of evoked potentials decreases, and their latency increases from adult to elder life. The absolute latencies of Waves I, III, and V are 0.1 to 0.2 ms longer for subjects aged 50 years and older than for those aged 2030 years. The influence of age on interwave latency is inconclusive but also suggests that there may be an age-related prolongation of 0.1 to 0.2 ms for the IV interpeak interval. Age related changes may be confounded by the presence of sensory hearing loss. Since age effects on central conduction time in the acoustic pathway are still debated, the present study was conducted to assess the effects of aging on central conduction time & compared with the young adult. Auditory evoked potential were studied in twenty five normoacoustic elderly subjects & results were compared with twenty five age and sex matched controls (young adults between 18-25 years age group). The older adults had prolonged wave III & wave V latencies. The interpeak latency I-III and I-V are also prolonged which suggest that aging process is central phenomenon.

HEARING, PSYCHOPHYSICS, AND COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION: EXPERIENCES OF OLDER INDIVIDUALS WITH MILD SLOPING TO PROFOUND SENSORY HEARING LOSS

In a previous paper we reported the frequency selectivity, temporal resolution, nonlinear cochlear processing, and speech recognition in quiet and in noise for 5 listeners with normal hearing (mean age 24.2 years) and 17 older listeners (mean age 68.5 years) with bilateral, mild sloping to profound sensory hearing loss (Gifford et al., 2007). Since that report, 2 additional participants with hearing loss completed experimentation for a total of 19 listeners. Of the 19 with hearing loss, 16 ultimately received a cochlear implant. The purpose of the current study was to provide information on the pre-operative psychophysical characteristics of low-frequency hearing and speech recognition abilities, and on the resultant postoperative speech recognition and associated benefit from cochlear implantation. The current preoperative data for the 16 listeners receiving cochlear implants demonstrate: 1) reduced or absent nonlinear cochlear processing at 500 Hz, 2) impaired frequency selectivity at 500 Hz, 3) normal temporal resolution at low modulation rates for a 500-Hz carrier, 4) poor speech recognition in a modulated background, and 5) highly variable speech recognition (from 0 to over 60% correct) for monosyllables in the bilaterally aided condition. As reported previously, measures of auditory function were not significantly correlated with pre- or post-operative speech recognition - with the exception of nonlinear cochlear processing and preoperative sentence recognition in quiet (p=0.008) and at +10 dB SNR (p=0.007). These correlations, however, were driven by the data obtained from two listeners who had the highest degree of nonlinearity and preoperative sentence recognition. All estimates of postoperative speech recognition performance were significantly higher than preoperative estimates for both the ear that was implanted (p<0.001) as well as for the best-aided condition (p<0.001). It can be concluded that older individuals with mild sloping to profound sensory hearing loss have very little to no residual nonlinear cochlear function, resulting in impaired frequency selectivity as well as poor speech recognition in modulated noise. These same individuals exhibit highly significant improvement in speech recognition in both quiet and noise following cochlear implantation. For older individuals with mild to profound sensorineural hearing loss who have difficulty in speech recognition with appropriately fitted hearing aids, there is little to lose in terms of psychoacoustic processing in the low-frequency region and much to gain with respect to speech recognition and overall communication benefit. These data further support the need to consider factors beyond the audiogram in determining cochlear implant candidacy, as older individuals with relatively good low-frequency hearing may exhibit vastly different speech perception abilities - illustrating the point that signal audibility is not a reliable predictor of performance on supra-threshold tasks such as speech recognition.

Identification of Effective Strategies to Promote Language in Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants

Parental involvement and communication are essential for language development in young children. However, hearing parents of deaf children face challenges in providing language input to their children. This study utilized the largest national sample of deaf children receiving cochlear implants, with the aim of identifying effective facilitative language techniques. Ninety-three deaf children (≤2years) were assessed at 6 implant centers prior to and for 3years following implantation. All parent-child interactions were videotaped, transcribed, and coded at each assessment. Analyses using bivariate latent difference score modeling indicated that higher versus lower level strategies predicted growth in expressive language and word types predicted growth in receptive language over time. These effective, higher level strategies could be used in early intervention programs.

Mouse models of age-related mitochondrial neurosensory hearing loss.

Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder in the elderly population. Overall, 10% of the population has a hearing loss in the US, and this age-related hearing disorder is projected to afflict more than 28 million Americans by 2030. Age-related hearing loss is associated with loss of sensory hair cells (sensory hearing loss) and/or spiral ganglion neurons (neuronal hearing loss) in the cochlea of the inner ear. Many lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction play a central role in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and are a cause of age-related neurosensory hearing loss. Yet, the molecular mechanisms of how oxidative stress and/or mitochondrial dysfunction lead to hearing loss during aging remain unclear, and currently there is no treatment for this age-dependent disorder. Several mouse models of aging and age-related diseases have been linked to age-related mitochondrial neurosensory hearing loss. Evaluation of these animal models has offered basic knowledge of the mechanism underlying hearing loss associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. Here we review the evidence that specific mutations in the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that affect mitochondrial function result in increased oxidative damage and associated loss of sensory hair cells and/or spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea during aging, thereby causing hearing loss in these mouse models. Future studies comparing these models will provide further insight into fundamental knowledge about the disordered process of hearing and treatments to improve the lives of individuals with communication disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Mitochondrial function and dysfunction in neurodegeneration'.

Perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral e distúrbios da comunicação

Este estudo objetiva verificar a associação entre distúrbios da comunicação oral e perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral. A partir de dados preliminares de estudo transversal com 20 sujeitos de ambos os sexos com idades entre 7 e 19 anos (média 10,8) com graus variados de perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral atendidos em serviço de referência em avaliação de distúrbios da linguagem e da audição em São Paulo, Brasil. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a anamnese, avaliação auditiva e entrevista estruturada para levantamento de informações sobre habilidades de linguagem, comunicação e audição. A média de idade do diagnóstico da perda auditiva foi de 6,3 anos. Cinco (25%) destes sujeitos tinham histórico de repetência escolar e perda auditiva da orelha esquerda. A comunicação oral foi a alteração comunicativa mais referida entre os pacientes estudados. As habilidades linguísticas, comunicativas e auditivas são afetadas de forma variada pela ocorrência da perda auditiva unilateral e comorbidades como deficit de atenção, irritabilidade e agitação parecem estar associados a esta na população estudada.

中耳非結核性抗酸菌症例

We encountered a case of acute otitis media caused by non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. A 13-year-old girl presented with right ear pain and discharge lasting for 1 week despite treatment with a standard antibiotic. Physical examination revealed a small perforation of the right tympanic membrane and swollen external ear canal mucosa. Ear computed tomography showed a soft tissue shadow occupying the right middle ear and the mastoid cavity. Audiometry revealed right sensory hearing loss. She received treatment with eardrops (OFLX), administration of antibiotic (intravenous PIPC 2.0 g/day) and steroid (intravenous dexamethasone sodium phosphate tapering from 6.0 mg/day). Right ear pain, discharge and hearing loss improved. Initial otorrhea cultures yielded non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium fortuitum). After treatment, her symptoms resolved, and she has remained well without evidence of reinfection. On the basis of our experience with this patient, we recommend conservative management (for example, antibiotic administration) for the initial treatment of cases of acute otitis media caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Bilateral Sensory Permanent Hearing Loss After Palliative Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Operation

Bilateral sensory permanent hearing loss (PHL) has been reported after neonatal respiratory failure but has rarely been noted in survivors after cardiac operations. We report the prevalence and severity of PHL after Norwood right ventricular-pulmonary artery shunt for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), document progressive loss, and explore markers of acute illness and ototoxic medications for PHL. This interprovincial longitudinal outcome study after neonatal complex cardiac operations at Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2002 to 2007, completed repeated diagnostic audiologic assessments for all survivors by registered pediatric-experienced audiologists. Demographic, surgical, and perisurgical variables, including ototoxic medications, were collected. The association of potentially predictive variables with PHL and its severity were determined by univariate analysis and multiple logistic and linear regression analysis. At an age older than 3.5 years, progressive PHL was present in 12 of 42 survivors (28.6%, 95% confidence interval, 16.2% to 44.8%; mortality, 20.9%). Overall lowest partial pressure of arterial oxygen (odds ratio, 1.315; 95% confidence interval, 1.051 to 1.506), and cumulative dose of furosemide given as bolus (odds ratio, 1.062; 95% confidence interval, 1.018 to 1.109) combined to predict PHL and gave 39% of the variance of PHL severity. Antibiotics and neuromuscular blockers were not associated with PHL. Monitoring outcomes of neonates after HLHS surgery revealed unexpected PHL associated with hypoxia and bolus administration of furosemide. As survival improves, close follow-up is necessary to identify outcomes and seek modifiable predictive variables. Changes in the mode of furosemide administration may prevent this complication.

Otosclerosis: Thirty-Year Follow-Up After Surgery

The aims of this study were to evaluate the hearing outcomes 28 to 30 years after stapedectomy in patients with surgically confirmed otosclerosis, and to evaluate inner ear involvement. A retrospective clinical study was performed. Sixty-five consecutive patients who underwent stapedectomy at a tertiary referral center between 1977 and 1979 were included in the study. Medical records, including preoperative and postoperative audiograms, were reviewed, and a long-term follow-up clinical examination and pure tone audiometry were performed. The hearing outcome was compared with that of a reference population (ISO 7029) in terms of age and gender. Thirty years after stapedectomy, 66% of the patients' ears studied showed a moderate to profound hearing loss. The deterioration was mainly caused by a sensory hearing loss. The hearing loss was significantly greater than that in the reference population for both air and bone conduction thresholds at the early and late stages of the disease. A large majority of the patients (88%) had bilateral otosclerosis. Patients with otosclerosis have a sensorineural hearing loss that cannot be explained by age. Otosclerosis should be regarded as a middle and inner ear disease. Almost all patients with otosclerosis are in need of ongoing audiological rehabilitation and hearing aids.

Risk of noise-induced sensory hearing loss among wood factory workers, Thailand

ObjectivesNoise-induced hearing loss can be prevented. A cross-sectional study aimed to a) assess sound pressure level (SPL) and average SPL for an 8-h period at working sites; and b) examine...

Otolaryngological Features of ANCA Associated Vasculitis

Objective: ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is characterized by systemic necrotizing vasculitis. AAV is composed of proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA. Because infections are a trigger of AAV, the upper airway areas are the favorite sites of AAV. In this study, we compare the otolaryngological features of AAV between patients with PR3-ANCA and patients with MPO-ANCA. Method: Retrospective case series study. Thirty-four patients enrolled in this study. All patients were diagnosed with AAV at Hokkaido University between 2002 and 2009. We evaluated clinical otologic and rhinologic manifestation of AAV and compared the difference between 2 different ANCA positive patients. Results: The otologic symptoms were divided into 3 types: chronic otitis media (COM), secretory otitis media (SOM), and sensory nerve hearing loss (SNHL). The COM type was more frequently found in patients with PR3-ANCA ( P &lt; .05). Conclusion: A large difference was observed in the disease spectrum between patients with PR3-ANCA and those with MPO-ANCA. In particular, the discrepancy in the granuloma formation between these 2 ANCAs was thought to be the main reason for these clinical feature differences in the otolaryngological field.

Frecuencia de mutaciones en el gen de la usherina (USH2A) en 26 individuos colombianos con síndrome de Usher, tipo II

Introduction. Usher syndrome is a disorder characterized by progressive retinitis pigmentosa, prelingual sensory hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It is the most frequent cause of deaf-blindness in humans. Three clinical types and twelve genetic subtypes have been characterized. Type II is the most common, and among these cases, nearly 80% have mutations in the USH2A gene. Objective. The aim of the study was to establish the mutational frequencies for the short isoform of USH2A gene in Usher syndrome type II. Materials and methods. Twenty-six Colombian individuals with Usher syndrome type II were included. SSCP analysis for 20 exons of the short isoform was performed and abnormal patterns were sequenced. Sequencing of exon 13 of the USH2A gene was performed for all the individuals because the most frequent mutation is located in this exon. Results. The most frequent mutation was c.2299delG, identified in the 27% (n=8) of the sample. The second mutation, p.R334W, showed a frequency of 15%. A new variant identified in the 5'UTR region, g.129G>T, was present in 1 individual (4%). Four polymorphisms were identified; one of them is a new deletion in exon 20, first reported in this study. Conclusions. Mutations in the usherin short isoform were identified in 38% of a sample of 26 USH2 cases. Molecular diagnosis was established in 7 of the 26.

Ruído em consultórios odontológicos pode produzir perda auditiva?

INTRODUCAO: A perda auditiva sensorial e irreversivel induzida por ruido e a maior causa ocupacional evitavel de perda auditiva no mundo. Os dentistas sao profissionais da saude expostos a ruidos provenientes dos equipamentos em seus consultorios e podem sofrer perdas auditivas. OBJETIVO: Medir intensidades de ruido emitidas pelos motores de alta rotacao (mar) utilizados em consultorios odontologicos publicos e privados, verificar se sao lesivas para a orelha humana e comparar os resultados obtidos entre estes servicos. METODO: Estudo de serie, prospectivo, com medidas das intensidades de ruido em dBNA com um decibelimetro Minipa MSL-1352C, USA em quatro consultorios odontologicos do servico publico e quatro particulares em Jundiai-SP, inicialmente do ruido ambiental basal em cada consultorio, durante cinco minutos e depois, do ruido emitido pelo motor de alta rotacao(mar) em funcionamento durante cinco minutos para obter-se as medias. RESULTADOS: Publicos: 1) basal=56,4dB; mar=77,2dB. 2) basal=61,7dB; mar=73,7dB. 3) basal=61,07dB; mar=75,04dB. 4) basal=63,6dB; mar=77,3dB. Particulares: 1) basal=60,7dB; mar=79,1dB. 2) basal=60,7dB; mar=83,1dB. 3)basal=58,4dB; mar=75,5dB. 4)basal=63dB; mar=76dB. CONCLUSOES: As intensidades aferidas de ruido emitido por motores de alta rotacao utilizados em consultorios odontologicos publicos e privados encontram-se abaixo dos limites nocivos a saude auditiva. No servico publico, a intensidade de ruido basal e superior a dos consultorios particulares, contudo a dos motores de alta rotacao e maior nos consultorios particulares.

Mutational frequencies in usherin(USH2A gene) in 26 Colombian individuals with Usher syndrome type II

Usher syndrome is a disorder characterized by progressive retinitis pigmentosa, prelingual sensory hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It is the most frequent cause of deaf-blindness in humans. Three clinical types and twelve genetic subtypes have been characterized. Type II is the most common, and among these cases, nearly 80% have mutations in the USH2A gene. The aim of the study was to establish the mutational frequencies for the short isoform of USH2A gene in Usher syndrome type II. Twenty-six Colombian individuals with Usher syndrome type II were included. SSCP analysis for 20 exons of the short isoform was performed and abnormal patterns were sequenced. Sequencing of exon 13 of the USH2A gene was performed for all the individuals because the most frequent mutation is located in this exon. The most frequent mutation was c.2299delG, identified in the 27% (n=8) of the sample. The second mutation, p.R334W, showed a frequency of 15%. A new variant identified in the 5’UTR region, g.129G>T, was present in 1 individual (4%). Four polymorphisms were identified; one of them is a new deletion in exon 20, first reported in this study. Mutations in the usherin short isoform were identified in 38% of a sample of 26 USH2 cases. Molecular diagnosis was established in 7 of the 26.

Differential Effects of Salicylate, Quinine, and Furosemide on Guinea Pig Inner and Outer Hair Cell Function Revealed by the Input–Output Relation of the Auditory Brainstem Response

Sensory hearing loss is predominantly caused by the destruction of cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs), inner hair cells (IHCs), or spiral ganglion cells (SGCs). There have been a number of attempts to differentiate between these etiologies of hearing loss, using various psychoacoustic and physiologic paradigms. Here we investigate the potential of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) input/output function for such differential diagnosis. On the basis of the saturation of the OHC-based cochlear amplifier, it was hypothesized that selective impairment of OHCs would reduce ABR amplitudes at low to moderate but not at high sound levels. Selective impairment of IHCs or SGCs would reduce ABR amplitudes more or less uniformly across sound level. Finally, a mix of OHC and IHC or SGC impairment would reduce ABR amplitudes at all sound levels but less so at high levels depending on the relative contribution of OHC impairment to the hearing loss. To test these hypotheses, normal-hearing adult guinea pigs were intravenously injected with either salicylate, furosemide, or quinine, under ketamine anesthesia. ABRs, as well as distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), were measured as a function of the sound stimulus level before and after drug injection. Following salicylate injection, ABR amplitudes were reduced only at low-moderate stimulus levels. Following furosemide or quinine injection, ABR amplitudes were reduced at all levels but less so at high ones. This is in accord with the expectation that acute salicylate administration selectively affects the OHCs, while furosemide and quinine affect both OHCs and IHCs/SGCs. Such differential diagnosis was not possible solely on the basis of DPOAE amplitudes, which were unchanged at high stimulus levels after the injection of each of the three drugs. Comparison of ABR and DPOAE threshold shifts could also differentiate the effects of salicylate from those of furosemide and quinine but could not, for example, unequivocally point to salicylate's selective impairment of OHCs. ABR amplitudes appear suitable for differentiating between damage to OHCs and IHCs/SGCs, at least in a controlled experimental setting where pre- and postmanipulation data are available. This could be useful for noninvasively testing the effects of drugs or acoustic overstimulation on the cochlea, at least in the laboratory. Clinical applicability would seem to be limited by the high variability in ABR amplitudes among normal-hearing humans but might be feasible in the future if regular ABR testing entered into routine clinical practice.

Relación entre el déficit sensorial auditivo y depresión en personas mayores: revisión de la literatura

Advances in health, social and economic conditions in the developed countries have increased life expectancy and the number of elderly people. However, although health conditions have improved, age-related diseases are still increasing. One of the most common ailments is the age-related hearing loss, which has several pathophysiological causes and may be influenced by age-related morpho-functional changes. Hearing loss may also have underlying conditions in each individual. Sensory hearing loss tends to negatively affect the quality of life of the elderly, interfering with their capacity to communicate and affecting mood and the level of participation in social life. This may be independent of the cognitive and physical state of individuals, which in the long term and in many cases may end in depression. Detection and early treatment of hearing loss is an important bio-psycho-social benefit to the elderly.

Recurrent Bilateral Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion with Hearing Loss and Encephalopathy: The First Case Report of Susac Syndrome in Korea

We report the first case of Susac syndrome in Koreans, in a 23-yr-old female patient who presented with sudden visual loss and associated neurological symptoms. Ophthalmic examination and fluorescein angiography showed multiple areas of branch retinal artery occlusion, which tended to recur in both eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging showed dot-like, diffusion-restricted lesions in the corpus callosum and left fornix, and audiometry showed low-frequency sensory hearing loss, compatible with Susac syndrome. She received immunosuppressive therapy with oral steroid and azathioprine. Three months later all the symptoms disappeared but obstructive vasculitis have been relapsing. This patient demonstrated the entire clinical triad of Susac syndrome, which tends to occur in young females. Although this disorder has rarely been reported in Asian populations, a high index of suspicion is warranted for early diagnosis and timely treatment.

Auditory and vestibular manifestations of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is a chronic disorder involving the eye and the central nervous, auditory, vestibular and integumentary systems. This study aimed to determine the auditory and vestibular manifestations of this disease. Twenty-four patients diagnosed with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease were assessed for auditory and vestibular dysfunction. Uveitis presents in all cases. Sensory hearing loss was present in 50 per cent of cases, tinnitus in 42 per cent, vertigo in 17 per cent and headache in 17 per cent. Nine patients received systemic steroids. Six patients who were treated early regained their hearing, but three patients whose treatment was delayed did not. One patient with bilateral profound hearing loss underwent cochlear implantation, and achieved excellent post-implantation hearing. There is a high incidence of cochlear and vestibular end-organ involvement in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. The adequacy and timing of treatment has a significant effect on the disease outcome. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease appears to affect the inner ear end-organ. Patients who develop bilateral profound sensory hearing loss are suitable candidates for cochlear implantation.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Presenting with Visual and Auditory Impairment in an Adolescent: An Insight to Management Strategies

A 15-year-old girl presented with progressive deterioration in vision and hearing over 1 week. A huge spleen was palpated below the left costal margin laying down to inguinal region. Blood count showed hyperleukocytosis with a white blood cell count of 455 × 10(9)/l. Peripheral smear yielded myeloid precursor cells with basophilia. Bone marrow aspiration revealed a blast count of 5% morphologically and 4% by flow cytometry. Fundoscopic examination revealed bilateral retinal exudates, edema and hemorhages. Partial sensorioneural hearing loss was also detected on the right ear. The diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia was confirmed by positive t(9;22) by RT-PCR. After commencing on hydroxyurea and intrathecal methotrexate-prednisolone, progressive improvement in hearing and vision was obtained. In our brief report, we aimed to emphasize rare presentation with visual and hearing impairment of chronic myeloid leukemia during childhood, especially in "chronic phase".

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo secondary to inner ear disease

Objectives To contrast clinical characteristics of secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (s-BPPV) with idiopathic BPPV (i-BPPV). Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting University hospital. Subjects and Methods A total of 718 patients whose medical records were reviewed had BPPV. Sixty-nine patients had existing inner ear diseases and thus were considered to have s-BPPV. We reviewed demographics, concurrent causative disorders, involved area, and response to particle repositioning maneuvers for these s-BPPV patients in comparison with i-BPPV subjects. Results Female subjects with i-BPPV outnumbered male subjects by a ratio of 1.9:1, but there was no significant sex difference for s-BPPV patients. The diseases associated with s-BPPV were idiopathic sudden sensory hearing loss (ISSHL, 50.7%), Ménière's disease (MD, 28.9%) and unilateral vestibulopathy such as acute vestibular neuronitis and herpes zoster oticus (20.2%). The posterior canal was most commonly involved in both i-BPPV and s-BPPV. The horizontal canal was the second most common, followed by multi-canal involvement. However, MD-associated BPPV most commonly involved the lateral canal. The mean durations of treatment for i-BPPV and s-BPPV were 2.28 and 4.87 days, respectively. The mean duration of treatment was 6.28 days for ISSHL with BPPV, 5.07 days for BPPV with unilateral vestibulopathy, and 2.28 days for BPPV with MD. Conclusion The mean duration of treatment for BPPV with ISSHL or unilateral vestibulopathy was longer than for other groups. The different pathophysiologies of s-BPPV associated with different inner ear diseases may explain its diverse clinical features and courses.