Sensor For Glucose Detection Research Articles

Preparation of Self‐Driven Triboelectric Nanosensor Based on Chitosan‐Coated Ti Foil for Detecting Blood Glucose Concentration

The clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus typically depends on blood glucose measurements. Many laboratory studies have focused on enzyme–electrode biosensors that require an external power source. In this study, the potential of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as self‐driven sensors for glucose detection is investigated by utilizing the glucose specificity of glucose oxidase. When immersed in glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 3.9 to 13.1 mmol L−1, the TENGs exhibit a linear relationship between the glucose concentration and current and voltage changes. These findings suggest that the TENGs developed in this study can effectively function as glucose sensors, providing a foundation for future human blood glucose monitoring applications and demonstrating a promising new approach for biomedical sensor technology.

Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Glucose based on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide: Optimization of pH and Number of Cycles

Glucose determination method had gain significant interest from the industry for a fast and efficient response especially in the medical area for diabetes patient. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) had been reported to help and improve the sensitivity of a sensor. The investigation for the optimum pH concentrations using FESEM, EDX, XRD analysis and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the pH 9 was suited to be deposited on the SPGE. In addition to that, different number of cycles during electrodeposition process was employed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the charge transfer resistance for each cycle. All the deposited RGO on screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) was being compared to the bare SPGE to confirmed that the electrodeposition of RGO could decrease the charge transfer resistance. For the detection of glucose, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used. 10 cycles deposition of RGO shows the highest sensitivity of 1.0525 μA·mM−1·cm−2 in the detection of glucose compared to the other cycles. The ease of use and scalability of the electrodeposition technique may make it easier to build upon the results of this work and produce glucose sensors that are more widely available and less expensive.

Magnetic and N–doped nanofibrous carbon microsphere with hierarchical porosity as a nanozyme for on-site and visual detection of glucose

BackgroundOn-site and rapid detection of glucose level in foods is important for monitoring and control glucose intake. MethodsMagnetic and N–doped nanofibrous carbon microspheres (Fe@NCMs) with hierarchical porosity were designed as a novel nanozyme (Fe@NCMzyme), and the catalytic mechanism was investigated via the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Therefore, Fe@NCMzyme sensor and point-of-care testing (POCT) platform were developed for glucose detection in food samples. Significant findingsFe@NCMzyme showed 3D porous structure, a larger surface area, and N–doped carbon material properties, resulting in an enhanced peroxidase (POD)–like activity. In Fe@NCMzyme, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FeNPs) act as catalytic centers and N–doped carbon nanofibers could be used as substrate binding sites. DFT results revealed that Fe–induced Fenton–like reaction was the main catalytic mechanism. The low detection limit and linear range of Fe@NCMzyme sensor was 0.247 μM and 1–900 μM, respectively. The excellent recovery ration in spiked food samples was 85.0 %–110.0 %. The applicability of Fe@NCMzyme sensor for glucose detection was verified by the commercial Glucometer. Furthermore, Fe@NCMzyme POCT platform was established and a linear detection range (10–900 μM) was obtained with low detection limit (3.125 μM). Importantly, Fe@NCMzyme POCT platform was realized visual, on–site, and rapid detection of glucose in food samples.

Flexible Carbon Fiber/TiO2 Nanopillars Electrode in the Detection of Glucose Under Photoexcitation

The development and utilization of biosensors have received a great attention from the scientific community due to their wide applications in the areas of food safety, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and other fields. In this paper, we report the development of a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for glucose detection using a flexible carbon fiber/TiO2 nanopillars electrode. The carbon fiber/TiO2 nanopillars was prepared by two step process in which the first step is to grow TiO2 seeds over carbon fiber by magnetron sputtering while the second step leads the growth of TiO2 nanopillars over flexible carbon fibers substrate. Under photoexcitation, the PEC sensor showed a significant enhancement in the sensitivity for glucose detection. The detection mechanism was based on the photoelectrochemical oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid, which generated an electrical signal that was proportional to the glucose concentration. The electrochemical examinations were performed at low glucose concentrations in the range of 1–5 mM (mmol L−1) to investigate the corresponding photocurrent. The results showed that the photocurrent increases with increasing the glucose concentration. This is of great significance for the detection of hypoglycemia, and has good application prospects in the fields of nano-detection, biological diagnosis and wearable devices. The flexible carbon fiber/TiO2 PEC sensor developed in this study is a promising approach for the development of wearable devices for continuous glucose monitoring.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) with glucose and lactate dehydrogenases encapsulated within alginate hydrogels

Two dehydrogenase enzymes (glucose, GDH, and lactate, LDH, dehydrogenases) encapsulated within alginate hydrogels were deposited on glassy carbon electrodes. The as-prepared enzyme modified alginate hydrogels were utilized as electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based biosensors for the indirect detection of glucose and lactic acid upon reaction between NADH and tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The ECL response was obtained from the redox reaction between the substrate, the cofactor NAD+ and the encapsulated enzyme. The production of NADH resulting from the enzymatic reaction led to the ECL emission upon reaction with [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The biosensors showed good stability and repeatability, with linear range between 0.56 and 4.2 µM and limit of detection of 0.84 µM for glucose, and linear range between 5 and 30 µM with a limit of detection of 2.52 µM for lactic acid. These ECL-based biosensors showed good sensitivity when tested in the presence of common interfering species. These biosensors were utilized in artificial sweat and were characterized by good reproducibility and repeatability. The results herein presented suggest that the dehydrogenases encapsulated within alginate hydrogels have potential for the development of biocompatible sensors for detection of glucose and lactic acid in physiological fluids.

Cost effective synthesis of Mn doped NiO/rGO nanocomposite for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

ABSTRACT Herein, we report the synthesis, characterisation and glucose sensor study of prepared compounds and composite. The prepared samples reported here for glucose-sensing applications were doped (Mn.NiO) and un-doped metal oxide (NiO) and their composite with 2D layered material (Mn-doped-NiO/rGO). The structural analysis of the samples was done by conventional technique called as X-rays diffraction (×RD). Spectral and functional groups’ analysis was elucidated by FTIR spectroscopy. The electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological features study. The electrochemical measurements were carried out to analyse biosensing response. Carbon fibre cloth was used as a substrate material to fabricate Mn-doped-NiO/rGO nanocomposite-based biosensor for glucose detection. The analytical performance of the synthesised material was evaluated in terms of electrochemical sensitivity, linear response and limit of detection (LOD). The results showed that the material exhibited an excellent electrochemical sensitivity towards glucose detection with wider range of linear responses. The LOD for Mn-doped-NiO/rGO nanocomposite was 0.11 µM, regression equation for the low concentration was I(µA) = 1477.1C + 165.19 with correlation coefficient value R2 = 0.9849. Conclusively, the rGO-based Mn-doped-NiO nanocomposite experienced robust potential as non-enzymatic sensor for detection of glucose.

Electrospun nanofibers modified with Ni-MOF for electrochemiluminescent determination of glucose

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for glucose detection was constructed by covering Au nanoparticles (Au NPs), Ni metal–organic frameworks nanofibers (Ni-MOF NFs) and glucose oxidase (GOD) on the electrode surface, respectively. Ni-MOF NFs prepared by electrostatic spinning can be used as GOD carrier and ECL promoter. Meanwhile, synergistic effect of Ni-MOF NFs and Au NPs could amplify the ECL signal of Ru(bpy)32+-TPrA system. With the increasing of glucose concentration, ECL signal was also increasing, so a method for determining glucose could be established. The possible mechanism of luminescence was investigated, and the parameters affecting the experimental reaction were also studied. Under the optimal conditions, the constructed ECL sensor can effectively detect glucose in the range of 2.0 × 10−10 to 2.0 × 10−5 M, and the detection limit was 6.7 × 10−11 M. This study demonstrated for the first time that Ni-MOF NFs could serve as ECL accelerator for the facile detection of glucose in human serum.

Highly Sensitive, Fast Response and Selective Glucose Detection Based on CuO/Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Non‐enzymatic Sensor

AbstractThis work presents development of an innovative CuO/nitrogen‐doped carbon composite (CuO−C) that may be effectively applied for the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and creation of a non‐enzymatic sensor for glucose detection. The structure of the CuO−C nanostructured material was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The prepared electroactive material, based on CuO including carbon structures derived from chitosan, showed excellent performance in terms of electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. Under optimal conditions, the modified electrode displays high sensitivity (1546 μA mM−1 cm−2), a low detection limit (1.95 μM) and short response time (4 s).

Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose in Neutral Solution Using PBS-Treated Electrodeposited Copper-Nickel Electrodes.

Transition metals have been explored extensively for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. However, to enable glucose oxidation, the majority of reports require highly alkaline electrolytes which can be damaging to the sensors and hazardous to handle. In this work, we developed a non-enzymatic sensor for detection of glucose in near-neutral solution based on copper-nickel electrodes which are electrochemically modified in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Nickel and copper were deposited using chronopotentiometry, followed by a two-step annealing process in air (Step 1: at room temperature and Step 2: at 150 °C) and electrochemical stabilization in PBS. Morphology and chemical composition of the electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure oxidation reaction of glucose in sodium sulfate (100 mM, pH 6.4). The PBS-Cu-Ni working electrodes enabled detection of glucose with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.2 nM, a dynamic response from 5 nM to 20 mM, and sensitivity of 5.47 0.45 at an applied potential of 0.2 V. In addition to the ultralow LOD, the sensors are selective toward glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of ascorbic acid and uric acid spiked in artificial saliva. The optimized PBS-Cu-Ni electrodes demonstrate better stability after seven days storage in ambient compared to the Cu-Ni electrodes without PBS treatment.

Synergistic enhancement effects of cobalt oxide doped silver oxide and porphyrin zinc on an electrochemiluminescence sensor for detection of glucose

An electrochemiluminescence sensor was prepared by modification of glassy carbon electrode with multiwall carbon nanotubes, tris (2, 2′-bi-pyridyl) ruthenium (II), cobalt oxide doped silver oxide and porphyrin zinc in sequence. In this platform, multiwall carbon nanotubes worked as the carrier, carrying tris (2, 2′-bi-pyridyl) ruthenium (II), and cobalt oxide doped silver oxide and porphyrin zinc were used as co-reaction accelerators of tris (2, 2′-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) /tri-n-propylamine system. The synergy of cobalt oxide doped silver oxide and porphyrin zinc promoted the electron transfer, thus enhancing the ECL performance. The possible reaction mechanism of the sensor was researched. Moreover, the experimental results showed that glucose also had a certain sensitizing effect on the system. The parameters that affected the performance of the sensor were optimized. The electrochemiluminescence intensity was linear with the logarithm of glucose concentration under the optimal conditions. And the linear range was 1.0 × 10−9 to 5.0 × 10−4 mol·L−1, the detection limit was calculated to be 3.3 × 10−10 mol·L−1 (S/N = 3). The developed ECL sensor demonstrated good sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility for the determination of glucose in biological systems.

Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser-Induced Graphene: Structure, Properties, and Application to Chemical Sensing.

Notwithstanding its relatively recent discovery, graphene has gone through many evolution steps and inspired a multitude of applications in many fields, from electronics to life science. The recent advancements in graphene production and patterning, and the inclusion of two-dimensional (2D) graphenic materials in three-dimensional (3D) superstructures, further extended the number of potential applications. In this Review, we focus on laser-induced graphene (LIG), an intriguing 3D porous graphenic material produced by direct laser scribing of carbonaceous precursors, and on its applications in chemical sensors and biosensors. LIG can be shaped in different 3D forms with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is a valuable characteristic for sensors that typically rely on phenomena occurring at surfaces and interfaces. Herein, an overview of LIG, including synthesis from various precursors, structure, and characteristic properties, is first provided. The discussion focuses especially on transport and surface properties, and on how these can be controlled by tuning the laser processing. Progresses and trends in LIG-based chemical sensors are then reviewed, discussing the various transduction mechanisms and different LIG functionalization procedures for chemical sensing. A comparative evaluation of sensors performance is then provided. Finally, sensors for glucose detection are reviewed in more detail, since they represent the vast majority of LIG-based chemical sensors.

Non-enzymatic sensing of glucose with high specificity and sensitivity based on high surface area mesoporous BiZnSbV-G-SiO2

It is profoundly appealing to build a common enzyme-free sensor for detection of glucose. We effectively synthesized a uniform and mesoporous BiZnSbV-G-SiO2 (BZSVGS) quaternary nanocomposite by electrodeposition on a Ni foam substrate. This BiZnSbV-G-SiO2@NF composite terminal has been used as an electrocatalyst for coordinated oxidation of glucose, in this manner acting as a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Coordinated electrochemical estimation with the as-arranged anodes in PBS and urea showed that the BiZnSbV-G-SiO2 nanocomposite has a great electrocatalytic movement toward glucose oxidation in a neutral medium and a wide straight reaction from 0.06 to 0.1 μmol/L, a low detection constraint of 0.06 μmol/L (S/N = 3) at a low connected potential of + 0.20 V vs Ag/AgCl. This ponder moreover highlights the effect of diminishing anion electronegativity on upgrading the electrocatalytic proficiency by bringing down the potential required for glucose oxidation and long-term steadiness together with a brief reaction time of roughly 4 s highlights the promising execution of the BiZnSbV-G-SiO2@NF anode for non-enzymatic glucose detection with high accuracy and unwavering quality. Besides, it can be used for glucose location in human blood serum, promising its application toward assurance of glucose in genuine tests.

Co-Ni layered double hydroxides wrapped on leaf-shaped copper oxide hybrids for non-enzymatic detection of glucose

The leaf-shaped copper oxide (CuO) was first fabricated by a direct precipitation method. Then, the flake-shaped Co-Ni layered double hydroxides (CoNi-LDHs) were grown on the leaf-shaped CuO by using an electrodeposition method to form a unique nanostructured electrocatalyst. Due to the unique structural and compositional advantages, CoNi-LDHs wrapped around the leaf-shaped CuO exhibited good electrocatalytic characteristics. The optimized CuO/CoNi-LDHs exhibited improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing performance for glucose, with a reliable linear range (0.1 μM–0.384 mM) and a low limit of detection (0.065 µM, S/N = 3). The utilization of the CuO/CoNi-LDHs sensor for glucose detection in human serum was also corroborated, implying promising potential for glucose monitoring. Results demonstrated that the developed sensor provides new horizons for facile and sensitive glucose detection.

Inkjet-printed paper-based electrochemical sensor with gold nano-ink for detection of glucose in blood serum

An inkjet-printed paper electrode with gold nanoparticle-ink as a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for detection of glucose in blood serum is reported.

Enhancement the Sensitivity of waveguide Coated ZnO thin films: Role of Plasma Irradiation

In this study, Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma irradiation (DBD) is applied to treatment and improve the properties of the ZnO thin film deposited on the glass substrate as a sensor for glucose detection. The ZnO is prepared via a sol-gel method in this work. ZnO is irradiated by the DBD high voltage plasma to improve of its sensitivity. The optical properties, roughness and surface morphology of the waveguide coated ZnO thin films before and after DBD plasma irradiation are studied in this work. The results showed a significant improvement in the performance of the sensor in the detection of concentrations of glucose solution after plasma irradiation. Where the largest value in sensitivity was equal to 62.7 when the distance between electrodes was 5 cm compared to the sensitivity before irradiation, which was equal to 92. The high response showed in results demonstrating that the fabricated waveguide coated ZnO after plasma irradiation has the excellent potential application as a sensor to detect small concentration of glucose solution.

Nickel oxide decorated MoS2 nanosheet-based non-enzymatic sensor for the selective detection of glucose.

Understanding blood glucose levels in our body can be a key part in identifying and diagnosing prediabetes. Herein, nickel oxide (NiO) decorated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets have been synthesized via a hydrothermal process to develop a non-enzymatic sensor for the detection of glucose. The surface morphology of the NiO/MoS2 nanocomposite was comprehensively investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The electro-catalytic activity of the as-prepared NiO/MoS2 nanocomposite towards glucose oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and amperometry in 0.1 M NaOH. The NiO/MoS2 nanocomposite-based sensor showed outstanding electrocatalytic activity for the direct electro-oxidation of glucose due to it having more catalytic active sites, good conductivity, excellent electron transport and high specific surface area. Meanwhile, the NiO/MoS2 modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) showed a linear range of glucose detection from 0.01 to 10 mM by amperometry at 0.55 V. The effect of other common interferent molecules on the electrode response was also tested using alanine, l-cysteine, fructose, hydrogen peroxide, lactose, uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid. These molecules did not interfere in the detection of glucose. Moreover, this NiO/MoS2/GCE sensor offered rapid response (2 s) and a wide linear range with a detection limit of 1.62 μM for glucose. The reproducibility, repeatability and stability of the sensor were also evaluated. The real application of the sensor was tested in a blood serum sample in the absence and presence of spiked glucose and its recovery values (96.1 to 99.8%) indicated that this method can be successfully applied to detect glucose in real samples.

A thin film polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrochemical sensor for detection of glucose in sweat

In this work, a thin film PET based gold electrode (PGE) glucose sensor was fabricated through ultraviolet mediated chemical plating technique. Compared with the most existing wearable thin film gold electrode sensors, the PGE-glucose sensor is simple, low cost and minimum instrumentation was required. The proposed glucose sensor revealed a sensitivity of 22.05 μA mM−1 cm−2 in a linear range from 0.02 to 1.11 mM with a low detection limit of 2.7 μM (S/N = 3). The PGE-glucose sensor had a good selectivity and was not interfered by lactic acid, urea, acetaminophen, uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid. Additionally, it exhibited good reproducibility and long-term stability over four weeks. Finally, the disposable PGE-glucose sensor was successfully applied to determine the glucose in sweat and commercial beverage accurately.

A new method for glucose detection using the one dimensional defective photonic crystals

In order to enhance the sensing and measuring process of glucose, a sensitive tool should be developed to stimulate glucose properties. In the present paper, we propose theoretically the one dimensional photonic crystals that contain a defect layer to act as a sensor for glucose detection. The theoretical modeling is essentially based on the basics of the characteristic matrix method. Our proposed idea is mainly based on the insertion of the glucose solution inside the defect layer. A resonant peak with a sharp intensity is formed within the photonic band gap which is directly related to the glucose properties. Glucose is an important biomaterial can be affected by the surrounding environment. Therefore, we have studied the effects of many physical parameters on the position of the transmitted resonant peak. We have deduced that the temperature, glucose concentration and the angle of incidence have pronounced effect on the sensitivity of the transmission spectrum of the photonic crystal structure. These results may be useful in the design of a simple and low cost glucose sensor compared with the present sensors.

BaWO4:Ln3+ Nanocrystals: Controllable Synthesis, Theoretical Investigation on the Substitution Site, and Bright Upconversion Luminescence as a Sensor for Glucose Detection

Simultaneous morphology and upconversion luminescence tuning of BaWO4 nanocrystals excited at 980 nm has been achieved by the successful double doping of different Ln3+ ions. Especially, the substitution sites of Ln3+ into BaWO4 have been investigated by the combination of experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the first time. The Ba site is the most likely location for BaWO4:Yb3+, BaWO4:Er3+, BaWO4:Tm3+, and BaWO4:Ho3+. However, when codoping Yb3+ with other Ln3+ species into the unit cell of BaWO4, the DFT calculations indicated that it is more likely that Yb3+ engages the W site of BaWO4, while the doped Ln3+ remains at its location at the Ba site, with Yb3+ in the near W layer in the c axis. In addition, a low-cost and sensitive BaWO4:Yb3+/Er3+@Au for glucose detection is designed through a luminescence resonance energy-transfer process and characterized by fluorescence techniques. The limit of detection of BaWO4:Yb3+/Er3+@Au was 3.1 nM. BaWO4:Yb3+/Er3+@Au can be convenientl...

Cultivating the STEM pipeline by translating glucose sensor research into a hands-on outreach activity

This report describes a hands-on outreach activity for middle school students on the topic of glucose sensing. The activity was formulated from a research project to develop a carbon nanofiber (CNF) sensor for glucose detection. The objective of the activity was to translate glucose sensor research to middle school outreach in order to increase the students’ interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) through engaging and scientifically relevant activities. Over a two year period, eight groups totaling 150 students conducted a hands-on investigation using commercially available glucose sensors and glucose testing strips with lab-prepared glucose solutions. As the activity evolved, later groups had content that addressed adopted science standards and developments in the area of glucose sensing, including using carbon nanofiber electrodes. The results suggested that, overall, the activity increased the participants’ interest in STEM and knowledge of the activity topics which included sensors, diabetes management and differentiation of a solute.