Sensor System For Measurement Research Articles

Construction of a Colorimetric and Near-Infrared Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor and Portable Sensing System for On-Site Quantitative Measurement of Sulfite in Food.

Sulfites play imperative roles in food crops and food products, serving as sulfur nutrients for food crops and as food additives in various foods. It is necessary to develop an effective method for the on-site quantification of sulfites in food samples. Here, 7-(diethylamino) quinoline is used as a fluorescent group and electron donor, alongside the pyridinium salt group as an electron acceptor and the C=C bond as the sulfite-specific recognition group. We present a novel fluorescent sensor based on a mechanism that modulates the efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), CY, for on-site quantitative measurement of sulfite in food. The fluorescent sensor itself exhibited fluorescence in the near-infrared light (NIR) region, effectively minimizing the interference of background fluorescence in food samples. Upon exposure to sulfite, the sensor CY displayed a ratiometric fluorescence response (I447/I692) with a high sensitivity (LOD = 0.061 μM), enabling accurate quantitative measurements in complex food environments. Moreover, sensor CY also displayed a colorimetric response to sulfite, making sensor CY measure sulfite in both fluorescence and colorimetric dual-signal modes. Sensor CY has been utilized for quantitatively measuring sulfite in red wine and sugar with recoveries between 99.65% and 101.90%, and the RSD was below 4.0%. The sulfite concentrations in live cells and zebrafish were also monitored via fluorescence imaging. Moreover, the sulfite assimilated by lettuce leaves was monitored, and the results demonstrated that excessive sulfite in leaf tissue could lead to leaf tissue damage. In addition, the sulfate-transformed sulfite in lettuce stem tissue was tracked, providing valuable insights for evaluating sulfur nutrients in food crops. More importantly, to accomplish the on-site quantitative measurement of sulfite in food samples, a portable sensing system was prepared. Sensor CY and the portable sensing system were successfully used for the on-site quantitative measurement of sulfite in food.

An exhaled breath gas sensor system for near-infrared ammonia measurement and kidney diagnostics

Breath analysis enables rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of human health by identifying and quantifying exhaled biomarker. Here, we demonstrated an exhaled breath sensing method using the near-infrared laser spectroscopy, and sub parts-per-million (ppm) level ammonia detection inside the exhaled gas was achieved employing a distributed feedback laser centered at 1512 nm and Kalman filtering algorithm. Integration of the ammonia sensor was realized for exhaled breath analysis of kidney patients, and a dual operation mechanism with static and dynamic modes was proposed to make this method applicable for real-time and comprehensive pre-diagnosis of kidney disease.

A Comprehensive Review of In Situ Measurement Techniques for Evaluating the Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Behaviors of Battery Electrodes.

The global production landscape exhibits a substantial need for efficient and clean energy. Enhancing and advancing energy storage systems are a crucial avenue to optimize energy utilization and mitigate costs. Lithium batteries are the most effective and impressive energy utilization system at present, with good safety, high energy density, excellent cycle performance, and other advantages, occupying most of the market. However, due to the defects in the electrode material of the battery itself, the electrode will undergo the process of expansion, stress evolution, and electrode damage during electro-chemical cycling, which will degrade battery performance. Therefore, the detection of property changes in the electrode during electro-chemical cycling, such as the evolution of stress and the modulus change, are useful for preventing the degradation of lithium-ion batteries. This review presents a current overview of measurement systems applied to the performance detection of batteries' electrodes, including the multi-beam optical stress sensor (MOSS) measurement system, the digital image correlation (DIC) measurement system, and the bending curvature measurement system (BCMS), which aims to highlight the measurement principles and advantages of the different systems, summarizes a part of the research methods by using each system, and discusses an effective way to improve the battery performance.

A Time-Differential BOCDA Sensor Measurement System Applied to a 1 km Long SMF Using a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier as a Pump Chopper.

A time-differential (TD) Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (BOCDA) sensor system was applied to measure the Brillouin gain spectrum of a 1 km long sensing optical fiber. The optical delay line used in all BOCDA measurement systems was eliminated in the TD-BOCDA system by using a bit-delayed modulation relationship between the probe and pump lightwaves. These lightwaves were phase modulated using 216-1 pseudo-random binary sequence codes at 5 Gbps. A 2 cm dispersion-shifted fiber placed at the end of the 1 km optical fiber was distinctly identified by the Brillouin frequency extracted from the Brillouin gain spectrum measurement. To investigate the measurement stability of the TD-BOCDA system, experiments were conducted under two different pumping conditions. A semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and an intensity modulator (MOD) were compared for the pump chopper used in the TD-BOCDA system to detect the extinction ratio of the pump and the resulting noise in the Brillouin gain measurement. The stability of the Brillouin frequency measurement from the Brillouin gain spectrum in the TD-BOCDA system was investigated by increasing the average value of the measurement using either the SOA or MOD. The repeated-measurement deviation of the system with the SOA was only half of the deviation observed in the system with the MOD. The performance of TD-BOCDA is equivalent to or better than that of conventional BOCDAs in terms of measurement reliability. Moreover, TD-BOCDA is free from the drawbacks of traditional BOCDA, which uses time-delayed fibers and varies the bit rates.

Autonomous Sensor System for Low-Capacity Wind Turbine Blade Vibration Measurement.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and validation of an on-blade sensor system for remote vibration measurement for low-capacity wind turbines. The autonomous sensor system was deployed on three wind turbines, with one of them operating in harsh weather conditions in the far south of Chile. The system recorded the acceleration response of the blades in the flapwise and edgewise directions, data that could be used for extracting the dynamic characteristics of the blades, information useful for damage diagnosis and prognosis. The proposed sensor system demonstrated reliable data acquisition and transmission from wind turbines in remote locations, proving the ability to create a fully autonomous system capable of recording data for monitoring and evaluating the state of health of wind turbine blades for extended periods without human intervention. The data collected by the sensor system presented in this study can serve as a foundation for developing vibration-based strategies for real-time structural health monitoring.

Remote sensor measurement system for sub-centimeter structural change detection

This work presents an autonomous remote sensor measurement system to monitor structural change detection. We utilized a portable network analyzer as a core component of a ground-based synthetic aperture radar to achieve structural monitoring. First, we realized a 2-meter rail apparatus, where antennas and radio frequency components of the radar can move, to obtain a synthetic radar aperture. Then, we develop signal processing algorithms to obtain radar images and to perform change detection. Although the range resolution of our system is 15 cm due to the frequency bandwidth of the radar, we have successfully developed an interferometric change detection technique to achieve up to 440μm change detection of the monitored structure.

Near-Infrared Off-Axis integrated cavity output spectroscopic sensor system for ammonia leakage measurement in cold store using embedded Multi-Core processor

A near-infrared off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopic (OA-ICOS) sensor system for ammonia (NH3) leakage detection was developed. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser was used to target the absorption line of NH3 at 6612.167 cm−1. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the sensor system. When the averaging time is 0.8 s, the detection limit (1σ) of NH3 is ∼ 1.21 parts-per-million by volume (ppmv) using wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). The 10–90 % response time of the NH3 sensor system is ∼ 7.2 s. Based on the developed local monitoring and control platform (LMCP), cloud server, remote monitoring and control end (RMCE), the unattended NH3 leakage detection experiments were carried out in a cold store located in Jilin City. The experimental results confirmed the rapid detection capability of the reported sensor system for NH3 leakage as well as the capability of remote monitoring and control.

Validation of a sensor-system for real-time measurement of mineralized nitrogen in soils

When reducing the negative impact of agriculture on the environment, one major approach is to substantially decrease the nitrate contamination of the groundwater originating from mineral and organic fertilization. However, efficient plant production relies on sufficient nutrient supply. Finding the balance between appropriate plant nutrition and ground water conservation is a challenge. Appropriate nitrogen fertilization relies on the measurement of mineralized nitrogen (Nmin) - the total amount of nitrate and ammonium - in the soil. Taking soil samples with an auger and subsequent chemical analyses in a laboratory is state of the art. However, this process is time-consuming and often time-delayed. The Stenon FarmLab, a sensor spade, is a new device which claims to measure soil Nmin and other soil parameters in real-time with spectral methods. The aim of this study was to validate the Nmin measurements of the Stenon FarmLab with the common laboratory method. The authors conducted a series of 20 measurements consisting of a varying number of individual values per measurement. In total, 211 individual values on 15 different field sites in three regions in Bavaria, Germany were analyzed. Reference samples for laboratory analysis were taken simultaneously with a sampling auger. Only 181 of the 211 individual values were considered in the evaluation as Nmin contents of less than 42 kg N ha−1 and greater than 189 kg N ha−1 exceeded FarmLab's measurement range. The results showed that the Stenon FarmLab overestimated Nmin in 75 % of the cases in comparison to the laboratory analysis. On average, the mean values of the sampled sites differed by 38 kg N ha−1 showing a 69 % mean deviation from the laboratory. The overall coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.3 for individual measurements and 0.66 for the mean values of a site. In conclusion, the Stenon FarmLab is a good approach for a more time-saving method regarding relative differences within or between fields. However, absolute values measured with the Stenon FarmLab, which are required for demand-driven fertilization, are not accurate enough: the system needs to be further improved to match reference methods.

Low-carbon Economic Operation Optimization of Integrated Energy System Considering Carbon Emission Sensing Measurement System and Demand Response: An Improved Northern Goshawk Optimization Algorithm

Low-carbon Economic Operation Optimization of Integrated Energy System Considering Carbon Emission Sensing Measurement System and Demand Response: An Improved Northern Goshawk Optimization Algorithm

Association between Self-reported Sleep Quality and Single-task Gait in Young Adults: A Study Using Machine Learning.

Objective The objective of the present study was to find biomechanical correlates of single-task gait and self-reported sleep quality in a healthy, young population by replicating a recently published study. Materials and Methods Young adults ( n = 123) were recruited and were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory to assess sleep quality. Gait variables ( n = 53) were recorded using a wearable inertial measurement sensor system on an indoor track. The data were split into training and test sets and then different machine learning models were applied. A post-hoc analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find statistically significant differences in gait variables between good and poor sleepers. Results AdaBoost models reported the highest correlation coefficient (0.77), with Support-Vector classifiers reporting the highest accuracy (62%). The most important features associated with poor sleep quality related to pelvic tilt and gait initiation. This indicates that overall poor sleepers have decreased pelvic tilt angle changes, specifically when initiating gait coming out of turns (first step pelvic tilt angle) and demonstrate difficulty maintaining gait speed. Discussion The results of the present study indicate that when using traditional gait variables, single-task gait has poor accuracy prediction for subjective sleep quality in young adults. Although the associations in the study are not as strong as those previously reported, they do provide insight into how gait varies in individuals who report poor sleep hygiene. Future studies should use larger samples to determine whether single task-gait may help predict objective measures of sleep quality especially in a repeated measures or longitudinal or intervention framework.

Structural, optical, electrical and gas sensor properties of Fe-doped CdO thin films synthesized by spray pyrolsis

In this study, the structural, optical, electrical and gas sensor properties of Fe-doped CdO thin films synthesized using the spray pyrolysis method were investigated as a function of Fe doping. The characterizations of the thin films were made by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and Hall measurements. In addition, the response values of the films for H2 gas were determined by a current-sensitive gas sensor measurement system. XRD analyzes revealed that the produced films were in polycrystalline cubic structure and their unit cell volumes were reduced by Fe doping. The mean particle size and mean dislocation density of Fe doped samples were obtained as 11.99 nm and 6.98 × 1015 (line/m2), respectively. XPS results showed that the experimentally obtained doping ratios of the produced films were very close to the planned doping ratios and the formation of CdxFe(1-x)-O2 and CdxFe(1-x)-O3 on the surfaces of the samples decreased with the increment of Fe doping. UV-VIS measurements demostrated that the band gap is generally reduced due to doping, in line with the Moss-Burstein effect. According to Hall results, the mobility of the samples increases with increasing doping. SEM and AFM analyzes revealed that Fe doping to CdO causes nanoroads formation on thin film surfaces, and nanoroads disappear in 4 % and 5 % doped films. In addition to the specified characterizations, how these changes in the surface morphology of the films with Fe doping affect the H2 gas responses of the samples is also explained in the study.

Contact allergy to medical devices

Abstract Background Medical devices are not subject to any legal obligation to declare ingredients. With an increasing number of available medical devices, increasing reports of contact allergies to these devices result in a more difficult, delayed or lack of diagnosis of the trigger. Methods Elaborate chemical methods, such as gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, were able to detect novel contact allergens in medical devices. Results Diabetic patients requiring insulin benefit from sophisticated glucose sensor measurement systems and insulin pump systems, but are limited in their choices by the development of contact allergy. Potential contact allergens in medical adhesives, plasters, and wound dressings require extensive diagnostic testing. Contact allergic reactions to cardiac electronic implants are rare. The potential relevance of a contact allergic reaction to endoluminal stents to restenosis of the treated vascular territory is discussed. Contact dermatitis to medical gloves is usually due to the vulcanization accelerators. Mouth–nose protective or FFP2 mask-associated eczema is often irritant, very rarely allergic in origin. Conclusion With continued development of medical devices, new contact allergens are introduced. The declaration of their ingredients is necessary for rapid diagnosis and future prevention.

A Feasibility Study on Extension of Measurement Distance in Vision Sensor Using Super-Resolution for Dynamic Response Measurement.

The current civil infrastructure conditions can be assessed through the measurement of displacement using conventional contact-type sensors. To address the disadvantages of traditional sensors, vision-based sensor measurement systems have been derived in numerous studies and proven as an alternative to traditional sensors. Despite the benefits of the vision sensor, it is well known that the accuracy of the vision-based displacement measurement is largely dependent on the camera extrinsic or intrinsic parameters. In this study, the feasibility study of a deep learning-based single image super-resolution (SISR) technique in a vision-based sensor system is conducted to alleviate the low spatial resolution of image frames at long measurement distance ranges. Additionally, its robustness is evaluated using shaking table tests. As a result, it is confirmed that the SISR can reconstruct definite images of natural targets resulting in an extension of the measurement distance range. Additionally, it is determined that the SISR mitigates displacement measurement error in the vision sensor-based measurement system. Based on this fundamental study of SISR in the feature point-based measurement system, further analysis such as modal analysis, damage detection, and so forth should be continued in order to explore the functionality of SR images by applying low-resolution displacement measurement footage.

Design and Development of Fiber Optic Sensor System for Rotational Speed Measurement

Design and Development of Fiber Optic Sensor System for Rotational Speed Measurement

Measurement of film fluctuations and aerated characteristics during gas-liquid slug-churn flow transition by wire-mesh sensor

Vertical upward gas-liquid slug flows are frequently encountered in chemical processes and petroleum industries. The measurement of the film fluctuations and the aerated characteristics is of great significance for uncovering the mechanism of slug-churn flow pattern transitions. In this study, a conductance wire-mesh sensor (WMS) measurement system is designed based on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to visualize the structures of vertical gas-liquid flows. Liquid film flooding is a significant factor prompting the transition from slug to churn flow. Based on the WMS data, the 3D film structures are derived to indicate film instability during the flow pattern transition. Three types of film fluctuations in stable slug flow, unstable slug flow, and churn flow are presented. Liquid slug aeration is another important factor contributing to the slug-churn flow transition. The spatial distribution and the diameters of the gas bubbles in the liquid slug are detected by the WMS. The coalescence behavior of the bubbles is uncovered. Finally, mechanistic models based on the film flooding and slug aeration are constructed to predict the boundary of the flow pattern transition. The performance of the film flooding model and slug aeration model in predicting the onset of churn flow is evaluated.

Development of RF Power Sensor Measurement System Using VNA Method and Heating Block

Development of RF Power Sensor Measurement System Using VNA Method and Heating Block

Deposition of CdO semiconductors on yarns by dip coating method and gas sensor applications

Thin films produced by deposition of metal oxides on different surfaces show semi-conductor properties that are sensitive to the surrounding atmosphere components. With their optical, electrical, and structural properties, CdO metal oxides are used in a variety of fields ranging from optoelectronic materials to gas sensors. CdO thin films can be produced by different methods such as spray pyrolysis, SILAR, sol-gel spin coating and dip coating technique. The sol-gel dip coating technique, which is simple, accessible, adjustable, and repeatable based on desired parameters, is widely used in the production of CdO thin films. In this study, CdO metal oxide thin films were coated on polyamide, acrylic and cotton yarns by sol-gel dipping method in three different molarities of 0.1 M, 0.3 M and 0.5 M starting solutions. Structural properties of CdO thin film coated yarn samples were investigated using SEM and EDX analyzes were performed. The sensor tests of the yarn samples for LPG gas were carried out in the specially designed gas sensor measurement system and in the gas chamber. The 0.5 M CdO thin film coated cotton yarn samples showed better semiconductor properties and gas response than the other samples.

Three-Dimensional Mapping Technology for Structural Deformation during Aircraft Assembly Process

Owing to the assembly state changes during aircraft assembly processes, assembly force-deformation problem occurs. To obtain the structure shape in the product assembly process efficiently and accurately, a three-dimensional (3D) mapping technology for the structural deformation during the aircraft assembly process is proposed combined with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical fiber sensor and binocular vision measurement system. First, this study established a curvature transformation model using optical fiber monitoring data, obtained the 3D spatial deformation of the product, and completed the unification of the optical fiber wavelength change and spatial 3D point coordinate heterogeneous data. Second, a mesh deformation optimization algorithm based on point-cloud optimization was established. Subsequently, the deformation effects of four mesh deformation models were compared to verify the feasibility and accuracy of HEC-Laplace, and the 3D mapping of the product structure shape in the assembly process was realized. Finally, a cantilever wing model was used to verify the deformation of different loading modes. The results show that the product structure changes can be accurately obtained through the proposed technology, thereby improving the accuracy control and overall assembly quality in the aircraft assembly process and providing a theoretical basis for intelligent aircraft assembly.

Time-domain transmission sensor system for on-site dielectric permittivity measurements in soil: A compact, low-cost and stand-alone solution

Dielectric-based measurement techniques have been shown to be very effective in determining the properties of various materials. These techniques have been widely used in a variety of fields and applications. Time Domain Transmission (TDT) techniques have grown in popularity because they are practical, non-destructive, provide measurements in real time and produce accurate measurements that are independent of multiple reflections. TDT techniques, on the other hand, are mostly performed with specialized bulky laboratory equipment, such as a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) which makes TDT measurements prohibitively costly and unpractical. In fact, few works in the literature have reported portable on-site TDT systems. The aim of this paper is to design and implement a dedicated, compact, and low-cost microwave Time Domain Transmission (TDT) sensor for measuring superficial soil dielectric properties on-site. Our sensor uses a time-delay measurement technique over a microstrip transmission line to estimate the dielectric properties of the soil under test. Measurement results show that the computed mean absolute error (MAE) is less than 1.2 when compared to a calibrated dielectric assessment kit (DAK) with soils containing less than 20 % of water (ε′r<5.0), implying that our TDT sensor system can obtain on-site measurements in relatively dry soils with acceptable accuracy.

Application of Mechanical Electronic Engineering Technology in Sensor Measurement System

Application of Mechanical Electronic Engineering Technology in Sensor Measurement System