Sensitive Reaction Research Articles

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme α-glucosidase from the Aspergillus niger strain AE-TGU.

The food enzyme α‐glucosidase (α‐d‐glucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.20) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain AE‐TGU by Amano Enzyme Inc. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism. The food enzyme is intended to be used in baking processes, cereal‐based processes, brewing processes and starch processing for the production of glucose syrups and other starch hydrolysates. Since residual amounts of total organic solids (TOS) are removed by the purification steps applied during the production of glucose syrups, dietary exposure was only calculated for the remaining three food processes. Based on the maximum use levels recommended, dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.64 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,062 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of at least 1,650. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Multimodal Enzyme‐Carrying Suprastructures for Rapid and Sensitive Biocatalytic Cascade Reactions (Adv. Sci. 10/2022)

Surface-Templated Suprastructure Synthesis In article number 2104884, Katharina Landfester, Sanghyuk Wooh, and co-workers propose biocatalytic suprastructures that are synthesized by a surface-templated evaporation driven method. Liquid repelling effects enable the formation of well-assembled mesoporous suprastructure of colloids. The suprastructures provide the enzymes and photocatalysts with confined geometry that leads to rapid and sensitive cascade reactions.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase from the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain NZYM-NM.

The food enzyme mannan endo‐1,4‐β‐mannosidase (1,4‐β‐d‐mannan mannanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.78) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain NZYM‐NM by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. The food enzyme is intended to be used in coffee processing. Based on the maximum use levels, dietary exposure to the food enzyme total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.956 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,151.7 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of more than 1,200. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme endo-polygalacturonase from the genetically modified Aspergillus luchuensis strain FLYSC.

The food enzyme endo‐polygalacturonase ((1→4)‐α‐d‐galacturonan glycanohydrolase; EC 2.3.1.15), is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus luchuensis strain FLYSC by Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. The food enzyme is intended to be used in fruit and vegetable processing for juice production. Based on the maximum use level, dietary exposure to the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.138 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 800 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of at least 5,800. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and six matches were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded for individuals sensitised to cedar or grass pollen or maize. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use.

Dermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism

Numerous dermal contact products, such as drugs or cosmetics, are applied on the skin, the first protective barrier to their entrance into the organism. These products contain various xenobiotic molecules that can penetrate the viable epidermis. Many studies have shown that keratinocyte metabolism could affect their behavior by biotransformation. While aiming for detoxification, toxic metabolites can be produced. These metabolites may react with biological macromolecules often leading to sensitization reactions. After passing through the epidermis, xenobiotics can reach the vascularized dermis and therefore, be bioavailable and distributed into the entire organism. To highlight these mechanisms, dermatokinetics, based on the concept of pharmacokinetics, has been developed recently. It provides information on the action of xenobiotics that penetrate the organism through the dermal route. The purpose of this review is first to describe and synthesize the dermatokinetics mechanisms to consider when assessing the absorption of a xenobiotic through the skin. We focus on skin absorption and specifically on skin metabolism, the two main processes involved in dermatokinetics. In addition, experimental models and methods to assess dermatokinetics are described and discussed to select the most relevant method when evaluating, in a specific context, dermatokinetics parameters of a xenobiotic. We also discuss the limits of this approach as it is notably used for risk assessment in the industry where scenario studies generally focus only on one xenobiotic and do not consider interactions with the rest of the exposome. The hypothesis of adverse effects due to the combination of chemical substances in contact with individuals and not to a single molecule, is being increasingly studied and embraced in the scientific community.

SPUTUM CULTURE AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a growing pulmonary disorder comprised of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This condition is characterized by breathlessness, decrease immunity, and recurrent respiratory tract infections (RTI). The objective of this study was identification of predominant bacterial pathogens in respiratory tract, responsible for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients using highly sensitive real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and conventional methods. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, 120 diagnosed regular follow-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with informed and written consent aged between 40–55 years from both sexes were included in the study. All samples were analyzed through sputum culturing and PCR assays. Results: Sixty stable state samples and 60 aggravated condition samples were collected from subjects on treatment for the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Stable state samples were negative for Chlamydophila pneumonia, and Mycoplasma pneumonia. However, samples showed the presence of Moraxella, Streptococcus, Nocardia, Lactobacilli, and Legionella. In aggravated state samples Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pneumonia, E. coli, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, and Nocardia were observed. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that there is a unique relationship between bacterial pathogens and the recurrence of the severity of symptoms in COPD. To understand the diversity of atypical and typical microbiota it is important to utilize sensitive advanced techniques for routine investigations of the COPD population. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(1):39–43

QUALITATIVE INTERVIEW WITH SENSITIVE PARTIPANTS

Background: Interview is the most frequent data collection method utilized in qualitative research. It is used to explore perceptions and/or life experiences of participants related to a particular research topic. When a research investigates a traumatic topic, participants may show sensitive reactions. However, there is scant literature talks about these reactions and how researchers dealt with them, especially in Indonesian context. This case study aims to discuss the author’s experiences interviewing sensitive participants and ways she overcame dilemmas of stopping the interview or continuing it with caution.Case discussion: The case study draws on reflective practices during interviewing 21 disaster-affected participants in a larger ethnographic study exploring medical education in Aceh, Indonesia, inspired by methodological memos written during data collection processes. Sensitive participants may offer three sensitive reactions: 1) Refuse to do interview, 2) regret the interview after revealing many traumatic experiences, 3) show negative symptoms such as crying during the interview. In dealing with these sensitive reactions, researchers may implement strategies, such as 1) conducting interview at a proper time, 2) avoiding ‘normalization’, 3) putting emotion provoking questions at the last part of an interview, 4) applying communication approaches, such as CARE communication dan 3L actions (Look, Listen, and Link), 5) offering participants some alternative ways to do interviews.Conclusion: The findings suggest researchers exploring traumatic topics to prepare themselves with various interpersonal communication skills that are useful in showing acceptance toward sensitive reactions of their participants.

Virological Characterization of Pigs with Erythema Multiforme.

Erythema multiforme in pigs is an acute, self-limiting disease characterized by red skin areas and often associated with anorexia, fever and respiratory problems. The cause of the disease remains unknown. In a recent study, animals of a commercial breeding herd in Greece were examined, and all animals were found seropositive for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). However, neither PRRSV and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia nor antibodies against Aujeszky’s disease virus, African swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus were detected. Here, an extended examination of these pigs was performed on a wide range of porcine viruses using highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Affected skin of five animals revealed the presence of porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus-1 (PLHV-1) in all cases, PLHV-2 in one animal and PLHV-3 in four animals. However, neither porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) nor porcine circoviruses (PCV1, PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4) were detected. In blood samples, PLHV-1 was present in two animals and PLHV-2, PCV2 and PCV3 in one individual, with PCMV, PCV1 and PCV4 in none of the animals. In one animal, four viruses were found in the blood (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, PCV2 and PCV3). A PRRSV viremia was also not detected. All animals carried porcine endogenous retrovirus C (PERV-C) in their genome, but recombinant PERV-A/C was not detected. The results suggest that porcine viruses may be involved in erythema multiforme in these animals and that further studies are needed to assess the role of these pathogens in the disease.

Development of epoxy resin-based microfluidic devices using CO2 laser ablation for DNA amplification point-of-care (POC) applications

Microfluidic devices are a rising technology to automatize chemical and biological operations. In this context, laser ablation has significant potential for polymer-based microfluidic platforms’ fast and economical manufacturing. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of epoxy-based microfluidic chips is considered highly cost full due to the demand for cleanroom facilities that utilize expensive equipment and lengthy processes. Therefore, this study targeted investigating the feasibility of epoxy resins to be fabricated as a lab-on-chip using carbon dioxide laser ablation. The chemical structural properties and thermal stability of the plain epoxy resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, a specific migration test was performed to quantify potential migrants by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to prove that the cured epoxy resin would not release unreacted monomers to the biological solution test, which caused inhibition of the sensitive biological reactions. By investigating the impact of this process on microchannels’ dimensions and quality, a laser technique using CO2 laser was used in vector mode to engrave into a transparent epoxy resin chip. The resulting microchannels were characterized using 3D laser microscopy. The outcomes of this study showed considerable potential for laser ablation in machining the epoxy-based chips, whereas the microchannels machined by laser processing at an input power of 1.8 W and scanning speed of 5 mm/s have an aspect ratio of about 1.19 and a reasonable surface roughness (Ra) of ~ 15 µm. Meanwhile, the bulge height was 0.027 µm with no clogging, and HAZ was ~ 18 µm. This study validated the feasibility of quick and cost-effective CO2 laser microfabrication to develop epoxy resin-based microfluidic chips without the need for cleanroom facilities that require expensive equipment and lengthy process.

Solvent Vapor Annealing for Controlled Pore Expansion of Block Copolymer-Assembled Inorganic Mesoporous Films.

Mesoporous inorganic thin films are promising materials architectures for a variety of high-value applications, ranging from optical coatings and purification membranes to sensing and energy storage devices. Having precise control over the structural parameters of the porous network is crucial for broadening their applicability. To this end, the use of block copolymers (BCP) as sacrificial structure-directing agents via micelle coassembly is a particularly attractive route, since the resultant pore size is directly related to scaling laws for the radius of gyration of the pore-forming macromolecule. However, tailoring the molecular weight of the BCP via bespoke synthesis is an elaborate process that requires precise control over highly sensitive reactions conditions. Alternative methods have emerged, based on supramolecular assembly or the addition of different swelling agents. Nevertheleses, to date, these present a negative impact on the structural order and pore size dispersity of the final inorganic mesoporous films. In this work, we propose a novel and effective method for control over pore size, porosity, and structural order, which relies on a synergistic combination of BCP selective swelling via solvent vapor annealing (SVA) and locking of the structure by condensation of the inorganic sol–gel precursors. The results obtained in this work for TiO2 establish SVA as a new, straightforward, simple, and powerful route for the fabrication of mesoporous thin-film materials with controllable structural characteristics.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme glucose oxidase from the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DP-Aze23.

The food enzyme glucose oxidase (β‐D‐glucose:oxygen 1‐oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.3.4) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain DP‐Aze23 by Danisco US, Inc. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in baking processes, cereal‐based processes and egg processing. Based on the maximum use levels, dietary exposure to the food enzyme‐total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.05 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 19.55 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which, when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure above 380. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and one match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme non-reducing end α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the genetically modified Trichoderma reesei strain NZYM-GV.

The food enzyme non‐reducing end α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase (α‐l‐arabinofuranoside non‐reducing end α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.55) is produced with the genetically modified Trichoderma reesei strain NZYM‐GV by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in grain treatment for the production of starch and gluten fractions. Since residual amounts of total organic solids (TOS) are removed by washing and purification steps applied during grain treatment, the estimation of a dietary exposure is considered not necessary. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,116 mg TOS/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested. Similarity of the amino acid sequence to those of known allergens was searched and no match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided and the removal of TOS during the grain treatment, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme glucan 1,4 α-glucosidase from the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain NZYM-BR.

The food enzyme glucan 1,4‐α‐glucosidase (4‐α‐d‐glucan glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain NZYM‐BR by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. The food enzyme is intended to be used in starch processing for the production of glucose syrups and distilled alcohol. Since residual amounts of total organic solids (TOS) are removed by the purification steps applied during the production of glucose syrups and by distillation, dietary exposure estimation was considered not necessary. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,135 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day, the highest dose tested. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched for and two matches were found. The Panel considered that under the intended conditions of use (other than distilled alcohol production) the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Lipid Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery Carrier for Topical Ocular Therapy-An Overview on Recent Advances.

Due to complicated anatomical and physical properties, targeted drug delivery to ocular tissues continues to be a key challenge for formulation scientists. Various attempts are currently being made to improve the in vivo performance of therapeutic molecules by encapsulating them in various nanocarrier systems or devices and administering them via invasive/non-invasive or minimally invasive drug administration methods. Biocompatible and biodegradable lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional ocular drug delivery systems to overcome various ocular barriers. Lipid-based nanocarrier systems led to major technological advancements and therapeutic advantages during the last few decades of ocular therapy, such as high precorneal residence time, sustained drug release profile, minimum dosing frequency, decreased drug toxicity, targeted site delivery, and, therefore, an improvement in ocular bioavailability. In addition, such formulations can be given as fine dispersion in patient-friendly droppable preparation without causing blurred vision and ocular sensitivity reactions. The unique advantages of lipid nanoparticles, namely, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, and liposomes in intraocular targeted administration of various therapeutic drugs are extensively discussed. Ongoing and completed clinical trials of various liposome-based formulations and various characterization techniques designed for nanoemulsion in ocular delivery are tabulated. This review also describes diverse solid lipid nanoparticle preparation methods, procedures, advantages, and limitations. Functionalization approaches to overcome the drawbacks of lipid nanoparticles, as well as the exploration of new functional additives with the potential to improve the penetration of macromolecular pharmaceuticals, would quickly progress the challenging field of ocular drug delivery systems.

Numerical investigation and optimization on laminar burning velocity of ammonia-based fuels based on GRI3.0 mechanism

As a carbon-free fuel, ammonia is an ideal fuel for future clean fuels, but the low combustion intensity limits the application of ammonia. The combustion performance of ammonia fuels can be effectively improved by mixing hydrogen and methane, but the mechanisms involved are different. In this study, three typical ammonia-based fuels, ammonia, ammonia-hydrogen and ammonia-methane, are numerically simulated for laminar burning velocity, and the applicability of different ammonia-based fuels mechanisms is examined and analyzed. The important reactions in the mechanisms are analyzed by sensitivity. The results show that both hydrogen and methane have a significant enhancement on ammonia fuel combustion, with hydrogen being more obvious, and the maximum laminar combustion velocity is achieved around an equivalence ratio of 1.1 for all three fuels. The reaction H + O2<=>O + OH, which is directly related to the OH radical concentration and combustion intensity, is the most sensitive reaction, while the lack of other sub-reaction mechanisms or the variation in the relative importance of the sub-reactions are the main reasons for the differences between the mechanisms. The best choice of mechanism is given with the combustion conditions. A new mechanism for laminar combustion velocity prediction of all three fuels was optimized based on the GRI3.0 mechanism, and the average error was within 10%.

Simultaneous measurements of temperature, CO, and CO2 time-history in reacting n-heptane/O2/argon mixtures blended with diethyl ether behind reflected shock waves

The temperature, CO, and CO2 time-histories for the fuel-rich (equivalence ratio ϕ = 1.2 and 2.0) oxidation of n-heptane/diethyl ether/O2/argon mixtures were measured simultaneously in a shock tube using laser absorption spectroscopy. Two transition lines (v" = 0, P8, 4.73 μm and v" = 1, R21, 4.56 μm) in the CO fundamental band were selected to simultaneously measure the temperature and CO time-histories. One transition line in the CO2 fundamental band (v3“= 0, R88, 4.18 μm) was used for the CO2 time-history measurements, with its absorption cross-section measured at 1240 – 2600 K and 0.7 – 3.8 bar. A kinetic model was then developed that combined the NUI Galway 1.1 mechanism and the DEE sub-mechanism (Sakai et al. 2017). All the measured data were compared with predictions based on the proposed mechanism and the Zeng et al. (2017) mechanism.Both mechanisms accurately predicted the near-equilibrium/plateau temperatures for ϕ = 2.0 and CO for ϕ = 1.2. However, for ϕ = 1.2, both mechanisms slightly overpredict the near-equilibrium temperature and CO2. For ϕ = 2.0, the presented mechanism better predicts the CO plateau concentrations while the Zeng et al. (2017) mechanisms are better in predicting CO2 plateau concentrations. The predictions were less accurate for the temperature rise and CO/CO2-evolution processes. The predictions were also less accurate for specific equivalence ratios and blending ratios of n-heptane and diethyl ether. Rate-of-production analyses showed that HCO + M = H + CO + M is the primary pathway for producing CO and CO + OH = CO2 + H is the primary pathway for producing CO2 for the conditions in this manuscript. Sensitivity analyses show that the most sensitive reaction is H + O2 = OH + O, with some reactions related to AXC3H5 and CH3CHO also influencing the CO and CO2 time-histories. Modifying the rate constants of the specific reactions reduces the differences between the predicted and measured results, but discrepancies still exist and the mechanisms need to be further improved.

Comparative Study of Radiation-induced Lung Injury Model in Two Strains of Mice.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor. Its incidence rate is as high as 20%. At present, there is no effective treatment in clinical practice. However, to study the mechanism of radiation-induced lung injury, we should first establish an appropriate animal model. In a series of scientific studies on RILI, mice are the animals most often chosen by researchers. However, there are few reports on which strain of mice is more suitable as a model of RILI. In this study, Kunming (KM) and C57BL/6 strains of mice were used as research objects to find the most suitable mice to replicate the RILI model. C57BL/6 mice and KM mice were exposed to irradiation at a dose of 20 Gy. The lung tissue of C57BL/6 mice exposed to radiation showed dilation and hyperemia of capillaries, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and thickening of alveolar septum, while the lung tissue of KM mice exposed to radiation was not as obvious as that of C57BL/6 mice. After irradiation, the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the lung tissue of C57BL/6 mice was significantly increased, while the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in KM mice was almost unchanged. These studies showed that C57BL/6 mice are more suitable for the model of radiation-induced lung injury because of sensitive inflammatory reaction and the pathological changes of lung tissue.

Physiological Effects, Psychomotor Analysis, Cognition, and Recovery Pattern in Children Undergoing Primary Molar Extractions under Nitrous Oxide Sedation Using Two Different Induction Techniques: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (NOIS) has been in use as a tool for pharmacological behavior modification and relative analgesia (RA) for well over 170 years now since its discovery in 1844 by the American Dentist Horace Wells. Advantages include raising of the pain reaction threshold, alteration of both pain sensitivity and pain reaction, reduction of fatigue, and time awareness that helps to handle stress and lengthy appointments. In addition, the most important clinical consequences of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) pharmacokinetics are rapid induction and recovery, reversibility, titrability, and adjustability. The goal of the current investigation was to analyze the safety aspects of nitrous oxide sedation. It was carried out on 25 patients within the age group 7-10 years requiring extractions of two primary molars in each patient. Split-mouth design was followed, with the first extraction done under traditional slow induction while the second extraction was done following the rapid induction technique of NOIS. N2O was studied for its physiological effects, psychomotor analysis was done, cognition and recovery patterns were analyzed utilizing the two different induction techniques. Based on the results obtained, it was found that N2O is a very safe and useful drug that delivers a comfortable patient for dental treatment.How to cite this articleKhinda V, Rao D, Sodhi SPS, et al. Physiological Effects, Psychomotor Analysis, Cognition, and Recovery Pattern in Children Undergoing Primary Molar Extractions under Nitrous Oxide Sedation Using Two Different Induction Techniques: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-2):S131-S137.

Development and Application of RAA Nucleic Acid Test Strip Assay and Double RAA Gel Electrophoresis Detection Methods for ASFV and CSFV.

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, severe and hemorrhagic infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) infecting domestic pigs and wild boars. Since the outbreak of the disease in China in 2018, it has brought a great impact on China’s pig industry. Classical swine fever (CSF) is an acute contact infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. Clinically, acute CSF usually shows persistent high fever, anorexia, extensive congestion and bleeding of the skin and mucosa, which are similar to ASF. It is of great significance to prevent, control and accurately detect ASF and CSF in pig farms. In this study, Recombinase aided amplification (RAA) technology combined with a nucleic acid test strip (RAA-strip) was established for simple and specific detection of ASFV/CSFV. The sensitivity and preliminary clinical application results showed that the RAA test strip established in this study could detect recombinant plasmids containing ASFV/CSFV gene fragments as low as 103 copies/µL. The minimum detection limits of virus DNA/cDNA were 10 and 12 pg respectively, and there was no cross-reaction with other porcine viruses. The specificity of the method was good. We used 37–42 clinical samples to evaluate the performance of our established method, and the positive concordance rates with conventional PCR were 94.1 and 57.1%, respectively. In addition, ASFV and CSFV double RAA agarose gel electrophoresis detection methods were established. The results showed that the method had good specificity. The detection limit of this method is 106 copies for ASFV p72 gene recombinant plasmid and 105 copies for CSFV NS5B Gene recombinant plasmid. The use of this method for clinical material detection was consistent with the PCR method. In summary, the developed method of RAA-strip assay for ASFV and CSFV realized the visual detection of pathogens, and the developed method of dual RAA agarose gel electrophoresis assay for ASFV and CSFV realized the simultaneous detection of two pathogens in one reaction, with good specificity, high sensitivity and rapid reaction rate, which was expected to be clinically feasible for the differential diagnosis of ASF and CSF provided technical support.

Thermal oxygen sensitization modification and its visible light catalytic antibacterial performance for ZIF-8

ZIF-8 has excellent antibacterial potential as an important metal organic framework (MOFs) photocatalytic material. However, ZIF-8 is greatly restricted in photocatalytic antibacterial applications due to the wide band gap and only response to ultraviolet light. In this work, the spectral response of ZIF-8 is successfully extended to the visible light region by the thermal gas sensitization treatment technology. Meanwhile, the forbidden band width of the materials is narrowed by about 47%. The results of FTIR, XPS and EDS prove that the elements and functional groups in ZIF-8 have changed, indicating the completion of the thermal gas sensitization reaction. The results of XRD and SEM show that the modification process doesn’t change the crystal structure and morphology of ZIF-8; The result of BET demonstrates that the specific surface area of ZIF-8 decreases slightly after sensitization, but it is still as high as about 1500 m²/g. Photocatalysis studies indicate that the photo-generated charge separation and transfer efficiency of ZIF-8 improve significantly and the recombination reduce substantially after thermal oxygen sensitization. Photocatalytic antibacterial performances reveal that ZIF-8 after thermo-oxygen sensitization can rapidly produce active species such as·O2- and h+ under visible light irradiation, and the bactericidal efficiency exceed 99% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus within 20 min. This research provides scientific basis and experimental data for the application of ZIF-8 in microbial management and health protection.