Sensitivity Pattern Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates from urine samples of admitted patients with urinary tract infection in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Tripura, India: a hospital record based study

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) being one of the most common and a serious health problem both in the community and hospital settings each year worldwide, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the management of UTI is a serious public health issue. The present study will analyse the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of pathogens isolated from the urine samples of admitted patients suffering from UTI in Tripura Medical College and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital (TMC).Methods: This was a hospital record-based study. The urine samples of clinically diagnosed UTI patients admitted in various departments of the hospital during the study period were included. The reports of culture and sensitivity testing of the samples were collected. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: During the 12-month study period, a total of 752 urine samples were analysed. Enterococcus (43.75%) was the most frequently isolated bacteria, followed by E. coli (28.45%) and Klebsiella (14.89%). Enterococcus was highly sensitive (p<0.001) to vancomycin (95.33%), E. coli was mostly sensitive to nitrofurantoin (83.65%) and Klebsiella mainly sensitive to imipenem (75.49%).Conclusions: The study showed that positive urine culture with the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates is very important for antimicrobial therapy, as antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem which causes ineffectiveness of treatment.

Microbiological profile of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) in a tertiary care hospital

Awareness regarding the microbial flora causing CSOM and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern will be of great help to maintain an antibiotic policy based on which treatment can be provided.(3) Continuous and periodic evaluation of the microbiological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates is necessary to decrease the potential risk of complications by early institution of appropriate treatment. Identification of the etiological agents also help to find the modes of spread, methods of prevention, and anticipation of possible complications. As certain etiological agents are more common in healthcare settings, the healthcare personnel shall be instructed regarding importance of maintaining hand hygiene and sterility practices.

Antibiotic Sensitivity pattern of Bacterial Isolates of Neonatal Septicemia in Peshawar, Pakistan.

Septicemia plays an important role in neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. To investigate the bacterial pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and their antibiotic susceptibility profile. A total of 2,685 neonates aged 0-28 days were included in the study. Blood from each neonate was cultured and isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was analyzed using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Blood culture positivity was observed in 1,534 (57.1%) samples. Most of the cases (1089 counts - 71%) were of early onset sepsis while 445 (29%) were of late onset sepsis. The incidence of sepsis was higher in males 856 (55.8%) than females 678 (44.2%) with a 1:2 ratio. Similarly, 58.3% of septicemic patients were neonates with low birth weights. Twelve hundred and six (78.6%) isolates were gram negative while 328 (23.4%) were gram positive bacteria. E. coli was the dominant pathogen seen in 811 (52.8%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 300 (19.5%), Pseudomonas 199 (13%), Klebsiella 102 (6.7%), Proteus 87 (5.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 28(1.8%) and Salmonella in 7 (0.5%) samples. All bacterial isolates showed high sensitivity to Imipenem, Enoxacin, Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin while low sensitivity was observed for other antibiotics (n = 16). The Proteus species showed high level of multiple resistances to all antibiotics (5.9%). Imipenem, Enoxacin, Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin can be used as an effective antibiotic regimen for treatment of bacterial sepsis in neonates.

Bacteriology of Urine Specimens Obtained from Men with Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Background:Bacteriuria and urinary tract infections are common sequelae of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Thus, the knowledge of urine bacteriology in men with symptomatic BPH in our environment may play a complementary role in management.Objectives:To determine the incidence of bacteriuria and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates in cultured urine samples of men with symptomatic BPH.Patients and Methods:This was a 1 year prospective study. All patients who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms due to BPH and who met the inclusion criteria were studied. Urine samples were obtained from the patients for microscopy, culture, and sensitivity following standard protocol.Results:Ninety-four patients were studied. The age range was 53–80 years with a mean of 65.5 ± 7.8 years. Bacterial isolates were noted in 42 (44.7%) patients. Six of these had two different species of bacterial organisms isolated. Escherichia coli noted in 20 (47.6%) specimens was the most common organism isolated while the least common, Providencia species, was noted in 1 (2.4%). The bacterial isolates were mostly sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, and nitrofurantoin, but showed greater resistance to cefuroxime, gentamicin, and ofloxacin. There was no significant difference between the means for age (P = 0.80), duration of symptoms (P = 0.09), and prostate size (P = 0.52) in the patients with and those without bacteriuria.Conclusion:Bacteriuria is a common finding in patients with symptomatic BPH in our setting. The bacterial isolates showed high level of resistance to oral cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. There is a need to update guidelines in empiric use of antibiotics in this group of patients.

Bacterial endophthalmitis: 10-year review of the culture and sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates

ObjectiveTo examine the spectrum and sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates derived from all culture-positive aqueous and vitreous samples submitted for culture and sensitivity analysis at our institution over a 10-year period. DesignRetrospective cohort study. ParticipantsA total of 368 culture-positive aqueous and vitreous samples from 265 patients were reviewed. MethodsOver a decade extending from January 2000 through December 2009, all culture-positive aqueous and vitreous specimens at our institution were identified. Isolated bacterial pathogens and their in vitro antibiotic sensitivities were analyzed. ResultsApproximately 86.4% of patients had positive cultures for either staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS]) or streptococci. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated in only 9.8% of patients. From 2000 to 2004, 81.2% and 55.9% of CNS isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and cefazolin, respectively, compared with 41.2% and 23.5% of isolates in the last 5 years. Over the study period, ceftazidime retained 100% efficacy against the gram-negative isolates tested. Vancomycin was 99.6% effective against the gram-positive isolates tested. ConclusionsThe microbiology of pathogens in endophthalmitis is evolving, with an increase in streptococcal isolates and a decrease in CNS. The apparent lack of efficacy of conventionally used antibiotics and the emergence of increasingly resistant strains of bacteria may have significant implications in the management of bacterial endophthalmitis.

Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi - Comparative Study

الخلفية: البيلة الجرثومية ( البكتيريا البولية ) مرتبطة بمخاطر كبيرة على الأم والجنين. ومع ذلك ، فإن انتشاره غير معروف جيدًا في مجتمعنا. الأهداف: تحديد مدى انتشار البيلة الجرثومية والتنبؤ بها لدى نساء بنغازي وليبيا وأنماط الحساسية للمضادات الحيوية في العزلات البكتيرية. الطريقة: أجريت دراسة مقطعية على النساء الحوامل وغير الحوامل اللواتي يترددن على العديد من العيادات الشاملة في بنغازي. قمنا بتجنيد 120 امرأة بالرضا (60 حامل و 60 غير حامل) للدراسة. تم جمع البيانات الديموغرافية والسريرية باستخدام استبيان منظم. تم جمع البول النظيف في منتصف الطريق من كل مشارك. تم فحص العينات كيميائيا حيويا ، مجهريا وعن طريق الزراعة. تم تعريف البيلة الجرثومية الهامة على أنها وجود 105 بكتيريا لكل مل من البول المستنبت. تم تحديد وحساسية العزلات باستخدام API (BioMerieux، France Company). النتائج: تم العثور على البكتيريا البولية كبيرة في البول عند 13.3٪ (16) من جميع النساء مع انتشار 16.7٪ في النساء الحوامل. تم الكشف عن البيلة الجرثومية عديمة الأعراض في 8.3٪ (10). العزلات الأكثر شيوعا هي Staphylococcus aureus (31.2٪) ، E. coli (25٪) ، Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9٪) ، وكانت حساسة للجنتاميسين (GN) 87.5٪ ، أزيثروميسين (AZM) 75٪ ، والمضادات الحيوية الأقل فعالية. كانت السيفالكسين (CL) والأمبيسيلين (AMP). الخلاصة: البكتيريا البولية متكررة عند النساء وخاصة الحوامل مما يوحي بالحاجة إلى الفحص الروتيني عن طريق زراعة البول ، والذي من شأنه أن يسمح بالعلاج المبكر لتجنب المضاعفات. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، يبدو أن عدوى المسالك البولية متعددة العوامل.

Microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of cases of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that presents as ear discharge. If untreated it can lead to various intracranial and extra cranial complications. This prospective study was carried out to find out various agents causing chronic suppurative otitis media and do determine the antibiogram. A total of 170 patients presenting with ear discharge were included in this study. Specimen processing, organism isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed as per standard protocols. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism isolated followed by Staphylococcus aureus , coagulase negative staphylococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, Aspergillus and Candida . Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates showed a variable pattern. Of the most common antibiotics available as topical preparations, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were highly effective against study isolates. Empirical therapy followed by definitive treatment can help prevent emergence of resistance to various antimicrobial agents in these cases.

Bacteriuria amongst Pregnant Women in the Buea Health District, Cameroon: Prevalence, Predictors, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Diagnosis

BackgroundBacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not known in our community.ObjectivesThis study was carried out to determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in pregnant women of the Buea Health District (BHD) as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. It also sought to determine the diagnostic performance of the nitrite and leucocyte esterase tests in detecting bacteriuria in these women.MethodsAn observational analytic cross-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant women attending selected antenatal care centres in Buea. We recruited 102 consenting pregnant women for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant in sterile leak proof containers. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of ≥108 bacteria/L of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API 20E and ATB UR EU (08) (BioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France).ResultsSignificant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 24 of the 102 women tested giving a bacteriuria prevalence of 23.5% in pregnant women of the BHD. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8(7.8%) of the women. There was no statistically significant predictor of bacteriuria. Escherichia coli were the most isolated (33%) uropathogens and were 100% sensitive to cefixime, cefoxitin and cephalothin. The nitrite and leucocyte esterase tests for determining bacteriuria had sensitivities of 8%, 20.8% and specificities of 98.7% and 80.8% respectively.ConclusionBacteriuria is frequent in pregnant women in the BHD suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture. Empiric treatment with cefixime should be instituted until results of urine culture and sensitivity are available. Nitrite and leucocyte esterase tests were not sensitive enough to replace urine culture as screening tests.

Mastits: Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates in dairy cattle at Holeta farm in Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Holeta Agriculture research center over October 2011 to May 2012 to estimate prevalence of mastitis, assess risk factors, isolate bacterial causes and measure antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of isolates in dairy cattle. A total of 272 comprising 130 cross breed (Holstein x Boran), 75 Jersey and 67 Holstein Frisian were examined using California Mastitis Test (CMT) and clinical examination. An overall prevalence of 55.9% where sub- clinical and clinical mastitis accounted 52.4 and 3.3%, were respectively observed. Quarter level prevalence sub-clinical (28.3%) and clinical (1.2%) were observed. The blind teat accounted 6.0%. Major isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (39.5%), Streptococcus species (29.6%),Escherichia coli (19.7%), Klebsiella pneumonia (13.2%), Enterobacter aerogen (9.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3%) in decreasing order. Animal factors such as age, breed and parity number have significant effect on prevalence of mastitis. Risk factors analysis revealed that prevalence was significantly differed with the age and breed. Thus, prevalence was relatively higher in adult cows (OR = 0.41), plurimiparas (OR = 2.6) and exotic breed (OR = 0.6) than those corresponding animals. Isolates were found highly sensitive to gentamycin while it was moderate to low for penicillin and amoxicillin. Based on the finding, effort should be made to control mastitis so as to ensure quality of milk, prevent economic loss and public health hazard. Key words: Antimicrobial sensitivity, Holeta, mastitis, prevalence.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from the Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Purpose: To undertake an audit of the antimicrobial (AM) sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates in the intensive care units (ICU) of a tertiary hospital of Bhavnagar, India. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the indoor case papers of ICUs from January 2010 to 31st March 2011 was carried out at Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College and Sir Takhtsinhji General Hospital, Bhavnagar, India. Information collected include demographic data of the patient, admission unit, duration of hospital stay, diagnosis, type of infection, empirical treatment, indication of the use of the antimicrobials (AMs). Others include collected specimen, causative agent, sensitivity pattern, and treatment changes based on the sensitivity pattern in a case record form. AM sensitivity testing was performed by the modified Kirby Baur method as recommended by clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI). Internal and external quality control were maintained for culture and sensitivity method. Results: The most commonly isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.6 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.3 %). Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was the most common infection. Imipenem, meropenem and levofloxacin were the most effective antimicrobials for Gramnegative isolates (GNIs) while vancomycin ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were the most efficacious antimicrobials for Gram-positive isolates (GPIs). Widespread resistance to third generation cephalosporins and cloxacillin was noted for GNIs and GPIs, respectively. Meropenem (100 %) > levofloxacin (100 %) > sparfloxacin (94.4 %) > gentamicin (83.3 %) was the rank order of antimicrobial activity against LRTI. Conclusion: GNIs were the predominant cause of infection in ICUs. Third generation cephalosporinsresistant GNIs were the predominant resistant organisms. The study showed that fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides could be used as first line AMs for the effective management of LRTI in a hospital setting.

Neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care center in central India: Microbiological profile, antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and outcome

Neonatal mortality is increasingly recognized as an important global public health challenge. The spectrum of organisms that cause neonatal sepsis changes over time and varies from region to another. This study was conducted to determine the profile, antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates and outcome of confirmed neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care center. All blood culture reports (n = 285), obtained during the study period (January 2012-September 2012) from the neonatal intensive care unit were analyzed. Blood culture positivity rate was 22.1% (67/285). Seventy-three percent babies were outborn. Sixty-two percent babies were preterm and 80% were low birth weight. Thirty-six (57%) babies had early onset and remaining 27 (43%) had late onset neonatal sepsis. Blood culture isolates included Gram-negative bacilli (38/67, 56.7%), Gram-positive cocci (20/67, 29.8%), and Candida species (9/67, 13.4%). Staphylococci and Klebsiellae were the most common organisms responsible for infections, accounting for 25.4% (17/67) and 19.4% (13/67) of the isolates, respectively. All Gram positive isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, while 50-65% Gram negative isolates were sensitive to amikacin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem. Fifty-eight percent babies were discharged after completion of the antibiotic therapy, while 28.6% babies expired. Multidrug resistant Gram negative isolates pose serious challenge, particularly in setting of emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones and carbepenems.

PLASMID PROFILE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA IN SACHET WATER SAMPLES SOLD IN ABEOKUTA, SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA.

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates obtained from sachet water from Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria was investigated.a¤? A total of 300 sachet water samples were collected during the dry and rainy season of 2011 to 2012. Selected physicochemical analysis of the sachet water showed a pH range of 5.5-6.5, turbidity of 1.0 «¤??1.5 NTU and temperature of 28-30 0 C. The mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of the sachet water samples ranged from 13.4 x 10 3 «¤?? 18.7 x 10 3 CFU/mL, while the mean total coliform count ranged from 0.153 - 0.163 x 10 3 CFU/mL. The physicochemical parameters of the sachet water samples were within the WHO standard for potable water. Bacteria isolated from sachet water samples include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Levoxin and Ceftazidime. Plasmid analyses revealed that there were detectable plasmids in 7.1% of the 14 multi-drug resistant isolates. Cured plasmid encoded resistant isolates were susceptible to Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Gentamycin, Augmentin and Streptomycin.

A study on antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India

Background: Nosocomial infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients especially the critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) where a large number of drugs are administered to the patient’ which in turn leads to the generation of antibiotic resistant pathogens. The present study was conducted to identify the prevalence of predominant bacterial microorganisms and their drug sensitivity and resistance in ICU of a teaching hospital in Eastern India. Methods: A retrospective record based study was conducted in the ICU of Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Odisha, Eastern India from November, 2011 to October, 2012. Patients who were clinically suspected of having acquired any infection after 48 hours of admission to the ICUs were included in the study. The clinically suspected laboratory samples were collected from the patients and subjected to testing and antibiotic sensitivity. Results: The rate of nosocomial infection was 28.2%. Urinary tract infection was the most common infection (54.9%). The predominant isolate was E. coli (52.7%) followed by P. mirabilis (15.4%) and Ps aeruginosa (13.2%). E. coli was highly sensitive to Polymyxin B, Gatifloxacin and Ceftriaxone and showed high degree of resistance to Cephalexin, Cefadroxil, Tobramycin and Prulifloxacin. Conclusions: Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to third generation Cephalosporins and Aminoglycosides. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pattern, judicious use of antibiotics are very important for reducing the nosocomial infection rate and antimicrobial resistance.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Different Clinical Specimens: Experience at NICVD, Dhaka

Background: Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of death and sometimes curable. Bacteria are the most common etiology in hospitalized patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bacterial infections and their pattern of susceptibility to antibiotics in moderate and severe infections in patients admitted at NICVD hospital.Methodology: The study was performed in the apical teaching hospital of Bangladesh situated at Dhaka in the first half of 2012. Patients admitted in medical wards and medical ICU, suffering from moderate and severe infections were studied. Clinical evaluation, routine and specific investigations were done in each case. Microbiological samplings were tried on day 1, after completion of antibiotic therapy or in between as required. Aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity tests were done. Result: A total of 274 cases were studied of which male (67.5%) were predominant than female (32.5%). The highest number of patients were in the age group of 30-60 years (53.6%) followed by 10- 30 years (24.5%) and more than 60 years (12.8%). The mean age with standard deviation was 39.15±19.07 years (range 1-90 years). Most common isolated bacteria was the Pseudomonas species (14.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (13.5%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.2%). From these specimens Pseudomonas species (31.5%) was isolated mostly from pus. E. coli was found most commonly in pus (16.3%) and urine (14.1%). Staph saprophyticus (13.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.3%) were both found most commonly in pus. Pseudomonas species was 100% resistant to Penicillin, Amoxycillin and Vancomycin. It was found that Pseudomonas species was still more than 90% sensitive only to Imipenem. Escherichia coli was more than 80% sensitive to only Imipenem and Amikacin. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to only Imipenem and Cephalexin. Conclusion: In this study Pseudomonas species and Escherichia coli are the most common isolated bacteria in this Institution. Most of the antibiotics are resistant to these two bacteria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v5i1.12276 Cardiovasc. j. 2012; 5(1): 67-72

Prevalence of septicaemia and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates at the University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Bloodstream infections are important causes of mortality and morbidity. Rapid empiric antibiotic therapy is often needed. Knowledge of epidemiological data of common pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern is needed for rapid therapy. This study was aimed at determining the common causes of septicaemia and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern from the University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé. Blood samples were collected and cultured aerobically. Isolates were identified using bacteriological and biochemical methods and antibiotic sensitivity was done using the Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. Results showed that of the 396 patients examined 112 (28.3%) had septicaemia. Children below the age of 15 years constituted the greatest percentage of infected subjects (63.4%) followed by patients aged between 16-30 years (10.7%) (P < 0.05). The highest incidence of septicaemia were from medicine (8.95‰), followed by paediatrics (7.04‰), surgery (6.46 ‰), out-patients (5.79‰), neonatology (5.12‰), obstetrics and gynaecology (5.05‰) and emergency (2.05‰) wards. The overall incidence of septicaemia was 5.79 per 1000 admissions. Gram-positive bacteria were encountered more often than gram negative bacteria (56.2% versus 43.8%, P

Bacteriological and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Creams and Lotions Hawked in Sagamu, Ogun State

Fifteen cosmetic products, consisting of 10 creams and 5 lotions were randomly purchased from a local market in sagamu and their microbial qualities studied in addition to the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of different isolates obtained from the selected creams and lotions. While only one of the creams was devoid of any microorganism including fungi, organisms isolated from others include Staphylococcus aureus 38%; Klebsiella, 28%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 21%; Bacillus spp, 7% and Penicillium, 28%. Antibiotic sensitivity study reveals that these isolates displayed different sensitivity patterns to the antibiotics used but cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and nalidixic acid will be of assistance in case of infection from these cosmetic products. However, majority of the creams and lotions evaluated did not meet the official monograph's requirements and as such may be a potential health hazard to unsuspecting consumers moreso that all the isolates display some degree of resistance to various antibiotics used.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus

This study was to investigate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates. One hundred and thirty type 2 diabetics comprising 56 males and 74 females (aged between 30 - 59 years) attending the Central Hospital, Benin- City, Nigeria were studied. Mid-stream urines were collected from patients who gave informed consent aseptically into sterile McCartney bottles and examined microscopically, culturally using standard techniques and tested for glucose, post-prandial glucose, protein and ketone using a dipstick. Samples were cultured on blood agar, McConkey agar and cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) media and incubated at 37°C aerobically for 24 h. Isolates were tested against antibiotics which included tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole by the disc diffusion method. White blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) were detected in 87 and 6% of samples while ketones and proteins were 6% and 96% respectively present in the samples. Significant bacteriuria (≥105 cfu /ml) was observed in some samples. Bacteria isolated included Escherichia coli with a prevalence of 56.9%, followed byKlebsiella pneumoniae (12.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.5%) and Proteus sp. (6.3%). E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and Proteus sp. were most sensitive to cotrimazaxole, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin but a large number of bacteria were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. The misuse of some antibiotics is a major factor responsible for bacterial resistance. Therefore, treatment of ASB in diabetics must be by drugs prescribed by physicians after proper laboratory analysis. Key words: Bacteriuria, type 2 diabetes mellitus, antibiotics, Nigeria, white blood cell, red blood cell.

A Retrospective Study on Poult Enteritis Syndrome in Minnesota

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the occurrence of poult enteritis syndrome (PES) in Minnesota from January 2002 to December 2007. PES is an infectious intestinal disease of young turkeys between 1 day and 7 wk of age and is characterized by diarrhea, depression, and lethargy with pale intestines and/or excessively fluid cecal contents. During the study period, samples from 1736 turkey flocks were submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for disease investigation. Of these, 151 flocks (8.7%) were PES positive. Cases of PES were seen throughout the year with higher prevalence in fall. The PES was statistically associated with age with higher occurrence in poults less than 3 wk of age. Rotavirus, small round virus (SRV), Salmonella, nonhemolytic Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Eimeria oocysts were detected alone or in different combinations. Reovirus and adenovirus were found in one flock each. The most commonly identified pathogens were Salmonella (85 flocks) and rotavirus (73 flocks). Of PES-affected flocks, 39 (25.8%), 66 (43.7%), and 37 (24.5%) had one, two, and three or more pathogens, respectively. Rotavirus, SRV, and reovirus occurred mostly in poults of less than 6 wk of age while Salmonella, E. coli, and Eimeria were seen in poults of all age groups. Minimum age for rotavirus detection was in 2-day-old poults. Histopathologically, moderate to severe mixed intestinal villus or lamina propria inflammatory infiltrates, necrosis of distal villus tips in intestinal specimens, and mild to severe lymphocellular depletion in thymus, bursa, and spleen were seen. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from PES-affected flocks revealed maximum sensitivity to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftiofur and a varying degree of resistance to other antimicrobials.

Pattern of bacteraemia after non-surgical extraction of tooth

Introduction: Dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. Oral disease has been a problem for humans from the beginning of history. Dental manipulation has been proven to cause transient bacteraemia. This condition is usually not serious. A variety of organisms are found in the microenvironment of the oral cavity. Increasing evidence indicates that oral microbes participate in various systemic diseases, especially in patients at risk. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the: (1) types of organisms causing bacteraemia after non-surgical extraction of teeth; (2) sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates after non-surgical extraction of tooth or teeth.

Drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from septic post-operative wounds in a regional referral hospital in Uganda.

Wound infections have been a problem in the field of surgery for a long time. Advances in control of infections have not completely eradicated this problem because of development of drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance can increase complications and costs associated with procedures and treatment. A study was carried out on drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from septic postoperative wounds in Jinja hospital, Uganda. This study was designed to determine the distribution of bacterial pathogens isolated from septic post-operative wounds and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Specimens of pus swabs were collected aseptically and analysed in the laboratory. Colony characteristics and Grams technique were used to differentiate the organisms. Biochemical tests were done to confirm the species of the organisms. Sensitivity testing was done on the isolates using the disk diffusion method. Pathogenic bacteria were recovered from 58.5% of the specimens. The isolates were: S.aureus (45.1%), Coliforms (16.9%), Proteus mirabilis (11.3%), P.aeruginosa (9.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.0%) and Enterobacter spp (2.82%). Most of the organisms were sensitive to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime. There was resistance to ampicillin, amoxycillin and chloramphenicol. Staphylococcus aureus was generally sensitive to gentamicin (87.5%), ciprofloxacin (68.7%) and methicillin (75%), but resistant to erythromycin (56.2%) and ampicillin (97%). Most of the gram-negative bacteria isolated (Coliforms, P.aeruginosa, E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Ceftazidime but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Chloramphenicol. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains formed 25% of this species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to gentamicin (87.5%) and ceftazidime (85.7%) but showed resistance to ciprofloxacin (57.2%). Some organisms e.g. S.aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis exhibited multi-drug resistance to the antibiotics tested. Since a high proportion of samples had positive cultures, infection control is recommended as a strategy to minimise spread of resistant organisms. It is recommended that gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime be used in preference to ampicillin and amoxycillin for treatment of septic wounds. There is need to develop national surveillance of antibiotic- resistant organisms.