Sensitivity Of Interferometer Research Articles

Super-resolution and super-sensitivity of entangled squeezed vacuum state using optimal detection strategy

Interference metrology is a method for achieving high precision detection by phase estimation. The phase sensitivity of a traditional interferometer is subject to the standard quantum limit, while its resolution is constrained by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The resolution and sensitivity of phase measurement can be enhanced by using quantum metrology. We propose a quantum interference metrology scheme using the entangled squeezed vacuum state, which is obtained using the magic beam splitter, expressed as , such as the N00N state. We derive the phase sensitivity and the resolution of the system with Z detection, project detection, and parity detection. By simulation and analysis, we determine that parity detection is an optimal detection method, which can break through the Rayleigh diffraction limit and the standard quantum limit.

Readout of the vibration of nanowires using fibre optics: Combining light scattering and the interference effect

Nanowires are good transducers to sense minute mechanical changes. A limitation in the mechanical motion detection of the nanowire is to identify the mode of vibration. In this work, we investigate the nano-optomechanical interaction between a nanowire and a focused Gaussian beam of light to analyze the vibration of nanowires. We combine effects of light scattering and light interference, across the optical axis and along the optical axis of the micro-lens fibre optic interferometer which is used in our study, respectively. Our analysis shows that the optimal detection sensitivity of the micro-lens fibre optic interferometer depends on both the vibration direction and diameter of the nanowire. Quantities which are of interest for experimentalist are analyzed, and our results could provide a guide for optical readout experiments of the vibration of nanowires.

Development of an HCN dual laser for the interferometer on EAST**Contributed paper, published as part of the Proceedings of the 3rd Domestic Electromagnetic Plasma Diagnostics Workshop, September 2016, Hefei, China.

A two-color continuous wave (CW) discharge-pumped far-infrared (FIR) hydrogen cyanide (HCN) laser was developed as the source of an interferometer for measuring the line-averaged electron density in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The output power of the dual laser system was about 120 mW from each laser on the 337 μm (0.89 THz) line. The polarization of each output beam was fixed using thin tungsten filaments and oscillated in the EH11 mode. Different megahertz intermediate frequencies (IF) and a slight frequency offset (∼1 MHz) were generated in this system to replace the traditional rotating grating with ∼10 kHz IF, and this can improve the time resolution of the interferometer significantly. The experimental result showed that different IF signals were obtained by successfully adjusting the cavity length. In particular, the beat frequency was captured at ∼1.3 MHz by a Schottky mixer when the length of the resonant cavities was changed by 5 μm by an automatic adjustment system. In order to study the character of IF, a long time record of the IF signal was carried out, and the IF signal could be stabilized for a few minutes in the range of 2 MHz to 3 MHz. A real-time IF stability control system was initially designed for long pulse discharge experiments on the EAST. The ∼MHz frequency response and good phase sensitivity of the dual laser HCN interferometer will allow the system to track fast density profiles and resolve fast MHD events, such as tearing/neoclassical tearing, disruptions, etc.

Enhancement of vibration desensitising capability of iterative algorithms for phase-shifting interferometers

The sensitivity of phase-shifting interferometers (PSIs) to vibration impairs their application in unsteady environment. Iterative algorithms were developed to desensitise the effect of vibration on PSIs, but their desensitising capability is restricted by the estimated initial value. In this paper, a spatial carrier-assisted method is proposed, in which a wavefront phase retrieved from an additional spatial-carrier interferogram is used as the initial value. Because of the benefits of spatial carrier, vibration immunity and sign determination, iteration could converge to accurate value even when interferometers are under severe vibration. To reduce the possibility of transverse movement of the measured surface, subsampling strategy is further proposed to decrease the required tilt angle, with the additional benefit of decreasing the calculation time of iteration. Computer simulations and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results indicate that the vibration desensitising capability of an iterative algorithm is significantly enhanced by the proposed method. The proposed method improves the vibration desensitising capability with low cost and is thus highly compatible.

Detecting acoustic-emission signals with fiber-optic interference transducers

Results of the analysis of acoustic-emission signals generated due to ultrasonic waves propagating in a polymer composite material and registered with piezoelectric and fiber-optic sensors are presented. The fiber-optic sensors were arranged into an adaptive interferometer based on using a dynamic hologram formed in a photorefractive crystal. Reducing the setpoint fading has made it possible to improve the noise immunity and sensitivity of the measurement system when using an adaptive interferometer on a photorefractive crystal. Optical fibers in the interferometer’s measurement system served as sensors of ultrasonic waves and were built into a polymer composite material when the sample was manufactured. The sample was a rectangular plate made of a multilayer fiberglass material. It has been discovered that the sensitivity of the adaptive interferometer makes it possible to detect acoustic- emission signals generated by a Hsu–Nielsen source. When determining the speed of sound in the polymer composite material, peculiarities of registering a group wave by fiber-optic sensors have been established that are due to the anisotropy of the medium the wave propagates in and the distributed character of sensor placement in the studied composite material. The wavelet transform has been used to separate the informative component of the wanted signal.

Structures far below the sub-Planck scale in quantum phase space through superoscillations

In 2001, Zurek derived the generic minimum scale $a_{Z}$ for the area of structures of Wigner's quantum phase distribution. Here we show by construction, using superoscillatory functions, that the Wigner distribution can locally show regular spotty structures on scales much below Zurek's scale $a_{Z}$. The price to pay for the presence of such structures is their exponential smallness. For the case we construct there is no increased interferometric sensitivity from the presence of patches with superoscillatory structure in phase-space.

Stress Sensitivity Analysis of Optical Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Fabry–Pérot Interferometric Sensors

A stress sensitivity analysis of optical fiber-based Fabry-Perot (FP) sensors has been performed, taking into account the influence of fiber loss on the interferometric sensitivity. The sensitivity increases proportionally with the interferometric cavity length, but it decreases with the attenuation present along the optical path. In addition, fibers constructed from materials with lower Young's modulus provide higher intrinsic stress sensitivity. In this study, three fiber materials have been studied: fused silica, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP), which have different Young's modulus and optical attenuation. In general, PMMA-based FPs are best for the shortest cavity lengths due to their lower Young's modulus, the performance of silica dominates for long cavities due to the lowest fiber loss and CYTOP is the best choice for medium length cavities. The boundaries between the three length regimes depend on the operating wavelength (which strongly influences the fiber loss) and the reflectivity of the mirrors forming the interferometer. Where the mirrors take the form of fiber Bragg gratings, the grating length also impacts the system performance. The presented model can be used to identify which material offers the highest stress sensitivity when the physical and optical characteristics of a FP stress sensor have been predefined.

Atom interferometry using a shaken optical lattice

We introduce shaken lattice interferometry with atoms trapped in a one-dimensional optical lattice. By phase modulating (shaking) the lattice, we control the momentum state of the atoms. Through a sequence of shaking functions, the atoms undergo an interferometer sequence of splitting, propagation, reflection, reverse propagation, and recombination. Each shaking function in the sequence is optimized with a genetic algorithm to achieve the desired momentum state transitions. As with conventional atom interferometers, the sensitivity of the shaken lattice interferometer increases with interrogation time. The shaken lattice interferometer may also be optimized to sense signals of interest while rejecting others, such as the measurement of an AC inertial signal in the presence of an unwanted DC signal.

Phase Sensitivity of a Multi-mode Nonlinear Interferometer with Single Photons

We propose a multi-mode nonlinear interferometer and study its phase sensitivity for two, three and four modes with single photons as inputs. We find that the phase sensitivity of the nonlinear interferometers can be improved by increasing the nonlinear index k. And when the total number of the input photons is fixed, increasing the number of modes is detrimental to the phase sensitivity.

Decoherence and interferometric sensitivity of boson sampling in superconducting resonator networks

Multiple bosons undergoing coherent evolution in a coupled network of sites constitute a so-called quantum walk system. The simplest example of such a two-particle interference is the celebrated Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. When scaling to larger boson numbers, simulating the exact distribution of bosons has been shown, under reasonable assumptions, to be exponentially hard. We analyze the feasibility and expected performance of a globally connected superconducting resonator based quantum walk system, using the known characteristics of state-of-the-art components. We simulate the sensitivity of such a system to decay processes and to perturbations and compare with coherent input states.

基于快慢光技术的高光谱灵敏度干涉仪的理论研究

基于快慢光技术的高光谱灵敏度干涉仪的理论研究

Folding gravitational-wave interferometers

The sensitivity of kilometer-scale terrestrial gravitational wave interferometers is limited by mirror coating thermal noise. Alternative interferometer topologies can mitigate the impact of thermal noise on interferometer noise curves. In this work, we explore the impact of introducing a single folding mirror into the arm cavities of dual-recycled Fabry–Perot interferometers. While simple folding alone does not reduce the mirror coating thermal noise, it makes the folding mirror the critical mirror, opening up a variety of design and upgrade options. Improvements to the folding mirror thermal noise through crystalline coatings or cryogenic cooling can increase interferometer range by as much as a factor of two over the Advanced LIGO reference design.

Improving the phase sensitivity of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer via a nonlinear phase shifter

We propose a scheme to improve the phase sensitivity of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. In this scheme, a Kerr nonlinear phase shifter is used to replace the traditional linear phase shifter. We consider two detection approaches: the direct homodyne detection (DHD) and the indirect homodyne detection (IHD). We find that the Kerr nonlinear phase shifter can improve the phase sensitivity of the interferometer, and the DHD is better than the IHD. In addition, we also find that the phase sensitivity of the Kerr nonlinear interferometer is robust against photon losses.

Electromechanical Measurements Of Gd-Doped Ceria Thin Films By Laser Interferometry

Highly sensitive laser interferometer was built to measure electromechanical coupling in Gd-doped ceria Ce<sub>0.9</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2-x</sub> thin films in the frequency range up to 20 kHz. Spurious resonances due to substrate bending were avoided by the special mounting of the film in the center of substrate. Compact design allowed to reach high vertical resolution of about 0.2 pm. Electrostriction coefficient measured in 1 µm thick Ce<sub>0.9</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2-x</sub> film was 4.3×10<sup>-21 </sup>m<sup>2</sup>/V<sup>2</sup> and slightly decreased with frequency till the extensional resonance of the substrate at about 20 kHz occurred. As expected, the displacement varied as a square of applied voltage without any sign of saturation.

Star formation and chemical complexity in the Orion nebula: A new view with the IRAM and ALMA interferometers

Abstract The Orion nebula is one of the most observed celestial regions in the Milky Way. It is an active massive star-forming region, especially well studied in the millimeter and submillimeter domains that allow us to unveil the cool and obscured regions in which stars are being formed. After a brief introduction to the main properties of a radio telescope, we recall that the most sensitive radio interferometers, the IRAM mm array and, especially, the recently built ALMA millimeter/submillimeter array, offer an outstanding spatial resolution reaching the sub-arcsecond scale, or even about 10 milli-arcseconds for ALMA (about four times the Earth's orbit radius at the Orion distance). These interferometers can reveal the fine spatial details of the Orion clouds of gas and dust within which new stars and associated planetary systems are being formed. The high spectral resolution and sensitivity of both interferometers and the broad instantaneous bandwidth offered by ALMA allowed us to map the emission from a number of complex organic molecules, to estimate the molecular abundances, and to address some important aspects of the molecular complexity in Orion. Our observations do not lead to a unique molecular formation and excitation scheme, but the chemistry at work in the proto-stellar ‘fragments’ at the center of the Orion nebula can be compared with the chemistry prevailing in comets of the Solar system. We have underlined the possible links between the prebiotic molecules observed in space and the chemistry leading to the early terrestrial life.

Phase shift formulation for N-light-pulse atom interferometers: application to inertial sensing

We report on an original and simple formulation of the phase shift in N-light-pulse atom interferometers. We consider atomic interferometers based on two-photon transitions (Raman transitions or Bragg pulses). Starting from the exact analytical phase shift formula obtained from the atom optics ABCD formalism, we use a power series expansion in time of the position of the atomic wave packet with respect to the initial condition. The result of this expansion leads to a formulation of the interferometer phase shift where the leading coefficient in the phase terms up to T^k dependences (k >= 0) in the time separation T between pulses, can be simply expressed in terms of a product between a Vandermonde matrix, and a vector characterizing the two-photon pulse sequence of the interferometer. This simple coefficient dependence of the phase shift reflects very well the atom interferometer's sensitivity to a specific inertial field in the presence of multiple gravito-inertial effects. Consequently,we show that this formulation is well suited when looking for selective atomic sensors of accelerations, rotations, or photon recoil only, which can be obtained by simply zeroing some specific coefficients. We give a theoritical application of our formulation to the photon recoil measurement.

Fingerprint detection and mapping using a phase shifted coherent gradient sensing technique.

In this paper, a full field technique for mapping a latent fingerprint using a coherent gradient sensing (CGS) sensor is proposed. Collimated light from an He-Ne laser illuminates a specimen comprising a fingerprint implanted onto a reflecting surface. Reflected light from the specimen is analyzed using the CGS sensor comprising a pair of gratings. Reflected light carries information regarding the depth and orientation of furrows and ridges in the fingerprint. The topological information of the fingerprint is retrieved using four-step phase shifting interferometry. Well-defined 2D and 3D phase plots have been reconstructed to map the topography of the human fingerprint. The recorded slope data reconstructs the information regarding the separation and depth of the ridges in the latent fingerprint. The proposed technique is noninvasive and full field and does not require any kind of chemical or physical treatment. The sensor is very simple, yields interferometric sensitivity, and has the advantages of easy alignment, compactness, and low cost.

Search for transient gravitational waves in coincidence with short-duration radio transients during 2007–2013

We present an archival search for transient gravitational-wave bursts in coincidence with 27 single pulse triggers from Green Bank Telescope pulsar surveys, using the LIGO, Virgo and GEO interferometer network. We also discuss a check for gravitational-wave signals in coincidence with Parkes Fast Radio Bursts using similar methods. Data analyzed in these searches were collected between 2007 and 2013. Possible sources of emission of both short-duration radio signals and transient gravitational-wave emission include starquakes on neutron stars, binary coalescence of neutron stars, and cosmic string cusps. While no evidence for gravitational-wave emission in coincidence with these radio transients was found, the current analysis serves as a prototype for similar future searches using more sensitive second-generation interferometers.

Mean-Field Dynamics and Fisher Information in Matter Wave Interferometry.

There has been considerable recent interest in the mean-field dynamics of various atom-interferometry schemes designed for precision sensing. In the field of quantum metrology, the standard tools for evaluating metrological sensitivity are the classical and quantum Fisher information. In this Letter, we show how these tools can be adapted to evaluate the sensitivity when the behavior is dominated by mean-field dynamics. As an example, we compare the behavior of four recent theoretical proposals for gyroscopes based on matter-wave interference in toroidally trapped geometries. We show that while the quantum Fisher information increases at different rates for the various schemes considered, in all cases it is consistent with the well-known Sagnac phase shift after the matter waves have traversed a closed path. However, we argue that the relevant metric for quantifying interferometric sensitivity is the classical Fisher information, which can vary considerably between the schemes.

Temperature Sensitivity of a Waveguide Young Interferometer

The temperature sensitivity of a waveguide Young interferometer is investigated experimentally and using numerical simulations. With different materials on the two arms of the interferometer, the output phase is linear with temperature, making the device suitable for on-chip temperature sensing. A symmetric interferometer with the same material on both arms is almost insensitive to hotspots and temperature steps applied to the bottom of the substrate, while it is still sensitive to the asymmetric heating of the top surface. For biological or chemical sensing, it must be assured that any heating of the top surface, e.g. from liquid or gas flow, is symmetric with respect to the interferometer, both for asymmetric and symmetric devices. For a 20mm long device, the difference in temperature between the two arms must be limited to a few millikelvin in order not to influence the performance of the device.