Sensitivity Of Different Parts Research Articles

Seismic Response of a Large-Span Steel Truss Arch Bridge under Nonuniform Near-Fault Ground Motions

The ground motion in the near-fault region of an earthquake is characterized by exceptional energy levels, powerful velocity impulses, substantial spatial variability, and notable permanent displacement. These unique attributes can dramatically escalate structural damage. Steel truss arch bridges, being critical components of transportation networks, are particularly vulnerable to these phenomena due to their extensive stiffness spans. Such factors are difficult to accurately simulate. In this study, real near-fault ground motions that incorporate spatial variability effects and pulse effects are used to excite the long-span arch bridge, thereby striving to realistically reproduce the structural damage sustained by the bridge under the simultaneous influence of near-fault spatial variability and pulse effects. This study adopts an arch bridge with a span closely approximating the spacing between stations (200 m) of the SMART seismic array as a case study. The near-fault ground motions, characterized by spatial variability and captured by the array, are selected as seismic samples, while the far-field ground motions recorded by the same array serve as a comparative reference. The seismic excitations are then input into the bridge case study, following the spatial correspondence of the stations, using a large-scale finite element program to obtain the structural response. Upon analyzing the seismic response of crucial positions on the bridge, it became evident that the arch foot of the bridge is more susceptible to the spatial variability in near-fault ground motion, whereas the vault experiences a greater impact from the high-energy velocity pulse. Specifically, under nonuniform seismic conditions, the internal force at the base of the bridge arch increased significantly, averaging a rise of 18.69% compared to uniform excitation conditions. Conversely, the displacement and internal force response at the top of the arch exhibited more modest increases of 6.48% and 10.33%, respectively. Under nonuniform excitation, the vault’s response to near-fault earthquakes increased by an average of 20.35% com-pared to far-field earthquakes, while the arch foot’s response rose by 11.55%. In contrast, under uniform excitation, the vault’s response to near-fault earthquakes was notably higher, increasing by 25.04%, while the arch foot’s response showed a minor increase of only 2.28%. The study has revealed significant differences in the sensitivity of different parts of long-span arch bridges to near-fault earthquake characteristics. This finding is of great importance for understanding the behavior of long-span arch bridges under complex earthquake conditions. Specifically, the arch foot of the bridge is more sensitive to the spatial variability of near-fault ground motions, while the arch crown is more significantly affected by high-energy velocity pulses, providing new insights for bridge seismic design. Furthermore, the differences in response between the arch crown and arch foot under different earthquake excitations also reveal the complexity and diversity of bridge structural responses.

The Global Financial Cycle

We review the literature on the empirical characteristics of the global financial cycle and associated stylized facts on international capital flows, asset prices, risk aversion and liquidity in the financial system. We analyse the co-movements of global factors in asset prices and capital flows with commodity prices, international trade and world output as well as the sensitivity of different parts of the world to the Global Financial Cycle. We present evidence of the causal effects of the monetary policies of the US Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank and of the People's Bank of China on the Global Financial Cycle. We then assess whether the 2008 financial crisis has altered the transmission channels of monetary policies on the Global Financial Cycle. Finally, we discuss the theoretical modelling of the Global Financial Cycle and avenues for future research.

Error Sensitivity Analysis of DMB Transport Streams

In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of the digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) format to transmission errors. To find the sensitivity of different parts of TS packets to transmission errors, each TS packet is divided into four cells, i.e., the first three cells comprising 48 bytes each and the last cell is of 44 bytes length. Bit errors are then introduced into these different parts of the TS packets. The sensitivity of DMB videos to transmission errors and their locations is assessed in terms of the following measures: 1) Number of decoder crashes; 2) Number of decodable videos; 3) Total number of decodable frames; and 4) Objective perceptual video quality of the decoded videos. The structural similarity index and visual information fidelity criterion are used as objective perceptual quality metrics. Simulations are performed on seven different DMB videos using various bit error rates. The results show that the first cell of the TS packets is highly sensitive to bit errors compared to the subsequent three cells, both in terms of spatial and temporal video quality. Further, the sensitivity decreases from Cell 1 to Cell 4 of a DMB TS packet. The error sensitivity analysis reported in this paper may guide the development of more reliable transmission systems for future DMB systems and services. Specifically, the insights gained from this study may support designing better error control schemes that take the sensitivity of different parts of DMB TS packets into consideration.

Scrutiny by means of debate: the Dutch parliamentary debate about the Banking Union

This paper suggests a new approach to analyze the level of scrutiny of EU affairs provided by national parliaments. We develop a fine-grained measurement of how parliaments responded to the Eurozone crisis, by means of an in-depth analysis of the debate in the Dutch Lower House about the Banking Union. We use a mixed method design to determine whether parliament(arian)s succeeded in giving the government a hard time—by being informed on the topic, asking valid questions, knowing the state of play in Brussels, or by committing and confronting the government on their negotiation behavior. We uncover variation in the level of scrutiny that so far was neglected by the literature. Our analyses furthermore reveal a punctuated pattern of the level of scrutiny that is related to media attention, the varying sensitivity of different parts of the dossier and the proximity to relevant meetings in Brussels.

Benchmark Tests for Numerical Weather Forecasts on Inexact Hardware

Abstract A reduction of computational cost would allow higher resolution in numerical weather predictions within the same budget for computation. This paper investigates two approaches that promise significant savings in computational cost: the use of reduced precision hardware, which reduces floating point precision beyond the standard double- and single-precision arithmetic, and the use of stochastic processors, which allow hardware faults in a trade-off between reduced precision and savings in power consumption and computing time. Reduced precision is emulated within simulations of a spectral dynamical core of a global atmosphere model and a detailed study of the sensitivity of different parts of the model to inexact hardware is performed. Afterward, benchmark simulations were performed for which as many parts of the model as possible were put onto inexact hardware. Results show that large parts of the model could be integrated with inexact hardware at error rates that are surprisingly high or with reduced precision to only a couple of bits in the significand of floating point numbers. However, the sensitivities to inexact hardware of different parts of the model need to be respected, for example, via scale separation. In the last part of the paper, simulations with a full operational weather forecast model in single precision are presented. It is shown that differences in accuracy between the single- and double-precision forecasts are smaller than differences between ensemble members of the ensemble forecast at the resolution of the standard ensemble forecasting system. The simulations prove that the trade-off between precision and performance is a worthwhile effort, already on existing hardware.

茎瘤芥不同生长期植株营养特性及其与产量的关系

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 茎瘤芥不同生长期植株营养特性及其与产量的关系 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201208211175 作者: 作者单位: 西南大学资源环境学院;贵州省土壤肥料研究所,重庆文理学院,西南大学资源环境学院,西南大学资源环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项课题（2012ZX07104-003） Relationship between nutrient characteristics and yields of tumorous stem mustard at different growth stage Author: Affiliation: Guizhou Institute of Soil and Fertilizer,,,xinandaxueziyuanhuanjingxueyuan Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在涪陵区选取30个茎瘤芥种植农户，采用大田调查和室内化学分析方法，研究了茎瘤芥不同生长期（苗期、快速膨大期、采收期）叶片和茎瘤10种必需营养元素含量的变化特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明：茎瘤芥在整个生育期内，除K、S含量较高外，其余大、微量元素均在大多植物含量范围内；不同生育期茎瘤芥叶片、茎瘤中各养分含量变化具有明显的规律性，苗期叶片大量元素含量次序为N > K > Ca > P > S > Mg，快速膨大期和采收期叶片大量元素含量次序均为N > K > Ca > S > P > Mg，茎瘤中大量元素含量次序均为K > N > P > S > Ca > Mg，3个生长期叶片和茎瘤的微量元素含量，除快速膨大期茎瘤中略有不同（Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu）外，其余均为Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu；从苗期到快速膨大期再到采收期养分变化规律看，叶片中N、P、K、Fe、Cu和Zn含量呈降低趋势，而Ca、Mg、S和Mn则呈现先降低后升高的趋势，从快速膨大期到采收期茎瘤中除N、S、Fe和Cu元素呈降低趋势外，其余养分元素均呈上升趋势。从茎瘤芥不同器官养分含量高低看，快速膨大期和采收期叶片中N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量较茎瘤中低，而Ca、Fe和Mn含量的变化特点则相反，S和Mg差异较小，表明茎瘤芥不同部位对不同养分的敏感程度各异。相关分析表明，各生育期不同器官的Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn与产量呈显著或极显著的负相关关系，K、Cu与产量呈正的相关关系。通过逐步回归分析建立茎瘤芥各生育期植株营养元素与产量的回归预测模型，其中苗期叶片营养元素与产量的最优回归方程为Y=36768+3583XK-6.328XFe-76.09XMn；快速膨大期叶片和茎瘤营养元素与产量的最优回归方程分别为Y=50458+21557XP+7925XCa-88092XMg-1145XCu和Y=32487+7294XK-116122XMg；采收期叶片和茎瘤营养元素与产量的最优回归方程分别为Y=36064+3413XK-30.15XFe和Y=11791+7334XK-385XZn。因此，在茎瘤芥各生长期均应注意钾肥的合理施用，快速膨大期应重视磷肥的施用。而几种微量元素和镁素对茎瘤芥产量的负效应，则可通过增施充分腐熟的有机肥料加以调控。 Abstract:The status of plant nutrient characteristic plays a vital role in yields. Therefore, 30 tumorous stem mustard farmers in Fuling district, Chongqing City, China, were selected in our present study, the variation characteristics of 10 necessary nutrients contents in leaves and stems of tumorous stem mustard in different growth stage (such as seedling, rapid expanding and harvest stage) were determined and also their relationship to the yields was set up by field survey and laboratory analysis. The results indicated that the contents of potassium (K) and sulfur (S) were both high during the whole growth periods. However, the other macroelements and microelements contents were fit to the normal plants; and also, the changes of nutrient content in leaves and stems were varied by the different growth stages, in generally, the contents in leaves at seeding stage was in the orders of nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > phosphate (P) > sulfur (S) > magnesium (Mg); macroelements content in the leaves at rapid expanding stage and harvest time were in the seriers of N > K > Ca > S > P > Mg. While in stems were followed by the order: K > N > P > S > Ca > Mg; Except rapid expanding stage(ferrum (Fe) > zinc (Zn) > manganese (Mg) > copper (Cu)), leaves and stems in all three growth periods were in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. The contents of N, P, K, Fe, Cu and Zn in the leaves decreased from seedling stage to harvest time, while the contents of Ca, Mg, S and Mn decreased firstly, and then increased from seedling stage to harvest time,. From rapid expanding stage to harvest time, the contents of N, S, Fe and Cu showed a decreasing tendency, while other elements were the increasing tendency. In addition, the nutrient contents in different organs were also observed, the contents of N, P, K, Cu and Zn in leaves at rapid expanding stage and harvest time were lower than that of the stem nodule. But the contents of Ca, Fe and Mn showed the adverse pattern. S and Mg contents varied little, which indicated that the sensitivity of different parts of tumorous stem mustard to different nutrients were different. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant negative relationship between Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn in various organs at different growth stages and yields, however, K, Cu had the positive correlation with yields. Stepwise regression analysis was chosen to establish a predictive regression model between nutritive elements among different growth stages of tumorous stem mustard and yields, the optimum regression equation was obtained as follows, Y=36768+3583XK-6.328XFe-76.09XMn at seedling stage, Y=50458+21557XP+7925XCa-88092XMg-1145XCu and Y=32487+7294XK-116122XMg for nutritive elements in leaves and stems at expanded quickly stage, respectively. while Y=36064+3413XK-30.15XFe and Y=11791+7334XK-385XZn in harvesting time. It can concluded that more attention should be paid to the rational application of K fertilizer in every growth stage of tumorous stem mustard, and P fertilizer in rapid expanding stage. The negative effects of some trace elements and Mg on yield of tumorous stem mustard could be regulated by increasing the application of organic manure compost. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Human impact on an island ecosystem: pollen data from Sandoy, Faroe Islands

AbstractAim To investigate the form and dynamics of ecosystems on an isolated island in the North Atlantic before human settlement in the first millennium ad, and the effects of human activities thereafter.Location The island of Sandoy, Faroes (61°50′ N, 6°45′ W).Methods Two sequences of lake sediments and one of peat were studied using pollen analysis and sedimentological techniques. Age models were constructed on the basis of radiocarbon dating and, in one case, tephrochronology. The data were analysed statistically and compared with existing data from the region.Results The pollen data indicate that early Holocene vegetation consisted of fell‐field communities probably growing on raw, skeletal soils. These communities gave way to grass‐ and sedge‐dominated communities, which in turn were largely replaced by dwarf shrub‐dominated blanket mire communities well before the first arrival of humans. There is evidence for episodic soil erosion, particularly in the uplands. Changes in the records attributable to human impact are minor in comparison with many other situations in the North Atlantic margins, and with certain published sequences from elsewhere in the Faroes. They include: (1) the appearance of cereal pollen and charcoal, (2) an expansion of ruderal taxa, (3) a decline in certain taxa, notably Juniperus communis and Filipendula ulmaria, and (4) a renewed increase in rates of upland soil erosion. The reliability of palaeoecological inferences drawn from these sites, and more generally from sites in similar unforested situations, is discussed.Main conclusions The subdued amplitude of palynological and sedimentological responses to settlement at these sites can be explained partly in terms of their location and partly in terms of the sensitivity of different parts of the ecosystem to human activities. This study is important in establishing that the imposition of people on the pristine environment of Sandoy, while far from negligible, especially in the immediate vicinity of early farms and at high altitudes, had relatively little ecological impact in many parts of the landscape.

Variation in radiation sensitivity and repair kinetics in different parts of the spinal cord

Background. The spinal cord, known for its strongly serial character and high sensitivity to radiation even when a small segment is irradiated, is one of the most critical organs at risk to be spared during radiation therapy. To compare the sensitivity of different parts of the spinal cord, data for radiation myelopathy have been used. Material and methods. In the present study, the relative seriality model was fitted to two different datasets of clinical radiation myelitis concerning cervical spinal cord after treating 248 patients for head and neck cancer and thoracic spinal cord after treating 43 patients with lung carcinoma. The maximum likelihood method was applied to fit the clinical data. The model parameters and their 68% confidence intervals were calculated for each dataset. The α/β ratio for the thoracic cord was also was also found to be 0.9 (0–3.0) Gy. Results. The dose-response curve for the more sensitive cervical myelopathy is well described by the parameters D50=55.9 (54.8–57.1) Gy, γ=6.9 (5.0–9.2), s=0.13 (0.07–0.24), whereas the thoracic myelopathy is described by the parameters D50=75.5 (70.5–80.8) Gy, γ=1.1 (0.6–1.6), s=36 (3.3−∞). Discussion and conclusions. Large differences in radiation response between the cervical and thoracic region of spinal cord are thus observed: cervical myelopathy seems to be characterized by medium seriality, while thoracic spinal cord is characterized by a highly serial dose-response. The much steeper dose-response curve for cervical spinal cord myelopathy can be interpreted as a higher number of functional subunits consistent with a higher amount of white matter close to the brain.

Error sensitivity data structures and retransmission strategies for robust JPEG 2000 wireless imaging

In this paper we address the problem of JPEG 2000 imaging in a wireless environment. We first define a flexible and efficient data structure for the description of the error sensitivity of different parts of a JPEG 2000 codestream or file format; the data structure is designed in such a way that it can seamlessly integrated as payload of a JPEG 2000 marker segment or file format box. Moreover, we investigate ARQ policies for robust packet-based JPEG 2000 image transmission over 3G mobile communication systems, and highlight how the proposed data structure can be exploited to improve the end-to-end performance.

Toxicity of Increased Amounts of Chemicals and the Dose–Response Curves for Heterogeneous Microbial Populations in Soil

The paper deals with the interpretation and classification of dose-response curves in order to understand the way in which the heterogeneous soil microbial population behaves under chemical stress. The evaluation is based on a set of about 500 toxicity tests, in which geometrically increasing doses of toxicants were applied to soil samples. The responses of the microflora were measured by various methods, e.g., Fe(III) reduction, substrate induced respiration, arginine ammonification, and several enzyme activities. The data reveal that microbial populations in soil react more complexly than homogeneous groups of test subjects which are common in classical toxicology. The diverse types of dose-response curves are attributed to a varying sensitivity of different parts of the soil microflora and influences of the habitat soil. A proposal for the interpretation and classification of microbial dose-response curves is presented. Four basic types of dose-dependent effects and several combined sequences of them can describe the reaction patterns found up to now. Since experiments with heterogeneous populations are lacking in classical toxicology, the results can be used as a key for further research regarding the toxicity of chemicals against plant, animal, and human populations.

The Borders of the Self: Contamination Sensitivity and Potency of the Body Apertures and Other Body Parts

Abstract Three surveys of American undergraduate students explore a central aspect of the concept of self: the vulnerability or sensitivity of different parts of the body surface, especially apertures, to intrusion and contamination. The basic measure used was rated displeasure at imagined contact of various body parts of the subject with plain neutral objects (e.g., a Q-tip or a poker chip) or with that same object after imagined contact with a potentially offensive site (e.g., a stranger′s mouth). All contaminated objects were described as sterilized by dry heat before contact with the subject. The principal findings from these studies are: (1) Contact with apertures is more unpleasant than contact with unbroken skin. (2) Displeasure at contact with apertures can be analyzed into two components: intrusion sensitivity and contamination sensitivity. (3) The anus is the aperture that is most intrusion sensitive, while the mouth and vagina are the most contamination sensitive points on the body. (4) In general, the more susceptible an aperture to contamination, the more potent it is as a contaminant for other persons. (5) Within the mouth, the sense of offensiveness of an intruding object increases with both physical contact (especially of the tongue) and the sense of inclusion, that is, being within the mouth cavity even in the absence of contact. (6) Heterosexual males display strong negativity to any sort of contact with other males, while they seem to sexualize contact with unknown females. For heterosexual females and homosexual males, the pattern of sensitivity (by aperture) to cockroaches is like that to strange males or females. However, for heterosexual males, strange male contact is like cockroach contact, but strange female contact is not.

Regional Sensitivity of Human Airways to Capsaicin-induced Cough

To examine the sensitivity of different parts of the human respiratory tract to a tussive and bronchoconstrictor stimulus, randomized, standardized single breaths of capsaicin aerosols were inhaled by nine healthy, nonsmoking subjects. A small droplet aerosol (3.2 microns MMD) was inhaled slowly (0.25 L/s), and a large droplet aerosol (5.2 microns MMD) was inhaled rapidly (1.0 L/s) to optimize differences in deposition, which were assessed after inhalation of 99mTc-DTPA aerosols with similar characteristics. Both capsaicin aerosols (zero to 256 microM) produced a concentration-dependent cough response. The geometric means (95% Cl) for the concentrations causing two coughs (cough threshold) were 2.3 microM (1.1 to 4.9) and 8.7 microM (3.1 to 24.5) (p less than 0.02), respectively, with the small and large droplet aerosols. The concentrations causing five coughs were 5.5 microM (3.0 to 10.0) with the small droplet aerosol and 29.5 microM (8.3 to 104.7) with the large droplet aerosol (p less than 0.02). In contrast, FEV1, measured 2 min after the largest concentration of capsaicin, was not significantly altered by any of the two capsaicin aerosols. In each subject, a similar dose was deposited in the larynx with both aerosols, whereas the dose deposited in intrapulmonary airways was 2.3 times larger with the small droplet aerosol. This study confirmed that slow inhalation of a small droplet aerosol produced a more peripheral airway deposition than did rapid inhalation of a large droplet aerosol. The small droplet aerosol was four times more potent, and capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons mediating cough seem, therefore, to be present in human intrapulmonary airways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Contribution of skin thermal sensitivities of large body areas to sweating response.

The thermal sensitivity of different parts of the body was investigated by heating large areas of the body surface while the mean skin temperature calculated from Hardy and DuBois ' formula (1938) was always kept constant. The right arm sweating responses recorded under a local thermal clamp were related to changes in segmental skin temperatures of the different parts of the body. The results show that: 1) the various local peripheral signals are projected into integrating structures in the central nervous system; 2) the thermal sensitivity is greater for the head-and-trunk area in comparison with other parts of the body. For resting nude subjects, the formula of Hardy and DuBois remains a pertinent way for evaluating the role of skin thermal signals in the central drive for sweating. The peripheral contribution to the central sweating drive depends only on the skin temperature change and on the size of the stimulated area.

Relativistic Corrections to the Polarization of Protons at High Energies

Relativistic corrections to high-energy $p\ensuremath{-}p$ polarization data are calculated, with a breakdown of contributions into parts corresponding to the anomalous proton magnetic moment and remaining effects. It is found that as much as 70% of the relativistic correction may be caused by the anomalous part of the proton moment. In view of the presence of wave function distortion effects and the difference in sensitivity of different parts of the correction to the appreciable wave function distortion effects recently pointed out by Breit, it is concluded that the values of the relativistic corrections to polarization are at present quite unreliable. On the other hand, the corrections are smaller than the experimental error in many cases and their unreliability does not appear to affect existing fits to data seriously.

Mechanical stimulation in the sea-anemoneCalliactis parasitica

1. A method of administering measured local mechanical stimuli is described. Experiments were done upon the anemoneCalliactis parasitica. 2. Mechanical stimuli show rapid apparent adaptation—partly due to simple mechanical causes such as contracture and passive deformation of the tissues. 3. When conditions are standardized a mechanical stimulus of sufficient intensity on the column gives a nervous impulse. These mechanical stimuli can be used in the same way as electric shocks to give facilitated responses. 4. Increasing the mechanical intensity of the stimulus shows a threshold below which no impulse is generated; and with further increase of strength, trains of increasing numbers of impulses. There exists a system capable of graded mechanical excitation. Gradation is also to be observed below the threshold since there can be summation of subliminal stimuli. 5. The excitable system appears to be orientated tangentially and responds to stretch rather than to pressure. 6. The excitable system is purely endodermal. The ectoderm and mesogloea act only as an integument. 7. On histological grounds there are grave difficulties in supposing that impulses set arise simply and directly in the numerous simple sense organs. The possibility is noted that the graded excitation of the mechanically sensitive system causes the nerve-net to fire off impulses. 8. The sensitivity of different parts of the animal varies greatly. InCalliactisthe oral disk is as least 4000 times as sensitive as the column. 9. The combination of a simple mechanically excitable system with the gross morphological features of the bodily organization permits purposive and varied responses. Thus strong stimulation of the column leads to the closure reflex, whilst weak stimulation of the disk by contact or by water movements leads to appropriate responses connected with feeding or rejection.

A masking technique for isolating the pupillary response to focused light.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore possible methods of isolating the pupillary response to focused light. Two methods were used; one employed flash stimuli of various sizes on a dark background and the other employed a masking technique. An infrared photographic technique was used for recording changes in pupil diameter in response to the stimulus conditions used in this study.When using the 51° flash stimulus, it was hoped that enough photoreceptors would be included in the area of focused light to ellicit a pupillary response before the stray light would become intense enough to produce a response.In the masking technique the retina was adapted to a centrally fixated stimulus for four to six seconds and then a one-second flash stimulus 15° in diameter or less was superimposed upon it. The purpose of the adapting stimulus was to mask the pupillo-motor effect of the stray light from the flash stimulus.Data for the flashes of various sizes on a dark background support the hypothesis that stray light is the main determinant of the pupillary response in this situation. However, when a 51° flash stimulus was used, a response to focused light was evident at low levels of luminance.In general the masking technique was successful in masking the pupillary response to stray light when used with flashes of low luminance.The visual and pupillary thresholds were shown to be about the same in this investigation.It is recommended that the masking technique used in this study be used to study summation and the pupillo-motor sensitivity of different parts of the retina.

The Helmholtz Resonance Theory of Hearing

In a communication to NATURE of April 21, p. 614, Messrs. Hallpike and Rawdon Smith produce evidence of differential sensitivity of different parts of the cochlea to notes of different frequency, which they describe as favouring the resonance theory of hearing. They use the expression “differentially tuned”, which I suggest assumes more than is justified by the evidence.