Sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Detection Research Articles

Selective and sensitive non-enzymatic detection of glucose by Cu(ii)–Ni(ii)/SBA-15

Monitoring blood glucose levels in diabetic patients is vital, pressing the need for sensitive and affordable glucose sensors.

Two-Dimensionally Ordered Carbon Array Nanostructures with Atomically Dispersed Nickel for Sensitive Nonenzymatic Detection of Glucose

Two-Dimensionally Ordered Carbon Array Nanostructures with Atomically Dispersed Nickel for Sensitive Nonenzymatic Detection of Glucose

Copper(II)-Incorporated Porphyrin-Based Porous Organic Polymer for a Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor.

To date, the fabrication of multifunctional nanoplatforms based on a porous organic polymer for electrochemical sensing of biorelevant molecules has received considerable attention in the search for a more active, robust, and sensitive electrocatalyst. Here, in this report, we have developed a new porous organic polymer based on porphyrin (TEG-POR) from a polycondensation reaction between a triethylene glycol-linked dialdehyde and pyrrole. The Cu(II) complex of the polymer Cu-TEG-POR shows high sensitivity and a low detection limit for glucose electro-oxidation in an alkaline medium. The characterization of the as-synthesized polymer was done by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and 13C CP-MAS solid-state NMR. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm was carried out at 77 K to analyze the porous property. TEG-POR and Cu-TEG-POR both show excellent thermal stability. The Cu-TEG-POR-modified GC electrode shows a low detection limit (LOD) value of 0.9 μM and a wide linear range (0.001-1.3 mM) with a sensitivity of 415.8 μA mM-1 cm-2 toward electrochemical glucose sensing. The interference of the modified electrode from ascorbic acid, dopamine, NaCl, uric acid, fructose, sucrose, and cysteine was insignificant. Cu-TEG-POR exhibits acceptable recovery for blood glucose detection (97.25-104%), suggesting its scope in the future for selective and sensitive nonenzymatic glucose detection in human blood.

Corrosion-assisted in situ growth of NiCoFe-layered double hydroxides on Fe foam for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection.

Because of their remarkable qualities including changeable chemical composition, good redox characteristics, and ease of manufacture, non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on metallic hydroxides have attracted much interest. However, enhancement of their peroxidase-like catalytic activity is challenging due to their poor substrate affinity and low electrical conductivity, affecting electron transfer. Herein, a three-dimensional hierarchical architecture of Ni/Co-decorated-Fe layered double hydroxide (NiCoFe-LDH) was straightforwardly constructed on Fe foam (FF) via a feasible corrosion strategy, and the non-enzymatic glucose sensing properties of the NiCoFe-LDH/FF electrode were investigated. In the linear detection range of 0.010-0.1 mM, the electrode exhibits an extreme sensitivity of 5717 μA mM-1 cm-2 with a low threshold for glucose determination of 2.61 μM (S/N = 3) and a short reaction time (∼2 s), which is ascribed to its specific intertwined nanosheet-like morphology with rich electron transfer passages that enhance conductivity and improve the accessibility to more active catalytic sites for glucose oxidation. Moreover, the electrode shows excellent selectivity, good stability, and promising practicality for glucose detection in actual serum samples. These results indicate that the feasible corrosion approach towards the simple synthesis of trimetallic layered double hydroxide electrodes results in improved affinity and stability, holding new prospects for achieving reliable, cost-efficient, and eco-friendly non-enzymatic glucose detection.

Constructing heterointerface of crystalline Au nanoparticles and amorphous porous CoSnO3 nanocubes for sensitive electrochemical detection of glucose

Au/CoSnO3 was explored as a novel electrocatalyst for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose. Au/CoSnO3 was synthesized by a galvanic replacement strategy. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and electrochemical techniques. The results display that a small amount of crystalline Au nanoparticles are decorated on the surface of amorphous porous CoSnO3 nanocubes. The formation of such unique amorphous/crystalline heterogeneous interface makes Au/CoSnO3 exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for the electrochemical oxidation of glucose. The sensor based on Au/CoSnO3 can detect glucose with a wide linear detection range of 0.2 µM–0.11 mM, a high sensitivity of 2317.1 µA·mM−1·cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.078 µM. This study demonstrates CoSnO3 as an effective sensing material and also provides a way to improve electrocatalytic properties of nanomaterials through interfacial engineering.

Engineering Co3O4 with Co defects for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

Defect engineering was considered as an effective strategy to regulate electrocatalytic activities of transition metal oxides. However, there are seldom reports about metal defects in electrochemical sensing. In this work, Co-defected Co3O4 was synthesized via thermal treatment of glycerolatocobalt (CoGly) precursor for constructing a novel electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensor. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques. The presence of Co defects regulated electronic structure of Co3O4, which not only speeds up electron transfer rate but also exposes more high-valent Co sites, thus improving electrocatalytic activities. Under optimized conditions, Co-defected Co3O4 electrode exhibited excellent performance for glucose analysis with a wide linear range of 0.2 µM to 0.5 mM, a low detection limit of 0.16 µM. Importantly, an ultrahigh sensitivity of 2595.7 µA·mM−1·cm−2 was also obtained, which was about 10 times higher than that of conventional Co3O4. Therefore, engineering Co3O4 with Co defects is an effective strategy to tailor electrocatalytic activity, which sheds light on the potential applications of metal defects in the field of electrochemical nonenzymatic sensing.

Fe doping induced formation of crystalline/amorphous NiCo2O4 core/shell heterostructure for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

A novel strategy was reported to improve electrocatalytic activity of NiCo 2 O 4 by doping Fe. It is interesting to find that the doping of Fe induces formation of nanorod composing with crystalline core and thin amorphous shell. The composition, structure and properties of NiCo 2 O 4 are well characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry and amperometric method. The results display that the presence of thin amorphous shell is conducive to accelerating electron transfer rate and exposing more effective active sites, therefore making the sensor based on Fe-doped NiCo 2 O 4 detect glucose in a wide linear range from 0.2 μM to 3.1 mM with a high sensitivity of 3055.7 μA mM −1 cm −2 and a low detection limit of 0.19 μM. This unique crystalline core/amorphous shell-structured NiCo 2 O 4 demonstrates promising potential as an effective electrocatalyst for glucose sensing. • A unique NiCo 2 O 4 crystalline core/amorphous shell heterostructure is developed. • The doping of Fe induces the formation of crystalline core surrounding with thin amorphous shell. • The presence of thin amorphous shell is beneficial to improve electron transfer and increase active sites. • The sensor based on Fe-doped NiCo 2 O 4 exhibited remarkable catalytic performance for glucose detection.

Synthesis of CoNi2S4 Nanoflake-modified Nickel Wire Electrode for Sensitive Non-enzymatic Detection of Glucose

In this study, CoNi2S4 nanoflake-modified nickel wire sensor for detecting glucose was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method and room temperature vulcanization. Due to the special morphology with large specific surface area and the synergistic effect between Ni and Co, the active material had good electrochemical performance as a biosensor. The results showed that the CoNi2S4 nanoflake-modified nickel wire electrode exhibited good performance in the measurement of glucose amperes. Two linear response ranges (0.001∼3 mM and 3∼8 mM) were exhibited when glucose was tested using the prepared electrode, and the corresponding sensitivity was 2473 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 1794 μA mM−1 cm−2, respectively. The detection limit was 0.3 μM with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. These results indicate that the CoNi2S4 nanoflake-modified nickel wire electrode has broad application prospects in the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Electrospun porous La–Sr–Co–Ni–O nanofibers for highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

Nonenzymatic glucose biosensors based on electrospun porous La–Sr–Co–Ni–O nanofibers used for clinical, industrial, and environmental applications.

AgCoO2/MWCNTs with three-dimensional accessible surface as novel electrocatalyst for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

AgCoO2/MWCNTs with three-dimensional accessible surface as novel electrocatalyst for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

Cu-nanoparticle-decorated sulfur-based polymers for highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose detection

The synthesis of a Cu@S-co-BIM composite was achieved and the nonenzymatic sensing of glucose was carried out using a Cu@S-co-BIM-modified electrode.

Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose at MWCNT-CuBTC Composite Electrode

A novel electrochemical glucose sensor was developed, based on a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-copper-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (CuBTC)-epoxy composite electrode, named MWCNT-CuBTC. The electrode nanocomposite was prepared by a two-roll mill procedure and characterized morphostructurally by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CuBTC formed defined crystals with a wide size distribution, which were well dispersed and embedded in the MWCNTs. Its electrical conductivity was determined by four-point probe contact (DC) conductivity measurements. The electroactive surface area, determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), was found to be 6.9 times higher than the geometrical one. The results of the electrochemical measurements using CV, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronoamperometry (CA) and multiple pulse amperometry (MPA) showed that the MWCNT-CuBTC composite electrode displayed high electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose and, as a consequence, very high sensitivity. The best sensitivity of 14,949 µAmM−1cm−1 was reached using MPA at the potential value of 0.6 V/SCE, which was much higher in comparison with other copper-based electrodes reported in the literature. The good analytical performance, low cost and simple preparation method make this novel electrode material promising for the development of an effective glucose sensor.

Ni-BTC Derived Porous Ni/C/Graphene Composite for Highly Sensitive Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection

Electrochemical detection of glucose, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic detections, has gained widespread attention due to its rapid response, unparalleled sensitivity, and common applications in both biomedical and healthcare fields. Compared with enzymatic glucose detection, non-enzymatic detection has lower cost, better stability and simpler immobilization operation. However, due to relatively inert nature of glucose and prone-to-contaminant characteristic of solid electrodes, non-enzymatic glucose detection suffers from weak sensitivity and reproducibility. To address these problems, various transition metal-based materials and graphene-based materials have been explored to improve electrochemical responses to glucose.Herein, a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection electrocatalyst was synthesized by in-situ growing porous NiO nanoparticles derived from Ni-BTC (1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid) on graphene (NiO/G). By virtue of highly porous Ni-BTC as a precursor, the composite exhibited homogeneous metal distribution, massive exposure of active sites, and spatially ordered structure. The NiO/G demonstrated superior steadiness, electron transfer rate, excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation, and high sensitivity (1030 μA mM−1 cm−2) in alkaline media. Thus, the NiO/G can be utilized as electrocatalysts for applications in non-enzymatic glucose detection, and the preparation strategy can be used to synthesize other nano-composites with low cost, such as CuO/G and Co/G, for non-enzyme glucose sensors.

Ni-BTC Derived Porous Ni/C/Graphene Composite for Highly Sensitive Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection

Electrochemical detection of glucose, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic detections, has gained widespread attention in both biomedical and healthcare fields. Non-enzymatic detection has lower cost, better stability, and simpler immobilization operation, but it lacks sensitivity and reproducibility. Herein, a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection electrocatalyst is synthesized by in-situ compositing porous Ni/C nanoparticles with graphene (G). By using a highly porous precursor, the Ni/C/G composite exhibits massive exposure and homogeneous distribution of metal active sites and spatially sequential structure, and thereby the composite demonstrates improved steadiness, electron transfer rate, superior electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation, such as a high sensitivity of 1030 μA mM−1 cm−2 in alkaline media. Therefore, the Ni/C/G can be utilized as electrocatalysts for applications in non-enzymatic glucose detection, and the preparation strategy can be further developed to synthesize other low-cost nanomaterials for non-enzyme glucose sensors.

Co(OH)2 nanosheets decorated Cu(OH)2 nanorods for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

Co(OH)2 nanosheets/Cu(OH)2 nanorods composite electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose detection were fabricated by electrodepositing Co(OH)2 nanosheets on Cu(OH)2 nanorods substrate grown directly on the copper sheet via a simple one-step reaction. The Co(OH)2 nanosheets/Cu(OH)2 nanorods composite electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The glucose sensing performance of the composite electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The composite electrode shows high sensitivity of 2366 µA mM−1 cm−2 up to 2 mM with a lower detection limit of 0.17 mM (S/N = 3). The composite electrode is highly selective to glucose in the presence of various substances that always co-exist with glucose in real blood samples. The response of the composite towards human blood serum was in good agreement with that of commercially available glucose sensors, suggesting that a promising electrode material for highly sensitive and selective non enzymatic detection of glucose can be envisioned.

Copper columnar nanostructures fabricated by glancing angle deposition as a robust and scalable method for high sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

In this work, we have proposed a proper method to fabricate porous Cu nanostructured electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose detection. The glancing angle deposition (GLAD) has been used to produce Cu nanostructures on the FTO substrates. To optimize the sensing performance of the electrode, the effects of vapor deposition angle and azimuthal substrate rotation speed have been investigated. As a result, the superior electrocatalitic activity is obtained under the deposition angle of θ = 82° and the substrate rotation speed ofφ̇ = 20 rpm, respectively. By controlling the GLAD deposition parameters, an excellent sensing performance against glucose with a high sensitivity of 1862 μAcm−2 mM−1, a low detection limit of 0.048 μM and two wide linear ranges of detection of 10 μM–2 mM and 2–8 mM have been achieved at the applied potential of 0.5 V. Considering the high selectivity, excellent reproducibility and accurate measuring of the glucose levels in human serums, the proposed Cu-based sensor has a remarkable potential for large-scale production as a non-enzymatic glucometer.

Well-dispersed poly(cysteine)-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites on graphene-modified electrode surface for highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

A kind of nickel-based nanomaterial was prepared and its application in the highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection was realized in this article. Cyclic voltammetric scan generated the well-dispersed poly(cysteine)-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites, which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, on the grephene-modified electrode surface. In strong alkaline medium, this Ni-based nanomaterial showed a good electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose. The current change during the chronoamperometric measurement showed a linear dependence on the glucose level from 1.0 μM to 0.10 mM and that from 0.20 mM to 2.0 mM, with a detection limit of 0.35 μM and a sensitivity of 1092 μA mM−1 cm-2. The fast response time, good selectivity, satisfactory reproducibility, excellent repeatability, high stability and the successful application in the determination of blood glucose demonstrated the excellent performance of the fabricated sensor. The analysis on cell lysate reveals the high-glucose medium could induce the enhancement of glucose content in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and this glucose accumulation in these cells was one of important reasons for the cell injury.

Highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose detection based on indigo carmine/hemin/H2O2 chemiluminescence.

A new chemiluminescence (CL) system, indigo carmine/glucose/hemin/H2O2, has been found and developed for non-enzymatic detection of indigo carmine (IC) and glucose. The CL response increases linearly with IC concentrations from 3.2 μM to 10 mM and glucose concentrations from 0.06 μM to 3.5 mM. The detection limits are 1.45 μM and 15.0 nM for IC and glucose, respectively. This method allows the determination of glucose in blood and urine after simple dilution. The recoveries for the determination of glucose are between 98.5% and 101.0% in blood and between 98.5% and 101.3% in urine. This method shows good sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity, and is low cost, suggesting its promising broad applications.

Fabrication of Ni/Cu ordered bowl-like array film for the highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

Ni/Cu ordered bowl-like array film was successfully synthesised by a two-step electrodeposition method using monodisperse polystyrene spheres as a template. A Cu bowl-like array was first electrochemically deposited into the template. After dissolving the polystyrene spheres, a Ni film was electrodeposited onto the Cu array. Morphology analysis revealed that the final product had an ordered hexagonal close-packed bowl-like pore array composed of nanoparticles. The Ni/Cu bowl-like array film could be directly used as a glucose-sensing material. It exhibited a high sensitivity of 3924 μA mM−1 cm−2, a wide linearity ranging from 0.5 μM to 2.5 mM and detection limit as low as 0.05 μM. These results indicate that the Ni/Cu bowl-like array film is promising for the development of nonenzymatic glucose sensors.

Hierarchical cobalt nanorods shelled with nickel oxide vertically attached 3D architecture as non-binder and free-standing sensor for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

A hierarchical nanohybrid based on vertical cobalt oxide nanorods shelled with nickel oxide supported on a three-dimensional foam was prepared by a simple synthetic procedure. The unique nanoarchitecture along with superior conductivity and synergistic effect between components made hybrid become as a sensitive non-binder and free-standing sensor for non-enzymatic glucose detection at low concentration. In this regard, the hybrid exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation with a wide linear detection range of 1 μM to 2 mM, excellent sensitivity of 4.86 μA/(mM ⋅ cm2), low detection limit of 1.07 μM, and rapid response time of < 5 s in 0.1 M KOH. Furthermore, the hybrid displayed high selectivity to glucose without poisonous effect from common interferents, such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, oxalic acid, urea, KCl, and Na2SO4. The results were therefore highly potential for the development of a novel sensor with the improved electrochemical performance towards glucose sensing applications.