Sense Of Professional Responsibility Research Articles

Identifying trusted local sources and predicting behavior change pathways according to COVID-19 vaccination status: Results of a 2022 statewide survey of Alaskan adults

BackgroundLow rates of COVID-19 vaccination remain a substantial public health challenge. Despite early successes, vaccinations of Alaskans trail the US average, drawing attention to the need for better-designed and targeted vaccine confidence interventions. Our objective was to assess levels of community trust and theory-driven predictors of vaccination status to inform the design of future programs. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, telephone-based survey of 940 Alaskan adults between May and June 2022. Data were collected on vaccination status (including initial vaccination and receipt of booster shots), trust in local community members, demographic characteristics, and thematic questions designed using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior (COM-B) model to examine possible predictors (barriers/facilitators) of vaccination status. FindingsAmong those who are not fully vaccinated and boosted, we observe significantly lower trust placed in many immediate community members, especially health workers (e.g., doctors, nurses, specialty care physicians, health administrators). Firefighters and emergency medical technicians enjoy the most community trust, followed by medical professionals. Among those who received only a primary vaccine series, we find that perceptions of whether close friends are vaccinated, a sense of professional responsibility, and age were the strongest predictors vaccination status. Among the unvaccinated, we find significant predictive power from the same variables, as well as perceptions of whether family members are vaccinated, perceived risks from non-vaccination and whether vaccination is a healthy choice. ConclusionsThese findings will help inform the design and targeting of future vaccine promotion interventions to adult populations in Alaska. Interventions that leverage reflective motivation and social opportunity domains of the COM-B framework may be most effective. Local community members including firefighters and emergency medical technicians, as well as medical professionals may be perceived as the most trustworthy and influential messengers among those who are not fully vaccinated and boosted.

Pengembangan Strategi Membangun Critical Thinking Melalui Pembelajaran Ekonomi Berbasis Konstruktivistik

21st century learning requires teachers to be able to create students who are knowledgeable, pious, and have character to be ready to face various educational challenges in the industrial revolution era. Economics teachers as an integral part of other subject teachers have a sense of professional responsibility and moral responsibility in preparing the nation's young generation. The analysis of students often has difficulty understanding macro and micro economic concepts that have not been answered by teachers in learning. So we need smart solutions to overcome them through changing the mindset of teachers in facing the challenges of teaching to be creative and willing to be good facilitators for students. The fusion of information technology applications in society needs to be revitalized in economic learning that is more effective, efficient and efficacy through strengthening economics teachers. Based on the urgency and conceptual ideas, the researcher intends to provide training for economics teachers in East Java on constructivist learning in economics learning to be able to improve students' critical thinking. This research was carried out using a participatory approach through the participation of teachers in seminar activities and continued with practical activities for training in constructivistic economic learning models and methods. The goal is to build critical thinking towards 21st century economic learning which is prepared independently by economics teachers. The results of the study indicate that the activities of developing constructivist-based economic learning models and methods have been proven to improve teacher understanding and skills as a form of developing strategies to build critical thinking.

Means of proving in criminal proceedings

The article is devoted to understanding the essence and consideration of the system of means of criminal procedural proof, that is, useful assets to be used to establish circumstances relevant to a criminal case, substantiate the positions of the parties and law enforcement decisions. In this regard, the priority of the narrow doctrinal approach to understanding the means of proof is argued, and its inherent roughness is revealed. The paramount importance of evidence is noted as the most important means of criminal procedural proof, based on the perception of material and ideal traces-images of objective reality. Along with this, the role of formal means of proof is revealed: presumptions, prejudicial, well-known, notorious and other facts. Particular attention is paid to the so called subjective means of proof: well-known and legal knowledge, legal awareness, legal understanding, legal culture, sense of professional responsibility, morality, conscience, professional and life experience. And, finally, it is suggested that there is another group of useful resources the so-called reference and auxiliary means of proof.

The Norms and Corporatization of Medicine Influence Physician Moral Distress in the United States

PhenomenonMoral distress, which occurs when someone’s moral integrity is seriously compromised because they feel unable to act in accordance with their core values and obligations, is an increasingly important concern for physicians. Due in part to limited understanding of the root causes of moral distress, little is known about which approaches are most beneficial for mitigating physicians’ distress. Our objective was to describe system-level factors in United States (U.S.) healthcare that contribute to moral distress among pediatric hospitalist attendings and pediatric residents. ApproachIn this qualitative study, we conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with pediatric hospitalist attendings and pediatric residents from 4 university-affiliated, freestanding children’s hospitals in the U.S. between August 2019 and February 2020. Data were coded with an iteratively developed codebook, categorized into themes, and then synthesized. FindingsWe interviewed 22 hospitalists and 18 residents. Participants described in detail how the culture of medicine created a context that cultivated moral distress. Norms of medical education and the practice of medicine created conflicts between residents’ strong sense of professional responsibility to serve the best interests of their patients and the expectations of a hierarchical system of decision-making. The corporatization of the U.S. healthcare system created administrative and financial pressures that conflicted with the moral responsibility felt by both residents and hospitalists to provide the care that their patients and families needed. InsightsThese findings highlight the critical role of systemic sources of moral distress. These findings suggest that system-level interventions must supplement existing interventions that target individual health care providers. Preventing and managing moral distress will require a broad approach that addresses systemic drivers, such as the corporatization of medicine, which are entrenched in the culture of medicine.

Compassion, stigma, and professionalism among emergency personnel responding to the opioid crisis: An exploratory study in New Hampshire, USA.

ObjectiveDrug overdoses are the leading cause of death in the United States for those under 50 years of age, and New Hampshire has been disproportionately affected, resulting in increased encounters with the emergency response system. The ensuing impact on emergency personnel has received little attention. The present study aimed to explore the experiences and perspectives of emergency personnel responding to the opioid crisis in NH, with a focus on their views toward people who use opioids.MethodsThirty‐six emergency personnel (emergency department clinicians, n = 18; emergency medical service providers, n = 6; firefighters, n = 6; and police officers, n = 6) in 6 New Hampshire counties were interviewed about their experiences responding to overdoses and their perspectives on individuals who use opioids. Directed content analysis was used to identify themes in the transcribed, semistructured interviews. The results were reviewed for consensus.ResultsSeveral categories of themes were identified among emergency personnel's accounts of their overdose response experiences and perspectives, including varied degrees of compassion and stigma toward people who use opioids; associations between compassion or stigma and policy‐ and practice‐related themes, such as prehospital emergency care and the role of emergency departments (EDs); and primarily among personnel expressing compassion, a sense of professional responsibility that outweighed personal biases.ConclusionsDespite the magnitude of the ongoing opioid crisis, some emergency personnel in New Hampshire have sustained or increased their compassion for people who use opioids. Others’ perspectives remain or have become increasingly stigmatizing. The associations of compassion and stigma with various policy‐ and practice‐related themes warrant further investigation.

385-P: Health-Care Providers’ Emotional Responses to Their Patients’ Hypoglycemic Events: The InHypo-DM Study

Minimizing hypoglycemia is a key clinical goal for healthcare providers (HCPs) in the care of patients with T1DM and T2DM as the associated morbidity and mortality of hypoglycemia is well understood. Yet, there is a paucity of literature regarding the impact of reported hypoglycemia on HCPs. Using qualitative data from the InHypo-DM Study, Canada’s largest mixed methods study of hypoglycemia to date, we explored the emotional impact of patients’ hypoglycemia on HCPs. Our research team conducted semi-structured interviews lasting 30-45 minutes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. An iterative and interpretative process was used during both individual and team analysis to identify the main themes. A purposive sample of twenty HCPs was interviewed including endocrinologists (4), family physicians (4), nurse practitioners (3), and diabetes educators (9). Three themes emerged in the analysis: (1) a sense of professional responsibility with the subsequent feeling that the HCP must have failed or inadequately fulfilled their professional duties; (2) a mix of personal emotions including sadness, “feeling bad,” guilt and distress; and (3) the desire to act on these emotions through a “call to action” expressed as a strong desire to identify potential causes of patients’ hypoglycemia and ways in which to help prevent future events. This qualitative study highlights the emotional impact on HCPs as they care for patients at risk of hypoglycemia. While it may have been expected that HCPs have a strong sense of professional responsibility, it was unexpected to discover that these responses often became personal emotions. Clinical strategies that support HCPs in their efforts to optimize hypoglycemia detection and prevention should be promoted. Such strategies could help facilitate not only reductions in hypoglycemia among patients, but also lessen the emotional burden experienced by diabetes care providers over the span of their careers. Disclosure S.M. Reichert: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi, Servier. Consultant; Self; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. J.B. Brown: None. Y. Valliere: None. C. McLachlan: None. S. Webster-Bogaert: None. A. Ratzki-Leewing: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Self; Sanofi. B.L. Ryan: None. N.H. Au: None. S.B. Harris: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Consultant; Self; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Health Canada/First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., JDRF, Lawson Foundation, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Funding Sanofi Canada

МОТИВАЦІЯ ПЕРСОНАЛУ ЧЕРЕЗ НАВЧАННЯ

The article examines the importance of staff motivation to ensure the flexibility of the enterprise. The purpose of the company's development is to accelerate the processes of adaptation to market changes. A model of personnel motivation based on the implementation of the training system is proposed, which contains: research of market demand and consumer values; audit of human resources; formation of a system for teaching skills to the project evaluating the effectiveness of the training program. The necessary conditions for effective motivation are: a positive relationship between the manager and subordinates; education system; corporate culture. Value orientations (endowing people with positive qualities; treating employees as a constantly developing personality; recognizing and positively using individual differences; effectively expressing and using possible feelings; emphasizing real behavior; using status only for organizational purposes; trust in people; willingness to defend one's point vision and take risks; consideration of participation in this process as important for the effective execution of the task; emphasis on cooperation) are maximally taken into account in the proposed model of personnel motivation through training. Measures to minimize the risks of implementing the training system: teamwork; formation of a structural unit of trainers; signing of long-term agreements on certain training programs. Effective implementation of the personnel training system will create a basis for motivation and ensure business success by: improving the results of personnel planning; improvement of the personnel selection system; make the most of the potential of the personnel in achieving the goals of the organization; create a positive social and psychological climate in the team; improve the qualifications, sense of professional responsibility and initiative of the staff; awareness of the social significance of the results obtained and the prestige of this work. The prospect of further research in this direction is the improvement of training techniques for managers.

Factors influencing osteopathic medical students' intent to work with underserved populations: Implications for curriculum enhancement

BackgroundFewer medical students are selecting primary care, and medical students' attitudes toward underserved populations may impact their decision to pursue primary care. ObjectiveThis study investigated first year medical students' beliefs and attitudes toward underserved patient populations and how those attitudes might influence their intent to care for the this population as a career choice. MethodsA cross-sectional, correlational research design was used to determine the influence of attitudes and beliefs on osteopathic medical students' intention to provide care to underserved patient populations in future practice. Between 2011 and 2015 data were collected using the Medical Students Attitudes Scale via written questionnaire from 829 first-year attending a large osteopathic medical school in the United States. ResultsMore positive attitudes toward equitable healthcare, greater belief that access to medical care is influenced by socio-cultural-environmental factors (e.g., income, gender), sense of professional responsibility, choice of family medicine as a career, and being female were related to higher levels of intent to work with underserved populations; desire for higher income and choice of surgery as a career choice were associated with less intent. Multivariate modeling successfully explained the 29% of the variance in predicting intention to provide care to the underserved in future practice. ConclusionsWith an increasingly diverse population and increasing health disparities, osteopathic medical schools might consider incorporating changes in their curricula to inculcate cultural competency and social responsibility and foster more compassion among students to care for underserved populations.

Professional responsibility, accountability and performativity among teachers: the leavening influence of CPD?

In a climate of accountability and performativity, do teachers experience CPD provision as an externally imposed demand for conformity, compliance, to be accountable, or as a personal and professional rejuvenation that enhances their sense of professional responsibility? Through a qualitative study of secondary schools in England, this paper critically scrutinises the experiences of teachers in five case study schools to create a composite picture of the realities of their lives as they are buffeted and shaped by performativity while also examining the extent to which their CPD experiences may be perceived as enhancing their sense of professional responsibility. Critical analysis of the evidence suggests that the language of accountability is pervasive, and its logic gains currency by being imposed throughout schools where there is limited space to craft an alternative, thus performativity and conformity are more likely than dissent while enhancement of a sense of professional responsibility is rendered more difficult, marginalised if not entirely silenced. The concluding discussion raises critical questions regarding the health of the profession from a policy and practice perspective if the language of professional responsibility continues to be weakened or diluted by being filtered through the closely woven weave of externally prescribed accountability criteria. It concludes that the language and logic of professional responsibility is vitally necessary in provoking alternative discourses on the future of the profession and the quality of teaching, learning and leading in schools within and beyond the confines of the study.

Construing professional norms in journalism

This article explores the way journalists construe their sense of professional responsibility when they talk about practices of writing news, and particularly news about environmental risks. Reporting on risks is ubiquitous in the press and can be assumed to be influential both as agenda-setting and as a source of public information and advice. The article discusses two salient norms of newswork, accuracy and autonomy, in relation to risk reporting. It analyses how journalists align themselves with such norms while also orienting to competing norms, such as the need to produce a competitive news product. The data consist of four interviews with environment and science journalists working in the UK quality press. The interview data are analysed from a discourse studies perspective. Salient tensions which emerge in the data are the tension between accuracy (e.g. avoiding exaggeration) and news values (e.g. the value of unambiguity) and the tension between autonomy and the need to produce stories which ’interest the editor’. While ethical ideals are not construed as irrelevant, they are positioned as in conflict with local demands on writing, such as lack of time and editorial gatekeeping.

Privacy and Confidentiality: Using Scenarios to Teach Your Staff About Patron's Rights

Every U.S. state and the District of Columbia has a law on the books that protects a library borrower's privacy, both an ethical and legal obligation of the library. In addition, FERPA further restricts access to users’ records. Getting the message across to staff can be a challenge, especially if you employ students or volunteers who may not share your strongly held sense of professional responsibility or nuanced appreciation. Using scenarios, or minicase studies, based on real-life experiences to generate discussion and expand the scope of their understanding can be a very effective way to transmit the message. This article outlines the method used at Penn State University Libraries to instruct frontline staff on policy, law, and the ethics of protecting the confidentiality and privacy of library users. Pedagogy of case study is discussed. Advice on designing a training session and examples are provided.

The proposed MOC requirements for physicists are reasonable

The proposed MOC requirements for physicists are reasonable

Effect of a Global Longitudinal Pathway on Medical Students'Attitudes Toward the Medically Indigent

Background: The increase in people with insufficient health insurance has largely been fueled by a record influx of immigrants, who often live in medically underserved areas of inner cities. An increase in the desire of medical students to practice in underserved areas is needed to counter low physician-to-population ratios in these areas.Purpose: To assess the effect of a Pathway on Serving Multicultural and Underserved Populations, which includes domestic and international experiences with recent immigrant groups, on the attitudes of students toward the indigent.Methods: Students from the classes of 2002 and 2003, including a cohort in the Pathway program, were participants in this study. Changes in attitudes within Pathway and non-Pathway students were studied over their 4 years of medical school.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the rate of change of attitudes over time. The determination of any potential difference was hampered by small sample sizes. Thus, interesting trends, especially related to a more rapid decline in attitudes of non-Pathway students, including their sense of professional responsibility, did not achieve statistical significance.Conclusions: Further research, both quantitative and qualitative, is needed before we can state more definitively that the Pathway curriculum supports positive attitudes toward serving the medically indigent.

Preparing placement supervisors for primary care: an interprofessional perspective from the UK

All the professions working in primary care provide placements for students. How common, or how profession-specific, are the competency requirements of the different professions for their members who supervise students on placements? If there is a significant degree of commonality in these competency requirements, how feasible would it be to develop an integrated interprofessional development and support programme for placement educators? These were the main questions addressed in this research project. The requirements for placement educators of four professions in the UK – nursing, medicine, occupational therapy and social work – were analysed and classified. Categories identified included the skills of enabling learning, knowledge of the theory and principles of learning, the ability to manage the learning environment and the ability to impart a sense of professional responsibility, as well as up-to-date knowledge on professional practice and on the relevant curricula. We concluded that only the last of these was profession-specific. The potential to use this classification for the development of an interprofessional placement educator training and support programme was explored, and the potential benefits of using this area to promote interprofessional learning were discussed. Issues that need to be considered include gaining cross professional involvement, whether service providers or universities should run programmes, whether there should be one or several programmes, and accreditation. In order to explore and take action on these issues a working group with representatives of the four professions was set up in the Primary Care Trust.

Reflecting on Elementary Children’s Understanding of History and Social Studies

Beginning teachers in Northern Ireland and the United States conducted structured inquiry projects in which they investigated elementary children’s understanding of history and social studies. Interviews with the teachers and analysis of their written assignments indicate that these investigations challenged their beliefs about children’s prior knowledge and their own instructional techniques. Teachers initially believed that inadequate cognitive development and lack of background knowledge limited children’s ability to understand history and social studies; however, after taking part in these projects, they developed a new appreciation for children’s prior ideas and a clearer commitment to their own role in building on that knowledge. These findings suggest that structured investigations, focused on specific disciplinary content, have the potential to encourage beginning teachers’ reflection on their students’ cognition and to enhance their own sense of professional responsibility.

Providers' Smoking Cessation Attitudes and Practices for Older Patients

A mail survey of 136 providers in a health maintenance organization in the Chicago metropolitan area examined smoking cessation attitudes and performance of the 4As protocol (asking, advising, assisting, arranging) for patients aged 50 years or older. Asking about smoking was most frequent, followed by arranging, advising, and assisting. Physicians and nurse practitioners performed each of the 4As more often than did registered and licensed practical nurses. In multiple logistic regression analyses, provider type was the only significant predictor of asking about smoking. Advising, assisting, and arranging follow-ups were more likely to be performed by providers who perceived a sense of professional responsibility about older patients' smoking; advising was more likely for providers who perceived that they had enough time to advise older patients about smoking; and assisting and arranging were more likely for providers with a stronger sense of self-efficacy for helping older patients stop smoking.

Mexican Primary School Teachers' Sense of Professional Responsibility

Mexican Primary School Teachers' Sense of Professional Responsibility

Accountability in Psychiatry

The high cost of external controls of the practice of psychiatry in time, money, and quality of patient care is examined. The author argues that in the end, the most reliable and useful source of accountability in the practice of psychiatry is the practitioner's conscience and sense of professional responsibility. Sigmund Freud believed that the scientist's dedication to truth was the ultimate safeguard as well as the source of inspiration. Clinical examples illustrating ethical, moral and legal problems encountered in psychiatric practice are offered, with particular attention to the issues involved when there is a potential for the patient to commit suicide or homicide.

An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Some Curriculum Innovations in Law Schools

This article reports the results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of curriculum innovations on third-year law students in four law schools over a three-year period. Each "program" school was matched to a nonprogram school. Students' attitudes in "program" and "control" schools were compared along such dimensions as legal ethics, professional activities, relations with clients, and more general personality measures, before and after exposure to a clinical program. Each program lasted the academic year. A standard questionnaire was administered to students in the program and control schools. The major goal of the clinical programs was to enhance the students' sense of professional responsibility so that when they entered legal practice their behavior would be more in keeping with the standards of their profession. The results of the evaluation were disappointing. The responses of the students exposed to the clinical programs did not show any significant shift in a more professionally responsible direction. Like the control students, the attitudes of the program students changed hardly at all between the first and second surveys. Exposure to clinical programs did not significantly alter students' attitudes toward professional ethics or professional behavior.

The Devils of Due Process in Criminal Detection, Detention, and Trial

WVe recall on this occasion not only Justice Cardozo's surpassingly noble spirit and imaginative genius, but his concern that judicial decisions evince a reasoned consideration of their far-reaching consequences. We can pay no better tribute to his sense of professional responsibility than to consider together the far-reaching consequences of judicial decisions in our own day on the now crucial problems of criminal procedure. Lawyers as well as laymen often voice extreme views on the problem of crime in the catch phrases of the day, and today's vogue is to pitch them at courts. A giant problem is in no measure solved, however, by indiscriminate charges that the courts have a predilection either for coddling criminals or for depriving those suspected of crime of whatever due process is due them. We might better concern ourselves with reinforcing the words of Mr. Justice Clark: There is no war between the Constitution and common sense.'1 Certainly there need be no war. It could break out at any time, however, unless we succeed in bringing constitutional doctrines down to earth on the homely local scenes. That may prove even more of a challenge than the launching of such doctrines, for landings often call for more skill than takeoffs. It is no secret that we have had some spectacular takeoffs in recent years. Our concern with pretrial criminal procedure has correspondingly grown in the time span encompassing the McNabb-Mallory2 doctrine on limiting prearraignment interrogation to foster prompt arraignment, the Mapp3 decision extending to states the rule excluding evidence obtained from unconstitutional searches and seizures, and the