Sense Of Norm Research Articles

Model(ing) Privacy: Empirical Approaches to Privacy Law & Governance

Privacy can be difficult for people to conceptualize, including for the policymakers charged with designing, interpreting, and enforcing privacy law. In both consumer privacy law and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, the privacy protections afforded to individuals are shaped by the ability of governmental decision-makers to assess privacy preferences, expectations and behaviors, which they are rarely in a position to do accurately. But while policymakers can have a hard time understanding the subtle factors influencing privacy decision-making or parsing seemingly contradictory privacy incentives, it is an area where new empirical approaches have begun to excel. Researchers have used empirical techniques like machine learning, natural language processing, and crowdsourcing to explain the complexities of privacy decision-making, and to illustrate the nuances of privacy preferences, expectations, and behaviors that many opinion surveys often fail to grasp. Recent work has focused on eliciting privacy norms through the use of crowdsourcing; modeling individual privacy preferences and expectations using machine learning; extracting necessary information from privacy policies through the use of natural language processing; modeling AI assistants based on context and user preferences to predict (or nudge) future user decisions; and creative combinations thereof. Modeling privacy preferences, expectations and behavior can provide judges, regulators, and legislators with a more accurate and nuanced sense of privacy norms for future cases and policy discussions. Encouraging the implementation of proactive privacy tools, such as automated annotation of privacy policies and nudging assistants, can help bridge the gap separating user expectations, user behavior, and how both are understood under existing laws. While the use of this research in privacy law and policy cannot fundamentally transform the structural flaws that skew regulators’ perceptions of societal norms, it can at least correct the worst of those excesses, and facilitate policy that reflects how people actually think about privacy in the modern age.

Network Identification With Latent Nodes via Autoregressive Models

We consider linear time-invariant networks with unknown topology where only a manifest subset of the nodes can be directly actuated and measured while the state of the remaining latent nodes and their number are unknown. Our goal is to identify the transfer function of the manifest subnetwork and determine whether interactions between manifest nodes are direct or mediated by latent nodes. We show that if there are no inputs to the latent nodes, the manifest transfer function can be approximated arbitrarily well in the $H_{\infty }$ -norm sense by the transfer function of an autoregressive model and present a least-squares estimation method to construct the autoregressive model from measured data. We show that the least-squares autoregressive method guarantees an arbitrarily small $H_{\infty}$ -norm error in the approximation of the manifest transfer function, exponentially decaying once the model order exceeds a certain threshold. Finally, we show that when the latent subnetwork is acyclic, the proposed method achieves perfect identification of the manifest transfer function above a specific model order as the length of the data increases. Various examples illustrate our results.

“Anarchy is what states make of it”: true in a trivial sense; otherwise, wrong

The claim “Anarchy is what states make of it” is true in the trivial sense that states’ identities are not carved in stone, but can change, and that international affairs are “cultural” or “social,” not natural phenomena. In this sense, the claim is trivially true; only the common 1990s misinterpretation of Waltz’s writings as a crude form of materialism could make it sound like highly original. The claim may also refer to something more specific, namely that states are embedded in shared normative belief systems. In this second sense, the claim is wrong. Wendt makes the non-controversial point that states must recognize each other as the key actors with which they interact, and in so doing they form a primitive “cultural” system, but his larger claim is that states act on the basis of their “culture” in the more specific sense of common norms that shape states’ identities. Wendt is known for the second point, but as I demonstrate he never shows that states share such common norms, only that they share a “culture” in a broad, socio-cognitive sense. Wendt’s famous claim is taken to be representative of a more widespread malaise that plagues IR theory, and the implications are discussed.

Second-order consensus of multi-agent systems with noises via intermittent control

ABSTRACTSecond-order consensus of multi-agent systems with noises via intermittent control is investigated in this paper. First, we study the mean-square consensus problem with communication noises by intermittent control. In order to reach consensus, under the strong directed interacted topology, by using the tools of graph theory and Lyapunov method, a distributed control protocol is proposed based on the noises and periodical intermittent information. The upper bound of noise strength in the sense of matrix norm and the lower bound of communication time duration are obtained. Second, a class of coupled system models which include delay-terms in their nonlinearities in the noisy environment is discussed. Under the balanced strongly connected topology, the sufficient conditions to achieve the mean-square average-consensus are obtained. Finally, simulations are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.

A Note on Campanato Spaces and Their Applications

In this paper, we obtain a version of the John–Nirenberg inequality suitable for Campanato spaces Cp,β with 0 < p < 1 and show that the spaces Cp,β are independent of the scale p ∈ (0,∞) in sense of norm when 0 < β < 1. As an application, we characterize these spaces by the boundedness of the commutators [b,B α ] j (j = 1, 2) generated by bilinear fractional integral operators B α and the symbol b acting from Lp1 × Lp2 to L q for p1, p2 ∈ (1,∞), q ∈ (0,∞) and 1/q = 1/p1 + 1/p2 − (α + β)/n.

Probability-constrained tracking control for a class of time-varying nonlinear stochastic systems

This paper is concerned with the probability-constrained tracking control problem for a class of time-varying systems with stochastic nonlinearities, stochastic noises and successively packet loss. The main purpose of this paper is to design a time-varying observer and tracking controller such that (1) the probabilities of both the estimation error and tracking error confined to given ellipsoidal sets are larger than prescribed constants, and (2) the ellipsoids are minimized in the sense of matrix norm at each time point. By using a stochastic analysis method, the probability constrained tracking control problem is solved and sufficient conditions are obtained in terms of recursive linear matrix inequalities. A recursive optimization algorithm is developed to design the observer and tracking controller such that not only the addressed probability constrained aim is satisfied, but also the ellipsoidal sets are minimized. At last, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the developed approach.

Iterative learning control for linear delay systems with deterministic and random impulses

This paper investigates convergence of iterative learning control for linear delay systems with deterministic and random impulses by virtute of the representation of solutions involving a concept of delayed exponential matrix. We address linear delay systems with deterministic impulses by designing a standard P-type learning law via rigorous mathematical analysis. Next, we extend to consider the tracking problem for delay systems with random impulses under randomly varying length circumstances by designing two modified learning laws. We present sufficient conditions for both deterministic and random impulse cases to guarantee the zero-error convergence of tracking error in the sense of Lebesgue-p norm and the expectation of Lebesgue-p norm of stochastic variable, respectively. Finally, numerical examples are given to verify the theoretical results.

Global Solutions to the Isentropic Compressible Navier--Stokes Equations with a Class of Large Initial Data

In this paper, we consider the global well-posedness problem of the isentropic compressible Navier--Stokes equations in the whole space $\mathbb{R}^N$, with $N\ge2$. It is shown that the one-parameter group $e^{\pm it \Lambda}$ is of great importance to the behaviors of solutions to the isentropic compressible Navier--Stokes equations in the low frequency part. In order to better reflect the dispersive property of this system, we introduce a new solution space that characterizes the behaviors of the solutions in different frequencies and prove that the isentropic compressible Navier--Stokes equations admit global solutions when the initial data are close to a stable equilibrium in the sense of suitable hybrid Besov norms. As a consequence, the initial velocity with an arbitrary $\dot{B}^{\frac{N}{2}-1}_{2,1}$ norm of potential part $\mathbb{P}^\bot u_0$ and a large highly oscillating initial velocity are allowed in our results. The proof relies heavily on the dispersive estimates for the system of acoustics and a careful study of the nonlinear terms.

$l_p$ Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Switched Systems: A Unified Input-Output and State-Space Approach

In this paper, we develop a new framework to analyze stability and stabilizability of linear switched systems (LSSs) as well as their gain computations. Our approach is based on a combination of state space operator descriptions and the Youla parametrization and provides a unified way for analysis and synthesis of LSS and, in fact of linear time varying systems, in any $l_p$ induced norm sense. By specializing to the $l_{\infty }$ case, we show linear programming can be used to test stability, stabilizability, and to synthesize stabilizing controllers that guarantee a near optimal closed-loop gain. Furthermore, we extend our results to the general class of linear systems, finite or infinite dimensional. To show the utility of this framework, we develop a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of linear systems with time varying delays.

Визначення дипольних моментів ковалентних зв’язків за допомогою CLPO-аналізу

Basing on the orbitals localization method which provides the most accurate (in a Frobenius norm sense) approximation for the reduced one-particle density matrix of the molecule, the model is proposed for partitioning the dipole moment of the molecule into additive contributions, defined in CLPO basis. By augmenting the proposed model with the Ruedenberg scheme for partitioning the nuclear contribution to the dipole moment, the contributions to the dipole moment associated with particular covalent bonds and lone pairs of the atoms were determined. Using the datasets composed of 11410 12-atomic molecules with zero total charge and the set of 613 conformations of electroneutral 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate molecule, it has been found that the error in approximating the total dipole moment of the molecule by the sum of localized contributions, determined in the framework of the proposed model, is close to 10%, and is noticeably below the similar error when only the NPA charges are used to compute the approximate dipole moment. The typical angle between the true dipole moment vector and the dipole moment vector approximated with the proposed model is 5.5 deg.

A matrix-based IRLS algorithm for the least $${l}_{p}$$ l p -norm design of 2-D FIR filters

Fast design of two-dimensional FIR filters in the least $${l}_{p}$$ -norm sense is investigated in this brief. The design problem is first formulated in a matrix form and then solved by a matrix-based iterative reweighted least squares algorithm. The proposed algorithm includes two loops: one for updating the weighting function and the other for solving the weighted least squares (WLS) subproblems. These WLS subproblems are solved using an efficient matrix-based WLS algorithm, which is an iterative procedure with its initial iterative matrix being the solution matrix in the last iteration, resulting in a considerable CPU-time saving. Through analysis, the new algorithm is shown to have a lower complexity than existing methods. Three design examples are provided to illustrate the high computational efficiency and design precision of the proposed algorithm.

Numerical Studies for Fractional Pantograph Differential Equations Based on Piecewise Fractional-Order Taylor Function Approximations

Fractional calculus has been used to model physical and engineering processes that are found to be best described by fractional differential equations. Therefore, a reliable and efficient technique as a solution is regarded. In this paper, a new numerical method for solving fractional pantograph differential equations is presented. The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The method is based upon piecewise fractional-order Taylor function approximations. The piecewise fractional-order Taylor function is presented. An operational matrix of fractional order integration is derived and is utilized to reduce the under study problem to the solution of a system of algebraic equations. Using Newton’s iterative method, this system is solved and the solution of fractional pantograph differential equations is achieved. A bound of the error is given in the sense of Sobolev norms. Five examples are given and the numerical results are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

Institutionalized Norms, Practical Organizational Activity, and Loose Coupling: Inclusive Congregations’ Responses to Homosexuality

AbstractCongregations vary widely in their responses to homosexuality. Among those inclusive congregations that integrate gays and lesbians into congregational life, why do some adopt a formal organizational statement of welcoming while others do not? Drawing on the new institutionalism and inhabited institutions literatures, this study is the first quantitative examination of the concept of “loose coupling” within religious organizations regarding homosexuality. Analyses using nationally representative congregational data (National Congregations Study) indicate that particular types of inclusive congregations are more likely to loosely couple their practical activity from their formal organizational stance. These findings suggest that inclusive religious organizations respond to myths and norms from various organizational fields and that agentic actors inhabiting the organization influence it by responding, interpreting, and making sense of those institutional norms. The analyses also indicate that loose coupling is one avenue through which particular types of religious organizations respond to the transformation of societal norms with innovation.

Carleson Measures and Trace Theorem for $\beta$-harmonic Functions

General harmonic extension has no uniqueness and harmonic functions may have different non-tangential boundary values in different convergence sense. In this paper, we establish first $\beta$-harmonic functions in ultra-distribution frame. Further, we consider the characterization between Carleson measure space and boundary distribution space. For $\beta$-harmonic functions with boundary distributions, there exists no maximum value principle. We apply Meyer wavelets to introduce basic harmonic functions and basic observers. We apply Meyer wavelets and vaguelette knowledge to prove the uniqueness of $\beta$-harmonic extension and prove also that $\beta$-harmonic function converges to boundary distribution in the relative norm sense.

Robust perceptual color image hashing using randomized hypercomplex matrix factorizations

Compact representations of color image and video content allow efficient search, retrieval and storage of this content over the Internet and online repositories. However, most of these representations neither take into account the inherent correlation nor the perceptual redundancy of the color information. In this paper, we propose a perceptual hash representation for color images using robust image features. These features, most dominant singular vectors extracted using the quaternion singular value decomposition (QSVD) of pseudorandomly selected overlapping image blocks, are efficiently used for color image search and retrieval applications. Their robustness is guaranteed by the underlying singular vectors. The motivation behind our work is twofold: 1) the ability of the QSVD algorithm to provide the best low-rank approximation of color images in the Frobenius norm sense and 2) compact representations to handle the color components as a single entity. The QSVD algorithm leads to proper modeling of possible geometric attacks as an independent and identically-distributed (i.i.d) quaternionic random noise on the singular vectors. Such modeling simplifies the hash code detector design. Hash code robustness against geometric attacks is evaluated over a large set of test color images where the proposed scheme outperforms existing factorization-based hashing algorithms in terms of lower miss and false alarm probabilities by orders of magnitude. Finally, the improved robustness and performance does not come at the expense of increased computational complexity which is another salient feature of the proposed hashing scheme.

Stiffness matrix modification with vibration test data by displacement feedback technique

A no spill-over method is developed which uses measured normal modes and natural frequencies to adjust a structural dynamics model in light of displacement feedback technique. By the method, the required displacement feedback gain matrix is determined, and thus the updated stiffness matrix which satisfies the characteristic equation is found in the Frobenius norm sense and the large number of unmeasured high-order modal data of the original model is preserved. The method directly identifies, without iteration, and the solution of this problem is of a compact expression. The numerical example shows that the modal measured data are better incorporated into the updated model.

『초려향약(草廬鄕約)』을 통해본 마을공동체 내 경조사(慶弔事)의 예(禮)

This paper presents a literature review of Choryeohyangyak (草廬鄕約, Village Codes Written by Choryeo) by Yutae Lee (李惟泰, 1607-1684), a scholar of the late Joseon Dynasty, whose pen name was Choryeo, and explores a way to apply the core values of Korean traditional village community culture to today’s community-building initiatives supported by local governments. To put it another way, this paper examines the relationship between hyangyak (village codes), which is the basis of village community activities, and traditional etiquette for congratulation&#x0D; or condolence. By doing so, this study aims to identify the core values necessary to improve the well-being of village communities and to examine what we can learn from those values. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows.&#x0D; Firstly, traditional etiquette for congratulations included invitations, visits, banquets, and celebrations for passing civil servant examinations, promotions, coming of age, marriages, and birthdays for old people. Villagers offered their congratulations and gave presents to the person being honored. Secondly, traditional etiquette for condolences were related to natural disasters and deaths. Villagers comforted the victims of disasters or paid their respects to the deceased and helped to make funeral arrangements.&#x0D; In conclusion, the etiquette for congratulation or condolence described in Choryeohyangyak had four different aspects of village community life: emotional solidarity (caring for each other), sense of justice (carrying out their responsibility as members of the village community), social norms (emphasizing interpersonal relations), and economic benefits (sharing knowledge and wisdom and collaborating to solve problems). They were the core values that played an important role in enhancing the well-being of village communities and that can be useful in community-building efforts in the twenty-first century.

A numerical technique for solving fractional variational problems by Müntz–Legendre polynomials

This paper presents an efficient approximate method for solving a class of fractional variational problems (FVPs). The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. In the our method, we use the Muntz–Legendre orthonormal basis and the properties of Rayleigh–Ritz method for fractional calculus to reduce FVPs to solve a system of algebraic equations which solved using Newton’s iterative method. Also, an estimation of the error is given in the sense of Sobolev norms. The illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the applicability and simplicity of the new technique.

Factors Related to the Risk of Drug Use among Japanese College Students

Background: Since 2008, there has been a heightened awareness in Japan concerning the use of illegal drugs by college students. As a result, colleges and universities have been implementing drug abuse prevention programs as required by the government. Previously, drug abuse prevention programs in Japan mainly targeted middle school and high school students. We conducted a study concerning the prevalence of drug use and related factors among college students to inform drug use prevention programs targeting college students. Methods: A questionnaire was completed by 1,445 sophomore students at 16 colleges and universities throughout Japan in 2012-2013. The questionnaire asked respondents about current drug use and other drug use related experiences. It also assessed students’ personal backgrounds, orientations toward drugs, and personality characteristics. Results: Among the respondents, 2.1% reported having drug use experience. The logistic regression analyses indicate the risk of drug use, measured by past drug use and the intent and willingness questions, is correlated with the students’ sense of norm toward drug use, Pachinko/Pachi-slot experiences, club/rave experiences, and personality characteristics such as self assertiveness and affinity for sensation. Conclusions: The present study confirms that there are college students already have had experience of using drugs (2.1%), and the risk of drug use is correlated with several behavioral factors and students’ personality characteristics. The findings suggest a drug use prevention program targeting college students would be more effective if it aims to raise the sense of norm among not only individual students but also the school as a whole and includes monitoring Pachinko/Pachi-slot and club/rave activities. Individual students’ personality characteristics should also be considered in designing a prevention program. Since the present study was conducted at only those schools which complied with our request for cooperation, it is difficult to generalize these results to represent the national college population.

The Normative Jinx

In this article I present and defend the claim that law and morality cannot be considered to be valid simultaneously. This claim is the result of the combination of two theses, normative monism and legal/moral incompatibilism. The first thesis maintains that we can only make sense of norms if we consider them to be part of one normative system. The second thesis claims that law and morality cannot form part of one normative system. The result of the combination of both theses produces what I call the normative jinx: if we take law to be valid, then there is no moral point of view from which to assess the law; if we consider morality to be valid, there cannot possibly be valid law that could be the object of moral assessment.