Sense Of Moral Obligation Research Articles

불교적 관점에서 본 분노조절 연구

The purpose of this paper is to find a way to control anger that becomes karma for a peaceful life of individuals rather than groups from the Buddhist perspective. This is not a sense of moral obligation, but an individual's free will which means loving oneself and liberating from oneself. Anger is a harmful mind. Anger belongs to anger among the three harmful minds from a Buddhist point of view. Anger is intended to be malicious. Malice stems from dissatisfaction. Therefore, the angry acts caused by the malice of dissatisfaction destroy both the life of an individual and the life of others. In a society that has to live in a group, the problem of anger is difficult to disappear in the past, present, and future. However, from a Buddhist point of view, I expect that if the suffering of anger is prevented and controlled in advance, I will be able to live an individual's peaceful life, which is the purpose of this paper. Therefore, in this study, we will first look at the mechanism of anger from a Buddhist perspective and then divide it into two ways to control it. The first is reflect on oneself from a preventive point of view, make a surrounding environment, and the other is to control it when anger occurs.

Volunteering as prosocial behaviour by medical students following a flooding disaster and impacts on their mental health: A mixed-methods study.

Volunteering is a form of prosocial behaviour that has a been recognised as having positive benefits for medical students. However, there is a lack of research on what influences students to volunteer during and after weather-related disasters. Our study (1) explores factors related to medical students' willingness and readiness to volunteer, and (2) describes mental health impacts of the flood events on students. We conducted a mixed-methods study of medical students on rural clinical placements in a regional area of Australia, 2 to 6 weeks after two major flooding events in 2022. Data were collected through survey and focus groups. Summary statistics were generated from the survey data, and Fisher's exact test was used to determine associations between student experience of the flood and self-rated well-being. Qualitative data were deductively analysed using Byrne and colleagues' theory of prosocial behaviour during an emergency. The 36 students who participated in focus groups (including the 34 who completed the survey) (response rates 84% and 79%, respectively) demonstrated high levels of prosocial behaviours and were willing to volunteer. A sense of moral obligation was the primary reason for volunteering, whereas concerns for their physical and psychological safety, and missing key aspects of their training, were the strongest reasons for not continuing to volunteer. Students reported personal stress, anxiety and trauma during this period, with significant associations between self-rated impacts on their well-being and feelings of being terrified, helpless and hopeless during the flooding events and of still being distressed weeks later (p < .05). This study expands on prosocial behaviour theory by applying Byrne and colleagues elaborated model in the context of medical student volunteering during the 2022 major flooding events in Australia. Modifiable barriers to prosocial behaviour are identified along with proposed strategies to address these barriers.

SENCOs’ lived experiences of working through the COVID-19 pandemic in Swedish upper secondary schools

ABSTRACT This article explores nine SENCOs’ lived experiences of the changes, challenges and opportunities which arose when working in Swedish upper secondary schools through the spring term of 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article provides further insights into the particulars of the SENCOs’ line of work and also aims to say something about the existential aspects of the SENCO profession. The study draws on empirical material generated from semi-structured lifeworld interviews and open-ended diaries. The study design and analysis were conceived and performed using a lifeworld phenomenological approach and hermeneutics. The lived experiences of the SENCOs reveal that they took on new tasks during the pandemic and, at the same time, long-standing issues regarding their professional role seem to have been exacerbated. These findings give insights into the difficulties faced by SENCOs in claiming professional jurisdiction and ask whether SENCOs inadvertently contribute to this problem when driven by a sense of moral obligation towards students with special educational needs. This moral obligation might stand at the heart of what it means to be a SENCO, and is possibly thoroughly intertwined with SENCOs’ agency.

THE ESSENCE OF THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF UKRAINIAN YOUTH IN THE PEDAGOGICAL VIEWS OF H. VASCHENKO

The conducted study of the complex of scientific works made it possible to conclude that in the formation of spiritual and moral traditions among young people, H. Vashchenko assigned a great role to the Christian faith. H. Vashchenko saw service to God and society as a way of personal movement to mastering the best traits embodied by the national educational ideal - this is the goal of educating Ukrainian youth. Based on the set goal, we formulate the task of spiritual and moral education of the individual as the awareness of spiritual and moral values and the formation of the best moral norms that direct the activity of the individual to a high goal: truthfulness, restraint, a sense of moral obligation, discipline and organization, honesty and principles, cheerfulness and vivacity, diligence, sexual abstinence, respect for parents and elders. Based on the views of the scientist regarding the definition of the goal of education as the main issue of pedagogy, it is understood as the directing of mental, spiritual, moral qualities to master the best examples of the educational ideal, then they determine the content of the educational process, its form, the organization of children&amp;apos;s lives.&#x0D; Therefore, we can confidently state that summarizing the task of clarifying the place of spirituality and morality as the basis of national views in the work of H. Vashchenko, we come to the conclusion that the basis of pedagogical views is: 1) his pedagogical concept of spiritual and moral upbringing and education of Ukrainian youth; 2) he considers Christianity, its spiritual values, moral norms and cultural achievements to be the fundamental factor of Ukrainian spirituality and morality, the main and powerful educational force of influence on Ukrainian youth, the Ukrainian people in general; the main source of spirituality is faith in God; 3) the Ukrainian educational ideal, cemented by the national idea, which is strategic in the national system of education and upbringing of youth, contains spiritual and moral constants; 4) the national idea must be clearly formulated and play the role of a consolidating, unifying force for the nation in the name of «serving some high idea: the Motherland, truth, beauty»; 5) the core of the concept of spiritual and moral education is the focus of the educational process on realizing the human need to achieve perfection, the Ukrainian educational ideal as a paragon; as a phenomenon of social consciousness, the national idea should be based on universal, national values: national consciousness, national dignity, national traditions, customs, beliefs.

Preventive behaviours during the pandemic: The role of collective rituals, emotional synchrony, social norms and moral obligation.

The present research focuses on the role of collective, social influence and intraindividual processes in shaping preventive behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic. In two correlational studies conducted in Spain, we explored the impact of participation in the ritual of collective applause (carried out daily for over 70days during the lockdown) and perceived social norms in fostering behavioural adherence to public health measures, as well as the mediating role of perceived emotional synchrony and a sense of moral obligation. The first study (general population, N=528) was conducted in June 2020, just after the end of the lockdown, and the second study (students, N=292) was carried out eight months later. The results of the structural equations modelling (SEM) consistently confirmed that active participation in collective applause was linked to more intense emotional synchrony and indirectly predicted self-reported preventive behaviour. Perceived social norms predicted self-reported behavioural compliance directly and also indirectly, via feelings of moral obligation. The discussion addresses some meaningful variations in the results and also focuses on the implications of the findings for both theory and psychosocial intervention.

Does MacIntyre's Moral Sociology Presuppose a Personalist Moral Psychology? MacIntyre and Tomasello on Moral Psychology

Alasdair MacIntyre has developed a theory of virtue ethics that is closely integrated with sociology and organization studies. While rejecting reductive views of the virtues, MacIntyre appeals to their functional role in facilitating collaboration as a basis for justifying their normative requirements. This raises the question of how agents within cooperative contexts come to appreciate their intrinsic value. I argue that MacIntyre's account of the virtues is undergirded by an implicit personalist moral psychology. To make this evident, I draw upon the account of moral psychology developed by Michael Tomasello, who argues that a sense of moral obligation is generated when persons engage in collective action. Tomasello's account complements MacIntyre's by explaining how participation in social practices generates a sense of moral obligation but it does not address the problem of relativism. As a result, it does not fully explain how and why participants in practices come to see themselves as bound by moral norms since the threat of relativism undermines the idea that moral norms are binding. This limitation further illustrates the role of a personalist moral psychology in MacIntyre's work: through the experience of cultural breakdown persons are able to view themselves as engaged in a shared inquiry concerning the good that transcends any specific culture. This provides the basis for a self-conscious sense of moral obligation that is not threatened by relativism.

Do Value Orientations and Beliefs Play a Positive Role in Shaping Personal Norms for Urban Green Space Conservation?

Urban Green Spaces (UGS) have a huge contribution to the health of urban ecosystems. However, they are threatened by numerous factors such as rapid urbanization, resource depletion, and climate change. These factors are inextricably linked to human behaviors, guided by the values and beliefs of people. According to value-belief-norm theory and norm activation model, personal norms are defined as self-expectations of pro-environmental behavior influenced by the ascription of responsibility and awareness of consequences in values and beliefs. When the conditions of responsibility and consequence awareness are met, individuals are more likely to experience a sense of moral obligation to exhibit environmentally responsible behavior. To address conservation and better enable UGS to have a positive function, we must explore how to promote the development of personal norms that are beneficial to UGS conservation. This study explored the influence that UGS values and beliefs have on personal norms. A questionnaire was administered to 1641 urban residents in Beijing, China, and Partial Least Square Structural Modeling was used to assess the causal relationship in the formation of personal norms on UGS conservation. The results showed that intrinsic, instrumental, and relational UGS value orientations contribute directly or indirectly to the formation of personal norms for the conservation of UGS through environmental beliefs as mediators, with the most significant effect being the relational value orientations. The results of the study can provide scientific guidance for future public participation in UGS conservation.

Motivating COVID-19 mitigation actions via personal norm: An extension of the norm activation model

ObjectiveGiven the prosocial nature of COVID-19 mitigation actions, the norm activation model (NAM) provides a theoretical framework to understand how these mitigation behaviors may be driven by activating personal norms. Aimed at delineating the relationship between awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility, two key variables in the model, the present study examined to what extent this relationship was moderated by political ideology, individual efficacy, and collective efficacy. MethodA cross-sectional online survey (N = 560) was implemented with a sample that matched the demographics of the national population in the U.S. ResultsThe relationship between awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility was stronger among liberals and those reporting low levels of individual efficacy and collective efficacy. ConclusionHealth behaviors such as COVID-19 mitigation actions can be motivated by activating individuals’ sense of moral obligation, but the effectiveness of this approach depends on their political ideology and efficacy beliefs. Practice implicationsCampaigns can promote health behaviors by triggering the moral responsibility of the target audience through emphasizing severity of the consequences. This approach can be more effective for liberals and those that lack confidence in individual and collective abilities to avert the threat.

Practical Applications of Do Tobacco Share Owners Finance the Tobacco Business?

In <b>Do Tobacco Share Owners Finance the Tobacco Business?</b>, from the Winter 2020 issue of <b><i>The Journal of Impact and ESG Investing</i></b>, authors <b>David Blitz</b> and <b>Laurens Swinkels</b> of <b>Robeco</b> evaluate the role of investors in financing the tobacco industry. Motivated by a sense of moral obligation, many investors are choosing to exclude tobacco stocks from their portfolios. However, it is unclear whether tobacco companies rely on such funds to finance expansion or other business activities. Using a case analysis, the authors determine that tobacco firms typically do not raise capital though incremental equity issuances. Instead, it is cheaper for them to use existing capital or seek funds through the bond market. Therefore, tobacco shareholders are not truly financing tobacco companies or their activities. Additionally, those who divest from tobacco stocks lose the opportunity to vote at shareholder meetings, preventing them from pushing the company toward more sustainable initiatives.

‘The balance in our relationship has changed’: everyday family living, couplehood and digital spaces in informal spousal care

ABSTRACT Building on an ethnographic approach, this study aims to explore how the notion of couplehood and family life is understood and negotiated in everyday life by older carers and their spouses. Inspired by Morgan’s perspective on the doing of family life, and Hochschild’s analysis of emotion work and feeling rules, the article shows how the process of becoming a carer/care recipient creates a new life situation for couples. The findings show that gendered tasks of family life such as housework and financial responsibilities change between spouses, and new practicalities emerge. This in turn changes the power balance between the spouses and how they do couplehood. The findings also reveal how the participants’ sense of we and I are negotiated to do family life, with regards to their health, sense of moral obligation, personal autonomy, love and caregiving. A sense of social isolation is apparent, and social media, apps and online games are sometimes used to create digital spaces in which participants can maintain connections with friends and children, find solitude and regain energy by getting a temporary pause from spousal informal care. Such strategies enable couples to find balance and a sense of autonomy in their lives as a family.

Against the Flow: Differentiating Between Public Opposition to the Immigration Stock and Flow

AbstractVast research on immigration lumps together native citizens' attitudes toward two different groups: the immigrant stock of non-naturalized resident aliens, and the immigrant flow, that is, the future arrival of foreigners seeking to enter and live in the country. Does popular opposition to immigration distinguish between the two, and if so, how? This article analyzes theoretically the reasons the stock and flow might induce different views among natives, and presents experimental evidence from the United States showing that natives are systematically more accepting of the former. The analysis indicates that this ‘stock premium’ partly stems from a sense of moral obligation toward people residing in the country. Replicating two widely cited experiments, the study shows that the stock–flow distinction has important implications for the interpretation of earlier findings on immigration attitudes, and for understanding voter preferences regarding policies designed to curtail immigration.

Between the state and the kin: one-person household social security in Latvia

One-person household is the dominant type of household in today’s Latvia. Research on kinship in contemporary Europe suggests that weak kinship ties are characteristic of institutionally strong countries that provide an individual with social security when he or she becomes incapacitated. However, the statistical data on Latvia show that of all household types, one-person households are the most exposed to the risk of poverty, especially those of people over 64 years of age. The article provides an insight into the ways in which the policies implemented by various political regimes in Latvia over the last one hundred years have promoted the formation of an economically independent individual, thus directly and indirectly weakening family and kinship ties. Drawing on our ethnographic data, we explore the situations when the state's welfare system no longer ensures an individual's social security: are family and kinship ties likely to be re-established in such circumstances? The fieldwork findings suggest that those whose next of kin needs additional assistance or care, face a dilemma: either to provide support to the vulnerable relative while compromising their own economic stability, or to delegate their responsibility for the relative to the state. However, our data also show: while the state does not guarantee social security for some vulnerable groups, its social insurance system nevertheless has to a great degree impacted the sense of moral obligation in intergenerational relationships.

Strategies Influencing Corporate Social Responsibility Programs for Climate Change in Commercial Banks in Kenya

High cost in pursuit of the strategies that influence Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increasingly compatible with improving environment for climate change. The benefits of adopting CSR can have significant advantages for both shareholders and the environment, particularly when undertaken voluntarily. But another factor in favor of CSR is the oblique pressures brought to bear from a sense of moral obligation, a more ethical approach, sweeping into boardrooms. The study examined the strategies that influence Corporate Social Responsibility programs in Commercial Banks in Kenya. Specific focus was placed on physical environment and stakeholder's participation as dimensions of strategies that influence CSR programs for climate change. The study adopted descriptive and cross-sectional survey design as it is suitable for obtaining systematically factual information for decision making, identify the current practices, conditions and opinions at a specified point in time. The target population was 43 Commercial Banks and the total sample size of 36 target respondents comprising of 18 corporate affairs managers and 18 CSR officers. The research made use of self- administered structured questionnaire for data collection. The data collected was edited, coded, classified, and tabulated to make it amenable to analysis. The response rate in this study was eighty three percent which was considered sufficient for making inferences and drawing conclusions. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics encompassed percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations. However, multiple regression analysis was used for making inferences and drawing conclusion. The study established that physical environment and stakeholder's participation have positive influence on corporate social responsibility for climate change. Corporate affairs managers and CSR officers should formulate policies on physical environment and stakeholder's participation that would enable Commercial Bank to enhance competitive advantage through CSR programs.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Empathy Among Dental Students at King Abdulaziz University.

Empathy is the fundamental substructure of moral behavior. Skillful clinicians may not necessarily be successful dentists if they do not have sufficient empathy. The aim of this study was to assess the level of empathy among dental students at King Abdulaziz University with an emphasis on the effect of gender and study level. A cross-sectional study was carried out among third- to sixth-year dental students of King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A validated, self-administered Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Care Provider Student Version was distributed in academic year 2016-17 to all 380 students in the third to sixth years. A total of 300 students responded, for a response rate of 78.9%. The results showed that the students' mean empathy score was 84.84±11.28 on a range from 20 to 140. The fifth- and sixth-year students had higher scores than the third- and fourth-year students although the differences were not statistically significant. The mean empathy score of women students was significantly higher (p<0.001) than that of men students, and the women demonstrated significantly better perspective-taking (p<0.001) than the men. This study found that the students were empathetic and had a sense of moral obligation although their mean empathy score was not as high as expected. Integrating empathic, ethical, and professional elements into the dental curriculum is needed.

How does inequality affect our sense of moral obligation?

Tomasello's novel and insightful theory of obligation explains why we sometimes sense an obligation to treat each other equally, but he has not yet explained why human morality also allows and enables much inequality in wealth and power. Ullman-Margalit's (1977) account of norms of partiality suggested a different source and kind of norms that might help to fill out Tomasello's picture.

Children's everyday moral conversation speaks to the emergence of obligation.

For Tomasello's proposed ontology of the human sense of moral obligation, observations of early moral language may provide useful evidence complementary to that afforded by experimental research. Extant reports of children's everyday moral talk reveal patterns of participation and content that accord with the proposal and hint at extensions addressing individual differences.

Moral obligation in online social interaction: Clicking the “like” button

Social media greatly facilitate online social interaction among friends, and user behavior in social interaction may be influenced by interpersonal relationships. While individuals sometimes do enjoy the content shared by friends, they may also feel that they have a moral obligation to like what their friends share. Drawing on the stimulus-organism-response model, this paper examines whether the characteristics of interpersonal relationships are associated with moral obligation as well as whether moral obligation is associated with “like” intention. By using data from 348 users of WeChat Moments, we provide empirical evidence that the stimuli of interpersonal relationships (perceived authority, perceived closeness, and peer referent) are positively associated with the sense of moral obligation, which in turn, is positively associated with user intention to click the Like button on their friends’ postings on social media. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

AGING IN RURAL ETHIOPIA: IMPACT ON FILIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND INTERGENERATIONAL SOLIDARITY

As migration and urbanization continue to progress in developing nations, the filial support and traditional support mechanisms that serve as buffers against the plight of older people are diminishing. Agrarian families find themselves in a rapidly changing world that severely limits their ability to assume caregiving roles for elders. With these trends in mind, a phenomenological approach was used to explore the lived experiences of 10 rural elders in Ethiopia. Prominent themes in the elders’ narratives was the nostalgia of filial responsibility and intergenerational solidarity in the “good old days” and a strong sense of devaluation. Elders expressed feeling devalued by their children, grandchildren, and youth in general. As one elder shared, “These days, there is no respect for an older person. We are treated like a broken utensil thrown away which is considered as useless anymore.” Compared to how they treated their own parents, elders believed that their children’s sense of moral obligation was weak and unreliable. Interactions with children and grandchildren were described as abusive, undermining, and embarrassing, triggering deep sorrow. Elders were pessimistic about the prospect of reliable caregivers, even expressing a wish to die before they become dependent on others for care. Despite the challenges they face in their daily lives, all participants viewed aging as a privilege that should be celebrated. As traditional family support structures in developing nations continue to deteriorate, new models of community-based care are needed to ensure that elders can expect adequate care throughout their lives.

Location Matters: Is the Immigration Debate over Stocks or Flows?

Vast research on immigration lumps together native citizens' attitudes toward two different groups: the immigrant stock, i.e., non-naturalized resident aliens, and the immigrant flow, i.e., future waves of foreigners that seek to enter and live in the country. This paper studies how and why natives' attitudes differ with respect to the two groups. We analyze theoretically the reasons the and flow of immigration might induce different views among natives, and then present evidence from several experiments which show that Americans are systematically more acceptant of the former. Our analysis indicates that this stock premium partly stems from a sense of moral obligation toward people residing in the country. In contrast, contact with immigrants and variation in the perceived characteristics of the immigrant groups play little role in explaining the premium. Replicating two widely-cited experiments, we show that the stock-flow distinction has important implications for the interpretation of earlier findings on immigration attitudes.

Poczucie powinności moralnej jako odkrywanie własnej tożsamości w kontekście religijnego milczenia

The sense of moral obligation as a disclosure of identity in the context of keeping silent for religious purposes This article is in the form of a diptych: for both presentational and conceptual purposes it falls into two parts that complement each other. The sense of moral obligation (considered with reference to the case of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant), and that of moral dissatisfaction with oneself associated with it, are experiences common to humanity in general that also perhaps serve more than any others to convince us of the existence of our unique personal identity. Such a disclosure of our identity is born from within the inner quietude of a human being, in their conscience, which requires a state of such quietude if it is to speak out from within us. We shall present such a disclosure of human identity here in the form of a number of overlapping theoretico-practical moves conducted at the level of thought, firstly in predominantly philosophical terms (the logos of philosophy), then with a balance maintained between religion and philosophy (the logos of the Christian religion and that of philosophy), and finally and centrally in a predominantly religious context (Christianity). The discovery of one’s identity via the perspective of moral obligation, with its two elements (one fixed, the other changeable), has been formulated verbally thus: “I know that I should, so...” The first element takes us nowhere, with “I know that I should” just reflecting one’s awareness of moral obligation. The second, however, sets us on a path, reflecting as it does the context in which moral consciousness contributes to discovering and experiencing the truth about a human being and his or her identity. In the first part of the diptych, this context is found to consist in the following: (1) personal identity seen in the light of the logos of philosophy; (2) religious identity seen in the light of the logos of religion and mysticism; (3) dialogical identity seen in the light of the logos of philosophy and religion; (4) identity seen in the light of the logos of the Christian religion, construed as not threatened by the philosophy of Kant; (5) identity seen in the light of the philosophy of Kant, construed as having nothing to fear from Christianity; (6) identity seen in the light of the philosophy of Kant, with the latter construed as someone grateful to God for what he has not revealed to us; (7) identity seen in the light of the criticism that Kant’s logos fails to allow for the sincerity of Christian prayer.