Sense Of Focus Research Articles

Analisis Kritis Critical Book Review Buku Ajar Anatomi Fisiologi Karya Heni Puji Wahyuningsih dan Yuni Kusmiyati

Critical book review is one of the mandatory assignments given to students to review a book in the sense of focusing on evaluation (explanation, interpretation, and analysis) of the book's strengths and weaknesses and how the book affects the way of thinking and increases understanding of a field of study. Teaching materials for Physiological Anatomy by Heni Puji Wahyuningsih and Yuni Kusmiyati are a comprehensive learning resource to understand the structure and function of the human body. This book discusses various organ systems in detail, from the cellular to the macroscopic level. Its clear explanations and informative pictures make this book easy for readers to understand. This study aims to find out the discussion of teaching materials in detail. This study uses a literature study method, namely collecting data from various literature or scientific references and physiological anatomy books. The results of the critical analysis of the research are teaching materials discussing the physiological anatomy of the human body, where anatomy is the study of the structure and relationships between body parts of living things, and physiology is the study of the study of the function of body parts

Uvological characteristics of local grapevine varieties: Smederevka and Zametovka

Research of uvological characteristics is one of the obligatory steps for determination of general production and technological value of grapevine varieties. Such research is particularly recommended for local varieties that did not previously show sat?isfying characteristics necessary for production of high-quality wine. Local grapevine varieties Smederevka (white wine variety) and Zametovka (red wine variety) have mostly served for production of low-quality wine in the past. With changes in the manner of pro?duction in the sense of focus on high-quality wine and production of wine with geograph?ical indications, vineyards planted with these varieties in Serbia have mostly been grubbed up. However, due to the characteristic and favourable terroir conditions, they have survived in the Trstenik wine-growing district (subregion within the Tri Morave wine-growing re?gion). With the aim of determining uvological characteristics of these two varieties in current climate conditions that are favourable for these high-yield varieties, this paper examines the mechanical composition of grape bunches (bunch weight, number of berries, stem weight), mechanical composition of berries (weight of 100 berries, weight of skin of 100 berries, weight of mesocarp of 100 berries and weight of seeds of 100 berries), as well as grape must characteristics (sugar content and total acids in grape must) of representative genotypes of local varieties Smederevka and Zametovka in production vineyards in the Trstenik wine-growing district. Research results have shown that uvological characteristics of these varieties are slightly better in comparison with previous research carried out in other wine-growing areas, that is, in comparison with general information from literature, which indicates the necessity for further research of these varieties in different agro-eco?logical conditions.

Motivating Vietnamese EFL College Students by Using “This is Me” Framework in the Directed Motivational Currents Theory

Motivation is a crucial factor in foreign language learning as it can help EFL learners achieve the goals they have established in the course they have been taking. Feeling a strong sense of productivity or achievement, a strong sense of focus and being absorbed, generating high levels of energy or effort, and a sense that they were highly motivated during the project's whole duration were considered markers of DMCs. This qualitative study aims to investigate L2 motivational factors in Vietnam by collecting data from interviews and diaries. It applied the main concepts in the Directed Motivational Current (DMC) Theory. It involved five Vietnamese EFL students. The researcher used diaries and interviews to collect data. The results showed that the five participants were caught up in the flow of group-DMCs. All the markers cited earlier were found in the learners' motivational responses. The energy generated by the launch of the group-DMCs was so intense that the researcher was contaminated. However, one needs to know that achieving the project goals was sometimes challenging and stressful, but a group-DMC made it bearable and enjoyable. For further studies, motivational graphs and Muir's (2016) DMC Disposition scale can be used to collect quantitative data. A larger group of participants can also be used for the interview to mitigate this study's limitation. Received 18th September 2021; Revised 14th February 2022; Accepted 25th March 2022

International Scientific and Technological Cooperation for Environmental Protection

The paper deals with issues of international scientific and technological cooperation for environmental protection. The legal platform for cooperation in the field of science and technology (STC) between states is an international treaty. At the same time, the search for an optimal model of international STC requires considering the features of scientific and technological development at the present stage. The development of an international STC for environmental protection is linked to the task of finding the most promising and convenient forms of such cooperation. Along with international agreements on global scientific projects, STC for environmental protection is actively developing at the bilateral level. The paper defines the features of bilateral agreements and memoranda of understanding in the development of scientific and technological cooperation for environmental protection. STC issues for optimal implementation of international environmental obligations are considered. Serious natural disasters present challenges when it is necessary to understand the scientific basis of decisions made by different countries and to improve the exchange of data and information. This determines the direction and activity of STC in relation to the prevention and overcoming of the consequences of environmental emergencies, which is emphasized in the paper. While STC between developed and developing countries has traditionally taken the form of technical assistance, there are now new motivations and opportunities to support scientific cooperation for development and research capacity-building, especially for developing countries in the sense of focusing on real partnership. STC for environmental protection between developed and developing countries is analyzed. In conclusion, a summary of the prospects for STC for environmental protection is presented.

Doing Gender und das Regieren der Migration durch Heirat

Marriage migration has always beenanalysed as a gender-specific path of migration, but mostly in the sense of focusing on migrating women. This article argues that in order to centralize gender as an analytical category in the research of marriage migration, a methodological turn is necessary: away from individualistic research to ethnographic border regime analysis. This turn allows to research the governing of migration through marriage and toput processes of gendering and heteronorming as well as struggles around gendered categories and politics into the focus of the analysis.

Coherent updating of non-additive measures

The conditions under which a 2-monotone lower prevision can be uniquely updated (in the sense of focusing) to a conditional lower prevision are determined. Then a number of particular cases are investigated: completely monotone lower previsions, for which equivalent conditions in terms of the focal elements of the associated belief function are established; random sets, for which some conditions in terms of the measurable selections can be given; and minitive lower previsions, which are shown to correspond to the particular case of vacuous lower previsions.

No Longer Lost in the Wilderness:

No Longer Lost in the Wilderness:

A Study in Africana Existential Ontology: Rum as a Metaphor of Existence

AbstractThis paper investigates the idea of rum as an ontology of life. More specifically, it explores the rum as metaphor in the context of Africana existential ontology. Here it is argued that rum drinking can serve as the basis for understanding and conceptualizing certain basic structures of human existence in the Caribbean mode of existence. In pursuing these tasks, ontology is not construed as the study of the kinds of entities that exist; rather, ontology is given an existential twist in the sense of focusing on patterns of human existence, as well as practices that are indicative of human creative agency.

Une ontologie existentielle de l'africanite : le rhum comme métaphore de l'existence

This paper investigates the idea of rum as an ontology of life. More specifically, it explores the rum as metaphor in the context of Africana existential ontology. Here it is argued that rum drinking can serve as the basis for understanding and conceptualizing certain basic structures of human existence in the Caribbean mode of existence. In pursuing these tasks, ontology is not construed as the study of the kinds of entities that exist; rather, ontology is given an existential twist in the sense of focusing on patterns of human existence, as well as practices that are indicative of human creative agency.

Tinkering towards Utopia: trying to make sense of my contribution to the field

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of what the author believes to be his major contributions to the field of Educational Administration.Design/methodology/approachThe approach taken is a personal review and reflection based on research. For purposes of structuring the article three themes have been selected – complexity, development, and being close to and providing an empirical base for policy and practice. In addition, three areas are discussed that the author regrets having not taken further – the relationship between a school and its system from the school's perspective, the role of quality evidence, particularly the provision of valid and reliable surveys for use by practitioners, and public attitudes to education, including re‐examining the purposes of schools and their enactment.FindingsThe studies reviewed stress the importance of the interrelationship between the individual, organisational and contextual in effective teaching of educational administration, organisational development in schools, leadership for organisational learning and student outcomes, and successful school principalship. These studies promote a “tinkering towards Utopia”. “Tinkering” in the sense of improvement from the inside out rather than from outside schools and from the top down, and being about small scale and developmental rather than wholesale and/or continuous change. “Utopian” in the sense of focusing on complexity and heterogeneity rather than simplicity and homogeneity in both purposes and processes. “Utopia” is about learning for all, especially through facilitating schools as communities of professional learners. However, there continues to be a need for researchers in the field to provide a stronger empirical base for policy and practice, including providing quality, culturally specific evidence.Research limitations/implicationsWhile clarity is provided on the links between leadership and student outcomes in schools and areas for further research are identified, the article is limited by its heavy reliance on the author's Australian research findings.Originality/valueThe article has value in that the links are clarified between leadership and a breadth of student outcomes. It broadens what counts for good schooling and school leadership and provides clear evidence for improvements in policy and practice.

Catalytic assessment: understanding how MCQs and EVS can foster deep learning

AbstractOne technology for education whose adoption is currently expanding rapidly in UK higher education is that of electronic voting systems (EVS). As with all educational technology, whether learning benefits are achieved depends not on the technology but on whether an improved teaching method is introduced with it. EVS inherently relies on the multiple‐choice question (MCQ) format, which many feel is associated with the lowest kind of learning of disconnected facts. This paper, however, discusses several ways in which teaching with MCQs, and so with EVS, has transcended this apparent disadvantage, has based itself on deep learning in the sense of focusing on learning relationships between items rather than on recalling disconnected true–false items, and so has achieved substantial learning advantages. Six possible learning designs based on MCQs are discussed, and a new function for (e‐)assessment is identified, namely catalytic assessment, where the purpose of test questions is to trigger subsequent deep learning without direct teaching input.

The Models of Space, Time and Vision in V. Nabokov's Fiction: Narrative Strategies and Cultural Frames by Marina Grishakova (review)

784 SEER, 85, 4, OCTOBER 2OO7 the reader to the almost identical lines inTsar Saltan, but not to the fact that the firstline also appears inRuslan and Liudmila, and contains references to both mead and beer. Tempest, whose version is not without merit, includes themead but ditches the beer. This book is beautifully produced, with fine illustrations by Simon Brett. It is a welcome and worthy addition to the library of Russian literature in translation offered by Angel books. MaidenheadMichael Pursglove Grishakova, Marina. TheModels ofSpace, Time and Vision inV.Nabokov's Fiction: Narrative Strategiesand CulturalFrames. Tartu Semiotics Library, 5. Tartu University Press, Tartu, 2006. 324 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. 10.23 (paperback). In this studyMarina Grishakova sets herself an ambitious task: 'to describe certain types of time, space and point-of-view construction in Vladimir Nabokov's fiction and to explore theirmodeling role in the artistic, philo sophical and scientific discourses of themodernist and early postmodernist age' (p. 11).The volume is organized around fiveconceptual models detailing particular structures and narrative functions of time or space, with various of Nabokov's novels examined alongside them. Grishakova's background in semiotics, deriving largely fromRussian Formalism and the 'Tartu-school' is apparent throughout what transpires to be a densely theoretical study. The seventy-page introduction, in which discussion of Nabokov is dwarfed by long surveys of narratology, poses several recurring problems concerning the relationship between text and theory in her approach. One is the possibility that in her numerous forays into a vast range of theoretical perspectives, Grishakova might lose sightof their actual relevance to the literary texts.The other is an ambiguity concerning the nature of the linkage between the 'cultural frames' which the author describes, and Nabokov's own narrative strategies. In several enlightening instances Grishakova uses intertextual or archival evidence to suggest Nabokov's direct engagement with particular thinkers or cultural forms, but often the linkage seems to be of a less convincing, ahistorical typological form. The first chapter of the study examines various models of time, such as the spiral and the 'specious present,' employed by Nabokov, principally with reference to Mashen 'ka {Mary)and Ada. Nietzsche, Bergson and Proust supply the chief correlatives. Nabokov's explicit engagement with these figureswill be well known to many scholars, but some archival research reveals here some interesting lesser known figures which featured prominently in Nabokov's research for his project 'Notes for the Texture of Time' which eventually metamorphosed into chapter four of Ada. In the second chapter of Grishakova's book, the author turns her attention to overlaps between scientific and literary modes of observation in the twentieth century, and surveys a range of theoretical perspectives on modernist constructions of REVIEWS 785 subjectivity from Bakhtin and Todorov toHenry James and Percy Lubbock among many others. Eventually the chief concern of the chapter emerges as the tension between text and image, and their mutually compensatory relationship. This is explored through Henry James's The Turn of theScrew, Nabokov's Sogliadatai (TheEye), and Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window. Although an original and fertilearea of enquiry isdiscernable here the precise contours ofGrishakova's thesis remain obscured, as does Nabokov's importance within a crowded theoretical and cultural matrix. The third chapter, 'models of vision', more successfullymarries literary, historical and theoretical perspectives by examining how cinematic and photographic narrative strategies are implicated with the failure of artistic vision for Nabokov. In particular, an uncharacteristically sustained reading of KoroT Dama Valet (King,Queen, Knave) with regard to modernist notions of automatism shows Grishakova's critical methodology at itsbest, negotiating novels with a sense of focus and purpose which is elsewhere lacking. Next, a strangely short fourth chapter launches a promising enquiry intoNabokov's modernist inflection on the 'double' or ''doppelganger" motif, using theoretical tools derived from Iser and Lacan. It is cut short however, after a cursory glance at Otchaianie (Despair). The fifthand final chapter ismore satisfying, as the author turns to 'Multidimensional Worlds'. A discussion of notions of 'outside' and 'inside' in relation to narrative subjectivity leads to a vigorous engagement with the critical debate over Nabokov's use of themobius stripas structural device. Then an insightful section on Bend Sinisteruncovers some useful...

Reply to Commentary by Daniel N. Stern

I respond to Stern's largely affirming discussion by fleshing out a few points, for example, improvisation is more than just being spontaneous, it is ensemble work that plays off and with patterns emergent in the personalities of both parties. These patterns illuminate something about the unconscious of each from which blossom things heretofore unimagined or unarticulated. Several principles are then emphasized: First, improvisational moments arise when the “characters” in the moment draw from something real within themselves along with who they are inducing one another to become. Second, the cultivation of play in improvisation lends itself to putting to rest the myth of the perfectly analyzed analyst as not only impossible but as being both unnecessary and undesirable—a seminal point to the entire relational canon. Third, improvisation is a means for putting live flesh on the sterile bones of a host of theories now informing the contemporary psychoanalytic perspective such as chaos and complexity theory, along with dynamic systems theory. I also note that improvisational moments exhibit an emerging sense of vitality and a deepened sense of connection between the partners. Their work obtains a greater sense of focus, though not a deliberate focus as that their relational unconsciouses are “directing” them. Improvisational work feels liberating, playful, as well as affirming and recognizing what what each is bringing to their coauthorship. By contrast, when the improvisation fails, it devolves into negative thirdness or one-upsmanship, the qualities of which reflect deadness, avoidance, confusion, constriction of play, and a misrecognition of one another that devolves into a mutual sense of defeat. Responding to Stern's question about posi-traums, I affirm there is a phenomenon in which an entrenched emotional conviction of a patient's can be dramatically altered. This happens when something positive occurs that cannot be assimilated within the patient's intransigently negative belief system such that she must accommodate a new organizing principle, that is, a new emotional conviction to make sense of it. I concede, however, that it may be too soon to tell how much such phenomena penetrate the more physiologically encoded elements of trauma.

Sustained Empathic Focus, Vulnerability, and the Centrality of Subjective-Affective Experience: Further Thoughts on a Self Psychological Approach to the Clinical Use of Dreams

Dreams, and the analyst's responsiveness to them, provide an excellent opportunity for the development of a playful and metaphorical communication between analyst and patient that can enhance the curative process. For the playspace, created by the analyst's empathic responsiveness, to facilitate a deepening of the curative process, it must include a sense of focus. This article presents and illustrates (with particular attention to the clinical use of dreams) the use of a self psychologically informed focus referred to as a “sustained empathic focus” on the patient's subjective-affective experience.

Sustained Empathic Focus and the Clinical Application of Self–Psychological Theory in Group Psychotherapy

The concept of focus can provide a meaningful bridge between theory and practice. The authors’ aim in this paper is to demonstrate that for theory to be clinically useful, it should provide a sense of focus and organization for clinical work. They illustrate how their particular use of a self–psychological/intersubjective model leads to an emphasis on what they refer to as “sustained empathic focus.” The authors’ choice of concepts leads them consistently to stress the patient’s subjective experience and emerging vulnerability.

1972: The Year That Changed Everything

In the ever-revolving kaleidoscope of baseball history, a few individual seasons have been noted as pivotal milestones. The year 1901, when the American League assumed Major League status, is often identified as the birth year of the modern Major Leagues. The year 1920, when Babe Ruth and the "live ball" rambunctiously emerged to rescue the sport from the scandal-plagued 1910s, marks another obvious turning point. And, of course, 1947, the first year of baseball's successful racial integration, may certainly be considered the beginning of the truly modern era. There was another particular season in which dramatic trends, events, and personalities combined to profoundly alter baseball's structure: 1972. Let's take a close look at that extraordinarily colorful and eventful year. Strike One Baseball's first player strike of the twentieth century occurred in the spring of 1972. It may be impossible to overstate the significance of this event, which utterly changed the players' understanding of their own power and directly set in motion the chain of events that led to the establishment of free agency in 1976. The issue at stake in the 1972 labor action was not free agency, nor even anything having to do with salaries. Free agency wasn't on the agenda, basically because the Major League Baseball Player's Association (MLBPA) didn't have nearly the strength—or, at least, didn't believe it had nearly the strength—to pursue such a significant objective. Entering 1972 the MLBPA had achieved practically nothing in its quest to overcome the Reserve Clause.1 The players' union at that point had been able to negotiate only issues that may seem trivial from today's vantage point: such items as safety padding on outfield walls, standards of hotel accommodation, and meal money. And, beginning way [End Page 1] back in 1946, they had gotten ownership to establish an old-age pension plan for players meeting a Major League service time minimum. The pension was what the 1972 strike was about: the MLBPA and the owners were at odds over ownership's rate of annual contributions to the fund. The pension plan in effect in 1972, it must be noted, had not advanced very far beyond its humble origins. In the spring of 1972 it called for an annual amount of $2,092 to be paid to a player who started drawing the pension at age forty-five, and $7,416 a year if he waited until age sixty-five to start drawing.2 The players' request was to increase the owners' annual contribution to the plan to keep pace with inflation. The total difference between the players' proposal and the owners' counteroffer was $400,000 per year in pension fund contributions. Even in 1972dollars these sums weren't large. In purely economic terms the disputed pension funding wasn't a very big deal to the players, nor did it represent a significant expense to the owners. But it quickly became clear that, for both sides, the economic particulars weren't really the issue. What was at stake, for both sides, was the principle of the matter. In spring 1972 relations between players and owners had reached a state in which "backing down" was, for both sides, an entirely unacceptable option. The executive director of the MLBPA was Marvin Miller. Miller, a New York lawyer, was an experienced, savvy labor negotiator who had been employed by the players' union since 1966. Slender, dapper, with a calm demeanor that belied an intensely competitive drive, Miller nevertheless had been unable to accomplish many tangible gains for the MLBPA in his tenure. But he had brought an erudite professionalism, and a sense of focus and clarity, to the union that it had never known before. Prior to Miller's arrival ownership had regarded the MLBPA in a slightly bemused, condescending, paternalistic manner. Miller refused to be patronized, and while he had achieved little of substance for the...

The Iraqw of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development (review)

Reviewed by: The Iraqw of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development Jon Holtzman Snyder, Katherine A. 2005. The Iraqw of Tanzania: Negotiating Rural Development. Cambridge: Westview Press. 196 pp. $ 20.00 (paper). Schoolteachers and government officials eat meat and drink bottled beer inside, while other wedding guests sit outside eating maize and beans and drinking home-brewed beer. Old women sing songs of blessing in the Iraqw [End Page 95] language, while a church choir presses up against them singing louder and louder to drown them out with Kiswahili hymns. The embarrassed mother of the bride refuses to be fed wedding cake by her new son-in-law, maintaining that this new custom constitutes irange, a violation of taboos between generations. These scenes from a wedding typify the complexities and contradictions captured in Katherine Snyder's portrait of social change among Iraqw in northern Tanzania. Based on more than a decade of ongoing research in northern Tanzania, this portrait details the ways in which different Iraqw come to terms with wide-ranging issues in their contemporary lives through reference to notions of tradition and modernity. Agro-pastoralists in a relatively secluded highland area of northern Tanzania, Iraqw are widely construed in Tanzania as backward traditionalists. Not surprisingly, Snyder shows that, in contrast to this stereotype, they have not only been active participants in the process of change for more than a century, but that their efforts to do so today are informed by deeply held beliefs about the meanings of development. The opposition of modernity and tradition forms an orienting theme throughout the book, though Snyder is keen to emphasize that she agrees with scholars who consider this dualism be problematic in describing actual life conditions or institutions. Consequently, her concern with this dichotomy is principally ethnographic, exploring the ways in which Iraqw themselves employ this dualism to negotiate diffuse aspects of their lives, to show how "the imagined categories of 'tradition' and 'modernity' are ways of understanding various actors' views and experiences" (p. 2). Readers should not be misled by the subtitle of the book, which seems to imply that this is an ethnography of the formal development process, in the sense of focusing on the agency of local actors in their encounters with externally organized and driven development projects or structures. Snyder makes explicit early on that such projects are not her primary focus. While some examples are drawn from formal development projects, her primary concern with "development" is in the sense common to Kiswahili-speaking East Africa generally: of maendelo, progress or moving forward, a cultural concept that informs how actors construe a wide range of practices and beliefs—from religion to the foods you eat, the clothes you wear, and the trees you plant—rather than merely economic development per se. Short and well-written, this book is composed of ten chapters, and is a true ethnography in the classical sense. By this I mean that, although notions of maendeleo form a theme to which Snyder returns in every chapter, the overall structure of the book presents a comprehensive view of Iraqw society and culture. Chapters are devoted to most of the standard domains of anthropological inquiry: identity, community, kinship, gender, economy, religion (all of these informed by their historical formation), and current inflections in the political economy of contemporary Tanzania. Some of these, of course, receive deeper and more nuanced treatment than others. Religion and witchcraft are afforded particularly rich attention, with three [End Page 96] full chapters devoted to various aspects of them, and the ways in which they interrelate to other aspects of longstanding and contemporary Iraqw life. "Traditional" religion is emphasized in comparison to Christianity, which about half of Iraqw now identify with, though both are discussed extensively. One area where I feel that there is perhaps a missed opportunity is in regard to intergenerational relations and change. There is considerable discussion of generational issues, but I felt at times that the treatment was more formulaic than Snyder's rich ethnography should allow, opposing the usual characters of modernist school-educated youth and traditionalist elders. Knowing more about what had become of "modern" youth of 1990—have they, for instance, become traditional minded elders...

Crime Prevention/Community Safety Partnerships in Action: Victorian Experience

IntroductionPartnership forums have become the accepted mode of strategy development and program delivery in the field of crime prevention and community safety internationally (Crawford 1998a; Crawford & Matassa 2000; Hughes 1998, 1996; Walters 1996; Sutton 1994; van Dijk 1991; Wikstrom & Torstensson 1999). The partnership model is underpinned by the key assumption that community safety by its nature is a multi-faceted problem and beyond the capacity of any single agency to address. Partnerships are understood as affording an holistic approach to crime and safety, with responses being problem-focused rather than bureaucratically-premised, allowing for the co-ordination and sharing of effort, expertise and information and the pooling of resources (Crawford 1998a; Gilling 1993, 1994, 1996; Rosenbaum 2002).An extensive literature already exists on the operation of community safety and crime prevention partnerships, with a number of key elements identified as determining the effectiveness of partnership forums. For example it is important that partnerships have unambiguous objectives and a sense of focus, with participating agencies clear about their inputs and responsibilities and what they are required to contribute to the partnership and resulting strategies. To ensure partnerships are open and transparent, formal processes of conflict management should exist. Dedicated support by a co-ordinator, as well as adequate resourcing is also vital in sustaining partnerships. Given partnerships are supposed to be problem focused they need access to good quality data and protocols for information sharing. Members should ideally be drawn from senior levels, so that partnerships possess authority to influence the strategies and practices of their respective agencies in line with partnership recommendations. Finally, there needs to be commitment and consistent participation by all members.This article discusses and analyses the operation of community safety partnerships initiated under the Victorian program Safer Cities and Shires. It looks at how they operated and aims to identify factors that impacted on the dynamics of local partnerships. The author argues that broader State government policy and action (or inaction) undermined the effective operation of local partnerships formed under Safer Cities and Shires. The lessons from this case study highlight that without commitment to the devolution of resources, authority and decision-making powers, partnerships will struggle to effectively deliver State-wide policies on crime prevention and community safety.

Evolution, rationality and equilibrium in games

Evolutionary game theory studies the robustness of strategy profiles and sets of strategy profiles with respect to evolutionary forces in games played repeatedly in large populations of boundedly rational agents. The approach is macro-oriented in the sense of focusing on the strategy distribution in the interacting population(s). Some of the main features of this approach are here outlined, and connections with learning models and standard notions of game-theoretic rationality and equilibrium are discussed. Some desiderata and results for robust long-run predictions are considered.

Using a Strategic Plan To Promote Technology in Rural School Districts

Strategic planning in a rural Delaware school district resulted in an award- winning technology plan that brought a sense of focus to the district.