Warm Sensation Research Articles

The vascular role of CGRP: a systematic review of human studies.

Intravenous infusion of human alpha calcitonin gene-related peptide (h-α-CGRP) has been applied to explore migraine pathogenesis and cerebral hemodynamics during the past three decades. Cumulative data implicate h-α-CGRP in regulating the vascular tone. In this systematic review, we searched PubMed and EMBASE for clinical studies investigating the vascular changes upon intravenous infusion of h-α-CGRP in humans. A total of 386 studies were screened by title and abstract. Of these, 11 studies with 61 healthy participants and 177 participants diagnosed with migraine were included. Several studies reported hemodynamic effects including flushing, palpitation, warm sensation, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), mean blood flow velocity of middle cerebral artery (mean VMCA), and diameter of superficial temporal artery (STA). Upon the start of h-α-CGRP infusion, 163 of 165 (99%) participants had flushing, 98 of 155 (63%) participants reported palpitation, and 160 of 165 (97%) participants reported warm sensation. HR increased with 14%-58% and MABP decreased with 7%-12%. The mean VMCA was decreased with 9.5%-21%, and the diameter of the STA was dilated with 41%-43%. The vascular changes lasted from 20 to >120 min. Intravenous infusion of h-α-CGRP caused a universal vasodilation without any serious adverse events. The involvement of CGRP in the systemic hemodynamic raises concerns regarding long-term blockade of CGRP in migraine patients with and without cardiovascular complications.

Growth Responses of Clove Seedlings (Sizigium aromaticum L) to Natural Auxin and Household Waste Media

Indonesia is the number 1 clove producing country in the world, in amount of 140,812 tons (The Ministry of Indonesian Agriculture, 2022). Cloves are commonly used as a flavor enhancer for food and drinks. Its warm and spicy sensation is quite popular among people, especially those who live in cold areas. In addition, cloves are also useful for aromatic mixture of cigarettes. In addition, cloves are also good for the health of the body because they are known contain phosphorus, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, sodium and vitamins. This study aims were to determine the optimum concentration of organic auxin and the effect of using household waste media on the growth of clove plant seedlings. This study used a factorial experimental method which was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was the dose of household waste consisting of L0 = no household waste (control/ only with 2.5 g NPK fertilizer); L1 = household waste 10%; L2 = household waste 20% and L3 = household waste 30%. The second factor was the type of organic auxins, which consist of A0 = without organic auxin; A1 = red onion organic auxin; A2 = tomato organic auxin; A3 = auxin organic mung bean sprouts. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, resulting in 64 experimental units. The results showed that there was no interaction between the dose of household waste and natural auxins on the growth of clove seedling. Household waste can replace NPK fertilizer starting from a dose of 10 g/plant. Kinds of natural auxin did not affect the growth of clove seedlings. The seedling cultivation is enough profitable.

Cutaneous warmth and hotness thresholds to radiation heat exposure at a distance of 10 cm from 17 body regions

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate body regional differences in cutaneous warmth and hotness thresholds in relation to radiant heat exposure. Fourteen male subjects participated in this study (age: 25 ± 5 y, height: 176.6 ± 5.5 cm, body weight: 70 ± 5.8 kg). Cutaneous warmth and hotness thresholds were measured on the forehead, neck, chest, abdomen, upper back, lower back, upper arm, forearm, palm, back of hand, front thigh, shin, top of foot, buttock, back thigh, calf, and sole. The forehead (34.8 ± 0.2 °C), lower back (34.1 ± 1.2 °C) and palm (34.3 ± 0.7 °C) had the highest warmth thresholds, whereas the foot (29.8 ± 1.9 °C) and sole (28.0 ± 2.1 °C) had the lowest values among the 17 regions (P<0.001). Higher warmth thresholds were related to higher initial skin temperatures (Tsk) (r=0.972, P<0.001). Increases in Tsk for detecting warmth sensation were smaller for the lower back with a rise of 0.2 ± 0.4 °C and the abdomen (0.3 ± 0.3 °C) than for the buttock (0.9 ± 0.8 °C) and sole (0.8 ± 0.6 °C) (P<0.05). Increases in Tsk for detecting hotness sensation ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 °C. Warmth and hotness thresholds on the abdomen or sole had significant relationships with body mass index, indicating that the overweight are less sensitive to detecting radiant heat on the abdomen or sole. Thermal thresholds from radiant heat exposure of 100 cm2 were lower than the values from conductive heat exposure of 6.25 cm2, which might be explained by the effect of spatial summation.

Color Selection Study Of Children's Outpatient Clinic Interior Related To Patient Stress Level

The interior of an outpatient clinic is generally a very scary thing for children, especially when they are sick. This is because if you are sick, the patient's stress level will increase, especially pediatric patients. Seeing this trend, it is considered important to minimize the patient's stress level, because the patient's increased stress level can cause the patient's immune system to decrease so that it is more difficult in the healing process. One of the patient's stress levels can be caused by the interior atmosphere in the waiting room and doctor's office. One way to minimize patient stress levels is by implementing the right colors in the interior of waiting rooms and doctors' offices in pediatric outpatient clinics. Given this, it is considered necessary to examine interior studies related to color selection in patient waiting rooms and pediatrician offices. The method used in this study is the method of discriptive analysis. To design the right interior in the childcare clinic, you should use a concept that can display a warmer, calmer, and cheerful interior , besides being supported by facilities with attractive designs so that children can forget about their stresnya due to the illness they suffer. While currently the selection of the right color of the interior of the pediatric clinic, especially in the waiting room and doctor's practice, is still not considered, only payattention to the necessary facilities. Colors that are suitable to be applied to the interior of the practice and waiting room of the children's outpatient clinic include soft and fresh warna such as blue, green, yellow and orange are usually quite effective in providing a warm, calm, and cheerful sensation for children, especially those who are experiencing It hurts. But it does not rule out the possibility of implementing other colors that also need to encourage pediatric patients such as red, but should not be implemented too dominantly

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Characteristics of current perception produced by intermediate-frequency contact currents in healthy adults.

Contact electrical currents in humans stimulate peripheral nerves at frequencies of <100 kHz, producing sensations such as tingling. At frequencies above 100 kHz, heating becomes dominant, resulting in a sensation of warmth. When the current amplitude exceeds the threshold, the sensation results in discomfort or pain. In international guidelines and standards for human protection from electromagnetic fields, the limit for the contact current amplitude has been prescribed. Although the types of sensations produced by contact current at low frequencies, i.e., approximately 50-60 Hz, and the corresponding perception thresholds have been investigated, there is a lack of knowledge about those in the intermediate-frequency band-particularly from 100 kHz to 10 MHz. In this study, we investigated the current-perception threshold and types of sensations for 88 healthy adults (range: 20-79 years old) with a fingertip exposed to contact currents at 100 kHz, 300 kHz, 1 MHz, 3 MHz, and 10 MHz. The current perception thresholds at frequencies ranging from 300 kHz to 10 MHz were 20-30% higher than those at 100 kHz (p < 0.001). In addition, a statistical analysis revealed that the perception thresholds were correlated with the age or finger circumference: older participants and those with larger finger circumferences exhibited higher thresholds. At frequencies of ≥300 kHz, the contact current mainly produced a warmth sensation, which differed from the tingling/pricking sensation produced by the current at 100 kHz. These results indicate that there exists a transition of the produced sensations and their perception threshold between 100 kHz and 300 kHz. The findings of this study are useful for revising the international guidelines and standards for contact currents at intermediate frequencies. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/icdr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000045660, identifier UMIN 000045213.

Thermoregulatory, Cardiovascular and Perceptual Responses of Spectators of a Simulated Football Match in Hot and Humid Environmental Conditions.

Major sporting events are often scheduled in thermally challenging environments. The heat stress may impact athletes but also spectators. We examined the thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses of spectators watching a football match in a simulated hot and humid environment. A total of 48 participants (43 ± 9 years; n = 27 participants <50 years and n = 21 participants ≥50 years, n = 21) watched a 90 min football match in addition to a 15 min baseline and 15 min halftime break, seated in an environmental chamber (Tair = 31.9 ± 0.4 °C; RH = 76 ± 4%). Gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), skin temperature (Tskin), and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously throughout the match. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and perceptual parameters (i.e., thermal sensation and thermal comfort) were scored every 15 min. Tri (37.3 ± 0.4 °C to 37.4 ± 0.3 °C, p = 0.11), HR (76 ± 15 bpm to 77 ± 14 bpm, p = 0.96) and MAP (97 ± 10 mm Hg to 97 ± 10 mm Hg, p = 0.67) did not change throughout the match. In contrast, an increase in Tskin (32.9 ± 0.8 °C to 35.4 ± 0.3 °C, p < 0.001) was found. Further, 81% of participants reported thermal discomfort and 87% a (slightly) warm thermal sensation at the end of the match. Moreover, the thermal or cardiovascular responses were not affected by age (all p-values > 0.05). Heat stress induced by watching a football match in simulated hot and humid conditions does not result in substantial thermal or cardiovascular strain, whereas a significant perceptual strain was observed.

Fractional Epidermal Skin Grafts in Hard-to-Heal Wounds: Case Series.

Cellutome™ is a minimally invasive, automated system for harvesting fractional epidermal micrografts. This therapy is indicated for granulating, small size, poor exuding acute wounds. We enrolled 15 patients with 9 venous leg ulcers and 6 atypical ulcers. The micrografts were applied with a nonadherent dressing and covered with a polyurethane foam and multilayer bandage. We scheduled 3 weekly visits for the change of the secondary dressings and multilayer bandage and clinical assessment (Wound Bed Score [WBS], pain assessment, and healing rate). The lesions were measured with the Silhouette Star™ system, a software that allows measurement of perimeter and area from a digital image. The only symptom during the procedure was a sensation of warmth. The donor area healed in 2 weeks in all patients (n = 15). We reported an area reduction of 24.30% in typical ulcers and 38.82% in atypical ulcers after 3 weeks. The average WBS improved in all ulcers from 13.06 to 14.93. The average healing rate was 0.19 mm/day both in typical and atypical ulcers. Consequently, in our small case series fractionated epidermal graft treatment significantly promoted the healing rate in all chronic ulcers regardless of etiology. Future studies with larger case series will be needed.

PENGARUH KOMPRES HANGAT TERHADAP NYERI PADA PENDERITA HIPERTENSI

Hypertension is commonly a problem because of the blood pressure are above the normal. Signs of symptoms felt by patients with hypertension are headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, pain in the neck. A warm compress on the neck is one of the non-pharmacological ways to reduce or eliminate neck pain. Patients with hypertension will feel a warm or hot sensation in the nape area after applying warm compresses. This study was to determine whether warm compresses influence reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This research was conducted in Kp Kostarea 2 RT 02 RW 03 Mekarluyu Village, Sukawening District, Garut, West Java. This study used a pre-experimental design with the type of one-group pretest-posttest design (one group pretest-posttest). A total of 15 respondents were involved in the study which were taken by purposive sampling. The result showed that most of the respondents were female amount 11 (73.3%). Overall respondents experienced a decrease in pain scale and systolic and or diastolic blood pressure. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that there was an effect of using warm compresses on reducing the pain scale of patients with hypertension Asymp.Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000 &lt;0.05. Warm compresses can be used as independent therapy for nurses in patients with neck pain with hypertension.

TRPV3-ANO1 interaction positively regulates wound healing in keratinocytes

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) belongs to the TRP ion channel super family and functions as a nonselective cation channel that is highly permeable to calcium. This channel is strongly expressed in skin keratinocytes and is involved in warmth sensation, itch, wound healing and secretion of several cytokines. Previous studies showed that anoctamin1 (ANO1), a calcium-activated chloride channel, was activated by calcium influx through TRPV1, TRPV4 or TRPA1 and that these channel interactions were important for TRP channel-mediated physiological functions. We found that ANO1 was expressed by normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). We observed that ANO1 mediated currents upon TRPV3 activation of NHEKs and mouse skin keratinocytes. Using an in vitro wound-healing assay, we observed that either a TRPV3 blocker, an ANO1 blocker or low chloride medium inhibited cell migration and proliferation through p38 phosphorylation, leading to cell cycle arrest. These results indicated that chloride influx through ANO1 activity enhanced wound healing by keratinocytes.

Cortical oscillatory changes during thermal grill illusion.

The thermal grill illusion (TGI) can cause a burning pain sensation when the skin is subjected to simultaneously harmless hot and cold stimuli, and the pain is reported to be similar to central neuropathic pain. Although electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used in pain research, no reports have revealed EEG activity during TGI. One healthy subject was enrolled, and EEG activity was recorded during the experience of the TGI and a warm sensation. Independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to preprocessed EEG data, which was divided into several clusters. Theta and alpha bands in the insular cortex and parietal operculum clusters were significantly more desynchronized under the TGI condition than under the warm condition ( P < 0.05). Additionally, theta, alpha and beta bands in the frontal (middle and inferior frontal gyrus) cluster showed significantly more desynchronization under the TGI condition than under the warm condition ( P < 0.05). EEG oscillations in these brain areas could be useful markers of central neuropathic pain.

Effect of adipose derived stromal vascular fraction on leprosy neuropathy: A Preliminary report.

Adipose derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) contains a heterogeneous population of mononuclear cells, progenitor cells and about 1-10% are mesenchymal stromal cells. These cells are an ideal candidate for regenerative medicine for peripheral neuropathy. Leprosy is a disabling disorder with neuropathy, usually with consequences of permanent disability of the extremities. We conducted a preliminary study to evaluate the cell yield, its characteristics and clinical outcomes after SVF injections in four leprosy patients. Four post leprosy patients were recruited and evaluated for sensory testing (warm detection, cold detection, vibration, pain and sensation) on the ulnar area of the hand. Liposuction was done and adipose tissue was processed into SVF with a closed system and injected to the ulnar area of the hand at the dorsal and palmar side. Evaluation of sensory testing was done after 3 days, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months following SVF injection. SVF was also characterized using flow cytometry, cell counting, sterility and presence of mycobacteria. The results showed that leprosy patients had a low count of mesenchymal cells and a high amount of CD34/CD45 positive cells. One patient was positive for mycobacteria from his adipose tissue and SVF. Sensory examination after SVF injection showed an improvement in temperature and pain sensation in the palmar and superficial branch. Meanwhile, touch sensation improved on the dorsal branch, and there was no improvement for vibration in all patients. The results showed that SVF had a potential to improve sensory loss in leprosy patients.

THE EFFECT OF WARM RED GINGER COMPRESSES ON JOINT PAIN IN THE ELDERLY WITH GOUT

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The elderly go through the aging process, which will lose resistance to infection with the accumulation of degenerative diseases and also the accumulation of uric acid. The elderly with increased uric acid will experience repeated joint pain due to the precipitate of monosodium urate crystals accumulated in the joints. One of the treatments of joint pain in addition to pharmacological therapy there are also non-pharmacological therapies that can reduce side effects, affordable, easy to get and easy to do, namely one of the natural ingredients that are suitable for causing warm sensations, one of which is red ginger. Red ginger reduces pain due to the content of gingerol and shangoal which add heat to warm compresses, besides that the skilooginase content in red ginger is able to inhibit prostaglandins to deliver pain. The purpose of this research to knowing the effect of red ginger warm compresses on changes in joint pain in elderly with gout. This research is a pre-experimental research with One-Group Pre-Post test design approach. The study was conducted in 20 people with the total sampling technique in the Posyandu for the Elderly of Bagor Kulon Villageor 3 days. Measurement of the pain was VAS was given before and after the patients were given warm red ginger compresses. The data was analyzed SPSS 21 Paired Samples test. The Statistical test results obtained p value 0.000 so there is an Effect of Red Ginger Warm Compresses On changes in Joint pain in elderly gout. Red ginger warm compresses can be used as a non-pharmacological therapy in reducing gouty arthritis in the elderly.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Reversal of Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Meeting a Need &amp; Filling a Gap

Presently, three reversal strategies are available to reverse the anticoagulant activity of the direct oral anticoagulants, each with various limitations or drawbacks. A new reversal agent that addresses some of these limitations or gaps in therapy is in advanced clinical trials. Ciraparantag is a small molecule specifically designed to bind non-covalently by charge-charge interaction to unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin. It shows similar binding characteristics to the direct oral anticoagulants with no off-target binding of selected proteins or commonly used drugs demonstrated to date. Ciraparantag reaches maximum concentration within minutes following intravenous administration with a half-life of 12 – 19 minutes. It is primarily hydrolyzed by serum peptidases into two metabolites, neither of which has substantial activity. Ciraparantag and its metabolites are recovered almost entirely in the urine. In animal models of bleeding a single intravenous dose of ciraparantag given at peak concentrations of an anticoagulant significantly reduces blood loss. In Phase 1/2 clinical trials, ciraparantag restores coagulation in direct oral anticoagulant-treated healthy volunteers with in minutes with a sustained effect over 24 hours. The drug is well tolerated with minor side effects, the most common of which is a flush or sensation of warmth after administration. As a phase 3 trial is in preparation to clinically prove its effectiveness, ciraparantag appears to address many of the short-comings of current reversal strategies.

Association between thermal response and endogenous dopamine: Step-change environments in winter

Temperature step change is the typical transient thermal environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the association of subjective and objective parameters in a step-change environment, including thermal sensation vote (TSV), thermal comfort vote (TCV), mean skin temperature (MST) and endogenous dopamine (DA). Three temperature step changes defined as I3 (15 °C–18 °C to 15 °C), I9 (15 °C–24 °C to 15 °C) and I15 (15 °C–30 °C to 15 °C) were designed for this experiment. Eight male and eight female healthy subjects who participated in the experiment reported thermal perception (TSV and TCV). Skin temperatures of six body parts and DA were measured. Results show that the inverted U-shaped in TSV and TCV was deviated by seasonal factors of the experiment. The deviation direction of TSV in winter was to the warm sensation side, which was opposite to the inherent cold and hot impression of people in winter and summer. The association between dimensionless dopamine (DA*), TSV and MST were described as follows: DA* was the U-shaped change with exposure times when MST was not greater than 31 °C, and TSV was at −2 and −1, and DA* increased with exposure times when MST was greater than 31 °C, and TSV was at 0, 1 and 2. The changes in the body heat storage and autonomous thermal regulation under temperature step changes may potentially be related to the concentration of DA. The human state on thermal nonequilibrium and stronger thermal regulation would correspond to a higher concentration of DA. This work is conducive to exploring the human regulation mechanism in a transient environment.

Assessment of C Fibers Evoked Potentials in Healthy Subjects by Nd : YAP Laser.

Although laser stimuli activate both Ad- and C-fibres, the corresponding laser evoked potentials (LEPs) remain restricted to the Ad-fibers input, while the C-fibers related potential is hardly detectable. To evaluate multichannel ultralate LEPs (U-LEPs) by using Nd : Yap laser pulses in healthy volunteers to stimulation of face and lower and upper limbs, in order to estimate the reliability of C-LEPs elicited from both trigeminal and somatic sites. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in two stimulation sessions to record Aδ-LEPs and C-LEPs. We used a Nd : YAP Laser and 62 EEG recording electrodes. Stimuli parameters were set to activate either small myelinated (Aδ), eliciting purely warmth sensations, or unmyelinated (C) afferents, and eliciting pinprick sensations. At the trigeminal level, we obtained a negative-positive complex in a time interval compatible with the C fibers activation. In the somatic districts, the averaged responses consisted of an earlier negative-positive complex, followed by a later one. Single trials analysis of U-LEPs showed a maximal positive peak in a time interval in the range of C fibers. Topographical analysis of U-LEPs resembled that of LEPs. All subjects exhibited readable U-LEPs in at least 2 stimulated sites. Discussion. A purely warmth sensation seems to correspond to Aδ and C-fibers coactivation, at least in the somatic districts. While the related cortical waves seem hardly readable, their total absence could be a sign of systemic involvement of warm related C-fibers in specific clinical conditions.

The regularity of sensory recovery after wound repair on the wrist and back of hand with anterolateral femoral flap without nerve anastomosis

The regularity of sensory recovery after wound repair on the wrist and back of hand with anterolateral femoral flap without nerve anastomosis

Modelling Residential Outdoor Thermal Sensation in Hot Summer Cities: A Case Study in Chongqing, China

Exposure to extreme heat is a significant public health problem and the primary cause of weather-related mortality, which can be anticipated by accurately predicting outdoor thermal sensation. Empirical models have shown better accuracy in predicting thermal sensation than the most frequently used theoretical thermal indices, which have ignored adaptability to local climate and resulted in underestimating or overestimating the neutral levels of residents. This study proposes a scheme to build an empirical model by considering the multiple linear regression of thermal sensation and microclimatic parameters during summer in Chongqing, China. Thermal environment parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and surface temperature) were recorded and analyzed, together with 375 questionnaire survey responses referring to different underlying surfaces. The results found that the proposed model predicted neutral sensations as warm and 19.4% of warm sensations as hot, indicating that local residents adapted to warm or even hot sensations. In addition, the empirical model could provide references for local pedestrians’ daytime path choices. Residents might feel more comfortable staying beside a pond from 8:00 to 11:00 or sheltering under trees from 08:00 to 14:00 and 17:00 to 19:00. Masonry offered a comfortable microclimate between 10:15 and 11:00, and residents on the lawns were comfortable from 17:30 to 19:00. However, asphalt should be equipped with cooling infrastructures in order to cool thermal sensation.

An Unusual Cause of Esophagitis

An Unusual Cause of Esophagitis

Аssessment of the influence of physical factors of the external environment on the heat feeling of a human in the conditions of Kamchatka

OBJECTIVE: Characterize the climate impact on the population of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky regarding warmth sensation in different periods of the year.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The length of a warm and cold period of the year was determined. Based on mean monthly temperatures, relative humidity, wind speed, maximum wind and minimum temperature, taken from the website of weather condition records in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky for 2010–2020, the equivalent-effective temperature (EET) has been calculated that allows to estimate the warmth sensation of a man, stripped to the waist.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to the average temperature, the warm period is in June-September, the cold one is 8 months. As for EET, thermal comfort is in July-August; it’s cool in June and September; it’s cool/moderately cool in October; it’s moderately cool in April-May and November; it’s very chilly in December-March. Speaking about minimum temperature and maximum wind, it’s warm in August, warm/cold in September; 10 months is a cold period of the year. By comparing EET, it’s cool in July and August; it’s moderately cool in May, June, September and October; it’s very chilly in April and November, moderately cold in December and March and cold in January. In February conditions are moderately cold/cold.CONCLUSION: Amidst high humidity the wind produces a meaningful effect on a bioclimatic discomfort.