Sensory Changes Research Articles

Association between central sensitivity syndrome and psychophysical factors in patients with masticatory myofascial pain.

This study explored the relationship between central sensitization symptoms, assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), and psychophysical factors in patients with chronic masticatory myofascial pain (MMP) transitioning from the acute to chronic stages. In this study, 23 patients with MMP and 22 healthy volunteers were assessed using psychophysical tests, including measurements of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and temporal summation of pain (TSP). Additionally, CSI scores were recorded to evaluate central sensitization symptoms. Patients with chronic MMP showed significantly lower PPT in all masticatory muscles and extratrigeminal areas compared with controls. However, there was no significant correlation between CSI scores and psychophysical test results in patients with MMP. The significant enhancement of TSP in patients with subchronic MMP suggests a potential role in the onset of myofascial pain. The main finding suggests that sub-chronic symptom patients show higher CSI scores despite no sensory testing changes, indicating that central sensitization possibly precedes observable symptoms.

Midlife sensory and motor functions improve long-term predictions of cognitive decline and incidence of cognitive impairment.

We aimed to assess whether midlife sensory and motor functions improve risk prediction of 10-year cognitive decline and impairment when added to risk prediction models using the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia Score (CAIDE) and Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Longitudinal data of N=1529 (mean age 49 years; 54% women) Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS) participants from baseline, 5 and 10-year follow-up were included. We tested whether including baseline sensory (hearing, vision, olfactory) impairment and motor function improves CAIDE or FRS risk predictions of 10-year cognitive decline or cognitive impairment incidence using logistic regressions. Adding sensory and motor measures to CAIDE-only and FRS-only models significantly improved areas under the curve for cognitive decline and impairment models. Including midlife sensory and motor function improved risk predictions of long-term cognitive decline and impairment in middle-aged to older adults. Sensory and motor assessments could contribute to cost-effective and non-invasive screening tools that identify high-risk individuals earlier to target intervention and prevention strategies. Sensory and motor measures improve risk prediction models of cognitive decline.Sensory and motor measures improve risk prediction models of cognitive impairment.Prediction improvements were strongest in midlife (adults<55 years of age).Sensory and motor changes may help identify high-risk individuals early.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration changes neuronal beta-frequency dynamics during the mismatch negativity response

The consequences of frontotemporal lobar degeneration include changes in prefrontal cortical neurophysiology, with abnormalities of neural dynamics reported in the beta frequency range (14–30 Hz) that correlate with functional severity. We examined beta dynamics in two clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration: the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Whilst these two syndromes are partially convergent in cognitive effects, they differ in disease mechanisms such as molecular pathologies and prefrontal atrophy. Whether bvFTD and PSP also differ in neurophysiology remains to be fully investigated. We compared magnetoencephalography from 20 controls, 23 people with bvFTD and 21 people with PSP (Richardson’s syndrome) during an auditory roving oddball paradigm. We measured changes in low and high total beta power responses (14–22 and 22–30 Hz respectively) over frontotemporal cortex in the period of the mismatch negativity response (100–250 ms post-stimulus). In controls, we found increased 14–22 Hz beta power following unexpected sensory events (i.e. increased deviant versus standard response), from right prefrontal cortex. Relative to controls, PSP reversed the mismatch response in this time–frequency window, reflecting reduced responses to the deviant stimuli (relative to standard stimuli). Abnormal beta at baseline in PSP could account for the reduced task-modulation of beta. Across bvFTD and PSP groups, the beta response to deviant stimuli (relative to standard stimuli) correlated with clinical severity, but not with atrophy of the prefrontal source region. These findings confirm the proposed importance of higher-order cortical regions, and their beta-power generators, in sensory change detection and context-updating during oddball paradigms. The physiological effects are proposed to result from changes in synaptic density, cortical neurotransmitters and subcortical connections, rather than merely atrophy. Beta-power changes may assist clinical stratification and provide intermediate outcomes for experimental medicine studies of novel therapeutic strategies.

The Impact of the Gestational Period and Weight on Individual, Task and Environmental Constraints as Related to Perceived Confidence when Completing Ambulatory Tasks in Pregnant Women

Background: Pregnancy and the physical, sensory, perceptual, and motor changes that coincide with pregnancy can affect a person’s ability to perform basic activities of daily living (ADL’s) that involve ambulation. Previous research suggested that weight and gestational age (trimester) are factors that impact woman’s ability to ambulate through daily tasks, however, these issues require further investigation. Newell's model of constraints was used as a framework to shape the questionnaire investigating the ability to perform different ambulatory activities across various constraints. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether variables such as pre-pregnancy weight (under vs. over 155 pounds) and trimester (before vs. after 26 weeks) had an impact on the ability and perception to perform different tasks requiring ambulation. Methods: Twenty pregnant or postpartum women (M = 29.7 years; SD = 3.6) were recruited and asked to complete a 15-item online survey exploring their abilities to complete a variety of daily tasks involving balance. Also, open ended questions were posed to gain qualitative insight into their experiences. A series of independent samples T-tests were used to analyse the data. Findings: The results revealed predominantly no statistical differences between the levels of the variables manipulated. At the descriptive level the women indicated that they were relatively comfortable performing the different tasks. However, the qualitative responses suggested that although they were capable, they expended a substantial amount of energy to avoid falling, resulting in fatigue and soreness. Also, they experienced overall mental anguish and feelings of being overwhelmed when performing even simple tasks involving gait. Conclusion: Overall, it was surprising that weight and gestational age, which intuitively should have an impact, did not have a more pronounced effect on the women’s confidence in performing ambulation tasks. Nevertheless, qualitative responses confirmed the challenging effects of pregnancy on the way women engage in activities of daily living.

Difficulties and sensory motor changes in feeding in premature infants in the first years of life

Difficulties and sensory motor changes in feeding in premature infants in the first years of life

Changes in the Microbiota from Fresh to Spoiled Meat, Determined by Culture and 16S rRNA Analysis

Growth of meat microbiota usually results in spoilage of meat that can be perceived by consumers due to sensory changes. However, a high bacterial load does not necessarily result in sensory deviation of meat; nevertheless, this meat is considered unfit for human consumption. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate changes in the microbiota from fresh to spoiled meat and whether the proportions of certain bacteria can probably be used to indicate the hygiene status of meat. For this purpose, 12 fresh pork samples were divided into two groups, and simultaneously aerobically stored at 4°C and 22°C. At each time-temperature point (fresh meat, days 6, 13, and 20 at 4°C, and days 1, 2, 3, and 6 at 22°C), 12 meat subsamples were investigated. Sequences obtained from next-generation sequencing (NGS) were further analyzed down to species level. Plate counting of six bacterial groups and NGS results showed that Pseudomonas spp. and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were found in a high proportion in all stored meat samples and can therefore be considered as important “spoilage indicator bacteria”. On the contrary, sequences belonging to Staphylococcus epidermidis were found in a relatively high proportion in almost all fresh meat samples but were less common in stored meat. In this context, they can be considered as “hygiene indicator bacteria” of meat. Based on these findings, the proportion of the “hygiene indicator bacteria” in relation to the “spoilage indicator bacteria” was calculated to determine a “hygiene index” of meat. This index has a moderate to strong correlation to bacterial loads obtained from culture (p < 0.05), specifically to Pseudomonas spp., LAB and total viable counts (TVCs). Knowledge of the proportions of hygiene and spoilage indicator bacteria obtained by NGS could help to determine the hygiene status even of (heat-) processed composite meat products for the first time, thus enhancing food quality assurance and consumer protection.

Endoscopic Transcanal Stapes Surgery: Our Audiological and Surgical Results

Endoscopic Transcanal Stapes Surgery: Our Audiological and Surgical Results&#x0D; Adem Bora, Tuğberk Salık&#x0D; Sivas Republic University Health Services Application and Research Hospital, Ear Nose Throat Clinic, Sivas, Turkey&#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the intraoperative and postoperative results of endoscopic stapes surgery performed at our institution.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: A total of 25 patients with 28 ears (14 right, 14 left ears) who underwent endoscopic stapes surgery between 2018 and 2022 were analyzed for postoperative hearing outcomes and surgical complications at the 6-month follow-up.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The average age of the patients was 43.16 years (range, 24-63 years), and 64.0% of the patients were female. The median preoperative air-bone gap decreased from 30.36 dB hearing level (HL) to 18.95 dB HL after surgery (P &lt; 0.001). The postoperative air-bone gap was 10 dB or lower in 8 patients (28.6%), 11-20 dB in 10 patients (35.7%), and more than 20 dB in 6 patients (21.4%). Intraoperative complications included only tympanic membrane ruptures in one patient, which resolved during the initial follow-up. Postoperatively, 10.7% of the subjects complained of changes in taste sensation. One patient developed facial paralysis responsive to steroid treatment one week after surgery.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Endoscopic surgery is particularly suitable for stapedial disorders. Endoscopic stapes surgery is minimally invasive and suitable for surgical training, as surgical anatomy can be easily understood, and both the surgeon and assistant can observe the procedure from the same monitor. The operation should only be performed by experienced surgeons due to the need for single-handed operation and the lack of stereoscopic vision.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Stapes; Stapedectomy; Outcomes; Endoscopic ear surgery

Parkinson's disease: neurological manifestations and possibilities for neurosurgery

Parkinson's disease is caused by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells that produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential for motor coordination. The most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease are resting tremors, muscle rigidity, slow voluntary movements and postural instability. Furthermore, the disease can cause cognitive, emotional, sensory and autonomic changes. There are two main types of neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease: ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Objective: to evaluate the impact of neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease in improving motor symptoms, reducing medication side effects, preserving cognitive functions and improving patients' quality of life. Methodology: followed the PRISMA checklist. The databases used were PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The descriptors used were: “Parkinson's disease”, “neurosurgery”, “ablation”, “deep brain stimulation” and “outcome”. The inclusion criteria were: articles that compared the two types of neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease (ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation), that evaluated clinical outcomes (motor symptoms, medication side effects, cognitive functions and quality of life) and that used standardized scales to measure these outcomes. The exclusion criteria were: articles that did not compare the two types of neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease, that did not evaluate the clinical outcomes of interest, that used non-validated or inadequate scales to measure these outcomes. Results: 15 studies were selected. Both types of neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease have been effective in improving patients' motor symptoms, especially tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. However, deep brain stimulation had an advantage over ablative surgery in terms of reducing medication side effects, such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Deep brain stimulation was also safer and less invasive than ablative surgery, presenting fewer complications such as hemorrhage, infection, neurological deficits, and cognitive or psychiatric changes. However, deep brain stimulation showed greater improvement than ablative surgery, especially in physical, emotional and social aspects of quality of life. Conclusion: neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease is a valid therapeutic option for patients who do not respond adequately to drug treatment or who have intolerable side effects. Among the two main types of neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation appears to be superior to ablative surgery in terms of efficacy, safety, and impact on patients' quality of life.

Effects of collagen-based coating with chitosan and ε-polylysine on sensory, texture, and biochemical changes ofrefrigerated Nemipterus virgatus fillets.

In order to evaluate the effects of chitosan, ε-polylysine, and collagen on the preservation properties of refrigerated Nemipterus virgatus, samples were tested with different treatments for 10 days, namely chitosan, ε-polylysine and collagen (CH + ε-PL + CA), chitosan and ε-polylysine (CH + ε-PL), chitosan and collagen (CH + CA), ε-polylysine and collagen (ε-PL + CA), and the uncoated sample (CK). The results demonstrated that the bio-coating exhibited better preservation effects. The CH + ε-PL + CA, CH + ε-PL, CH + CA, ε-PL + CA treatments could significantly inhibit bacterial growth and retard the increase of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), K-value, and total viable counts (TVC) in N. virgatus fillets. The pH of all samples decreased and reached its lowest value on day 6, then increased significantly at the end of the experiment (p < .05). Water-holding capacity (WHC) of all the groups decreased continuously throughout storage, and CK reached 66.03% on day 6, which is significantly lower than CH + ε-PL + CA, CH + ε-PL, CH + CA, and ε-PL + CA (p < .05). On the contrary, the sensory scores of CH + ε-PL + CA, CH + ε-PL, CH + CA, and ε-PL + CA were significantly higher than the control, and the score of CH + ε-PL + CA (p < .05) was the best among all the groups. In terms of texture, CH + PL + CA also showed less cell shrinkage and tighter muscle fiber arrangement compared to other treatments. To sum up, the CH + PL + CA bio-coating proved to be a promising method for maintaining the storage quality of N. virgatus under refrigerated storage conditions.

A review on the application of UV‐C treatment on food and food surfaces: association with food microbiology, predictive microbiology and quantitative microbial risk assessment

SummaryThe so‐called emerging technologies have gained prominence in the field of food processing, compared to conventional heat treatments, due to technological, sensorial and microbiological safety benefits. Ultraviolet radiation (UV), more specifically UV‐C radiation, is inexpensive and has been one of the most studied technologies. This work seeks to summarise the application of UV‐C treatment, contextualising its efficiency in the inactivation of microorganisms in different food matrices and surfaces associated with food handling and allowing the visualisation of trends in the combination of UV‐C radiation with other technologies. Still, the technology is related to quantitative tools associated with food microbiology. Factors related to processing parameters, characteristics of the microbial population and food properties have a direct influence on the effectiveness of UV‐C technology. The UV‐C treatment parameters must be rigorously defined, considering the particularities of each food matrix, so that undesirable identity or sensory changes do not occur. The application of mathematical tools, such as predictive microbiology and quantitative microbial risk assessment, is fundamental in the planning and definition of processing parameters for UV‐C radiation technology.

Non-Invasive Sensory Input Results in Changes in Non-Painful and Painful Sensations in Two Upper-Limb Amputees

Designs of active prostheses attempt to compensate for various functional losses following amputation. Integration of sensory feedback with the functional control re-enables sensory interaction with the environment through the prosthetic. Besides the functional and sensory loss, amputation induces anatomical and physiological changes of the sensory neural pathways, both peripherally and centrally, which can lead to phantom limb pain (PLP). Additionally, referred sensation areas (RSAs) likely originating from peripheral nerve sprouting, regeneration, and sensory reinnervation may develop. RSAs might provide a non-invasive access point to sensory neural pathways that project to the lost limb. This paper aims to report on the sensory input features, elicited using non-invasive electrical stimulation of RSAs that over time alleviated PLP in two upper-limb amputees. The distinct features of RSAs and sensation evoked using mechanical and electrical stimuli were characterized for the two participants over a period of 7 and 9 weeks, respectively. Both participants received transradial and transhumeral amputation following traumatic injuries. In one participant, a relatively low but stable number of RSAs provided a large variety of types of evoked phantom hand (PH) sensations. These included non-painful touch, vibration, tingling, stabbing, pressure, warmth/cold as well as the perception of various positions and movements of the phantom hand upon stimulation. Discomforting and painful sensations were induced with both mechanical and electrical stimuli. The other participant had a relatively large number of RSAs which varied over time. Stimulation of the RSAs provided mostly non-painful sensations of touch in the phantom hand. Temporary PLP alleviation and a change in the perception of the phantom hand from a tight to a more open fist were reported by both participants. The specificity of RSAs, dynamics in perception of the sensory input, and the associated alleviation of PLP could be effectively exploited by designs of future active prostheses. As such, techniques for the modulation of the sensory input associated with paradigms from interaction with the environment may add another dimension of protheses towards integrating personalized therapy for PLP.

The sensory evaluation and antimicrobial efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus supernatant on Salmonella enteritidis in milk.

Postbiotics are metabolites derived from living probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus strains, during the fermentation process and/or produced in pure form on laboratory scales. These compounds, depending on the type of probiotic from which they are prepared, have specific antibacterial agents such as: organic acids, bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, and peptides. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus supernatant (LAS) on the growth pattern of Salmonella enteritidis at fluctuating temperatures and the sensory evaluation of milk that contains this probiotic. Baranyi and Roberts's model determined the best-fit curve for the microbial growth. According to mathematical equations, the highest and lowest specific growth (μ max) rates of S. enteritidis were obtained at 0.055 h-1 and 0.0059 h-1 and also highest and lowest maximum generation time (MGT) values were obtained at 20.06 h and 8.85 h, respectively. Sensory evaluation by the Triangel test reveals that LAS could not establish a significant (p > .05) adverse effect on milk perceptible. Regarding the results obtained in the present study, LAS, without causing adverse sensory change, could act as a safe food additive for the control of bacterial pathogens and reducing food waste, particularly in milk and milk-containing food products.

Statistical modelling of sensory, physical, and chemical changes in almonds during prolonged storage at different conditions: Effect of shelling on shelf life

Raw ‘Nonpareil’ and ‘Butte’ almonds were stored both inshell, and as shelled kernels, for up to 24 months in varying temperature and percent relative humidity (% RH) storage environments. Almonds were sampled randomly every 2 mo and analyzed for peroxide values (PVs), percent free fatty acids (% FFAs), moisture contents (MCs), water activity (aw) and crunchiness. PVs > 2.0 milliequivalents of active O2 kg−1 oil, or a crunchiness reading which deviated > 15% from baseline values (at day 0), triggered consumer acceptance panels (n ≥ 85) to occur. Consumer acceptance panels, which would later become in-house panels because of COVID-19, dictated whether a sample continued in the study. Linear regressions were developed to model the change in PVs, % FFAs, MCs and aw of stored samples throughout the storage period or until a sample was removed from the study. Based on regression slopes, storing almonds inshell provided greater oxidative and hydrolytic stability in almond kernels. For example, at 10 months, inshell nuts had PV = 0.895 compared to 1.41 meq. O2 kg−1 oil for shelled nuts, and FFA values of 0.186 versus 0.332%. Multivariate models confirmed that inshell storage was the most predictive factor for limiting quality changes, while % RH was a less dominant factor, and temperature played a minor role in % FFA and aw changes. Finally, while almond crunchiness varied, this appeared to be mostly independent of storage conditions, but was primarily influenced by cultivar.

Exploration of Postharvest Conditions for Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen Roots Based on Sensory Quality, Active Components, Antioxidant Capacity and Physiological Changes at Different Storage Temperatures.

The promotion of industrial-mode production of Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen (C. pilosula) has expanded the demand for the postharvest storage of fresh roots. Further research is needed to establish comprehensive methods to evaluate the impact of storage conditions. This study simulated the storage process of roots at near-freezing temperature [NFT (-1 °C)] and traditional low temperatures (-6 °C, 4 °C and 9 °C) for 40 days. At different storage stages, correlation analysis was conducted using quantitative data on 20 parameters, including sensory quality, active components, antioxidant capacity and physiological changes. Appearance and principal component analysis could distinguish between fresh and stored samples, while NFT samples on the 40th day of storage were similar to fresh ones. Correlation analysis indicated that NFT storage could maintain the sensory quality by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity and active components, reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde and reducing the activity of browning-related enzymes and cell-wall-degrading enzymes. These findings highlight the importance of the overall quality evaluation of fresh roots and emphasize the potential to improve fresh root and dried medicinal material quality by regulating storage conditions such as temperature.

A Mini Review on Technique of Milk Thermization

Thermization is a preheating procedure in which milk is heated at low temperatures for a brief time prior to further processing. It is often used in the dairy processing industry to make a variety of products, including pasteurized milk, milk powder, and cheese. Eliminating psychrophilic bacteria, avoiding milk spoiling, and halting the changes generated by lipase and protease enzymes are the objectives of this method. Despite the fact that thermization enhances the shelf life of milk, it may also result in sensory changes and the germination of B. cereus spores. The goal of the thermization method is to prepare milk for the upcoming processing stage, and the temperature and length of the process might vary. Thermization does not affect the flavor of milk or dairy products such as yogurt, but it may enhance the quality of cheese by decreasing the occurrence of stale and rancid flavors. The process may be carried out in a plate heat exchanger or as a pre-pasteurization treatment for raw milk to protect milk quality during lengthy storage in insulated silos.

Consumer Expectation and Perception of Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with Insect Meal (Tenebrio molitor).

In recent years, insect meal has attracted increasing interest as an innovative protein source to replace fish meal in feed formulations due to its valuable nutritional profile. This research aimed to compare the effects of different levels of dietary inclusion of the yellow mealworm beetle (T. molitor) larvae meal on the sensory quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets and retrospectively on the acceptability of this protein source to consumers. The results showed that the inclusion of T. molitor larvae meal did not induce sensory changes in the trout fillets, while regarding consumer acceptability and willingness to buy and pay, it was shown that a certain level of rejection towards this alternative protein still exists. The work described in this scientific manuscript adds more knowledge on the study of consumer acceptability of this protein source.

Parsonage-Turner syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report

Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS) is one of the rare peripheral neuropathies that causes sudden and severe pain followed by sensory defect, loss of muscle strength and atrophy in the upper extremities. If a patient experiences persistent shoulder pain after COVID-19 vaccination, followed by weakness and sensory changes in the extremity, Parsonage-Turner syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis. We report a rare case of PTS that developed after COVID-19 vaccination.

Экспериментальные способы изучения нейрофизиологических особенностей киберспортсменов (обзор)

Electronic sports (esports) is a form of competition using video games. Competitions in esports help to develop cognitive skills, abstract thinking, memory, spatial thinking and the ability to navigate the virtual space under time pressure. In this regard, neurophysiological mechanisms implementing and regulating physiological processes when playing esports are a promising topic of research. According to L.P. Matveyev’s classification (2017), esports belongs to the fifth group of sports activities, which is characterized by applying abstract logic under decreased motor activity. Computer games stimulate the development of cognitive functions, such as reaction time, speed of decision making, attention, hand coordination and others, which suggests that the psycho-emotional and psycho-physiological parameters in esports players are similar to those in other athletes. However, it should be noted that the neurophysiological mechanisms of these processes in esports players have been little studied. Since these mechanisms are based on the activity of the central nervous system, it is interesting to consider the bioelectric activity of the cerebral hemispheres in esports players in relation to their cognitive style. In the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar electronic libraries as well as a number of Russian scientific databases, the authors entered the following search queries: video games, video game addiction, esports, cognitive functions, neurophysiology of esports players, neurophysiological research methods in esports, non-invasive research methods. Based on the literature analysis, methods were identified that allow us to assess the functional state of the brain when processing sensory signals and physiological changes in higher nervous activity as well as to determine peak amplitude of muscle force through signal integration. Further, methods demonstrating controversial results are listed, which do not make it possible to establish the mechanisms of the nervous system. In addition, promising methods are identified that allow us to read brain activity using infrared light.

Personality Moderates Intra-Individual Variability in EEG Microstates and Spontaneous Thoughts.

Variability in brain activity that persists after accounting for overt behavioral and physiological states is often considered noise and controlled as a covariate in research. However, studying intra-individual variability in brain function can provide valuable insights into the dynamic nature of the brain. To explore this, we conducted a study on 43 participants analyzing the EEG microstate dynamics and self-reported spontaneous mental activity during five-minute resting-state recordings on two separate days with a twenty days average delay between recordings. Our results showed that the associations between EEG microstates and spontaneous cognition significantly changed from one day to another. Moreover, microstate changes were associated with changes in spontaneous cognition. Specifically, inter-day changes in Verbal thoughts about Others and future Planning were positively related to bottom-up sensory network-related microstate changes and negatively associated with top-down, attention, and salience network-related microstates. In addition, we find that personality traits are related to inter-day changes in microstates and spontaneous thoughts. Specifically, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness to experience moderated the relationship between inter-day changes in EEG microstates and spontaneous thoughts. Our study provides valuable information on the dynamic changes in the EEG microstate-spontaneous cognition organization, which could be essential for developing interventions and treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Influence of storage on physico-chemical physiognomies of fermented whey cereal (pearl millet and moth bean) beverage.

The present study concludes the impact of storage on changes in physico-chemical characteristics of fermented whey cereal (pearl millet and moth bean) beverage. The beverage was prepared by fermented whey (standardised to 4% fat and 18% total solids) supplemented with germinated pearl millet and moth bean slurry & using NCDC-167 as starter culture for 6-8h at 37°C. The developed beverage was then stored at 5°C for 4weeks. The samples were analysed for physico-chemical characteristics (pH, titrable acidity, viscosity, tyrosine, FFA, wheying off), sensory qualities changes and microbial quality changes (standard plate count, lactic acid bacteria count, coli form counts) at 3days' interval for 4weeks at 4°C. Control was prepared standardised whey (4% fat and 18% total solids) while treatments were prepared using standardised milk. During storage: acidity, tyrosine values, free fatty acid values and wheying off increased in all the samples The upsurge was on higher side in non nisin treated and non thermised samples compared to control formulation. However, all the samples remained sensorily acceptable upto 12th day of storage. Basic and thermised as well as nisin treated fermented whey cereal products epitomize innovative dairy products with desired functional characteristics with decent shelf life.