Senior Age Research Articles

Clinical Characteristics and Hearing Aid Uptake Rate of Patients Seen at the Community Hearing Clinic: A Model of Upstream Preventive Care and Earlier Intervention

Background and Aim: Presbyacusis is one of the most common causes of hearing loss for seniors age above 60 years. Yet diagnostic hearing tests are not readily accessible to seniors in the community. Since 2018, the Ministry of Health in Singapore started a pilot program to screen them for their visual, oral, and hearing health in the community and improve accessibility to hearing healthcare. We describe the clinical characteristics of seniors presenting to Community Hearing Clinic (CHC) and compared hearing aid uptake rates with patients seen at a tertiary hospital. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study on Singaporeans with hearing difficulties presenting to the community clinics. Results: Attendance rates were generally positive at more than 80% and is comparable to the specialist outpatient clinic at the tertiary hospital. Hearing aid uptake rates were comparable between CHC and tertiary hospital at 61.9% and 66.9% respectively. Despite having better accessibility with direct access to the audiologists, and more financial subsidies, the eventual uptake rates of hearing aids are not clinically different at the CHC. Conclusion: CHC may be a viable model of improving accessibility to hearing healthcare with audiologists providing the 1st level of triaging safely. However, the cost-effectiveness of this model remains to be seen. Further health service research studies are warranted to determine the cost-effectiveness of sandbox CHC. Right-siting and expanding the sandbox to include access to hearing aid subsidies in private clinics may further help with this move beyond hospital to the community in line with our public health vision. Keywords: Community health services; audiology; hearing aids; financing; governmental

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge of Sarcopenia and Its Prevention among the Senior Age Group of Pashan Zone of Pune City

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge of Sarcopenia and Its Prevention among the Senior Age Group of Pashan Zone of Pune City

Is There a Relative Age Effect among the Most Successful Track and Field Athletes?

The prevalence of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) was studied among medalists from the World Athletics Championships at U18, U20 and Senior age groups and from the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2022. The specific events examined were the 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, and 3000/5000 m, the long jump, the triple jump, the high jump and the pole vault. Dates of birth from 1,858 outdoor track and field athletes were analysed and further divided into four groups according to the quartile of birth. The RAE was found to be widespread among athletes of both sexes in U18 and U20 age groups in all examined disciplines. There was no difference between the most successful U18 and U20 athletes (p = 0.52). Among senior athletes of both sexes, this effect was not detected and the number of "late-born" athletes in this age group was higher than athletes born in the first three quarters. The prevalence of the RAE across the four groups of events was found in U18 and U20 age groups. Additionally, within each age group, the difference among events was statistically significant. In most successful track and field athletes, the RAE is only significant in U18 and U20 age groups. In senior athletes, the number of "late-born" athletes is significant while RAE disappears. These data may be considered when assessing the athletic potential of an individual athlete.

Older adults in the digital health era: insights on the digital health related knowledge, habits and attitudes of the 65 year and older population

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has increased internet use by older age groups to an unprecedented level in Hungary mirroring the general tendency in the total population. Nevertheless, international trends indicate that this group is less likely to use digital health technologies than younger ones. The aging population raises the question of successfully integrating elderly people into the digital health ecosystem. Our research aim is to investigate the digital health usage patterns and attitudes of the population aged 65 and over through a representative sample.MethodsA national representative questionnaire survey was conducted by telephone (CATI), interviewing 1723 respondents. Within this sample we examined 428 people in the over-65 age group, 246 in the 65–74 age group and 182 in the over-75 age group. Predictors of demand for digital solutions were tested using binary logistic regression model.Results50.8% of people aged 65–74 and 37.1. % of people aged 75 + use the internet for health-related purposes, mostly to access websites. 85% of respondents in 65–74 and 74% in 75 + age group have used more than one digital health device and around 70% of both age groups have a need for more than one digital solution. 90.2% (64–75 age group) and 85.7% (75 + age group) of respondents are familiar with e-prescription, 86.4% and 81.4% of them use it. 77.1% of 65–74-year-olds have heard of and nearly half 45.5% have used online appointment. More than half (52.7%) of the respondents in this age group have heard of and used electronic transmission of medical records and data. A similar proportion has heard about and used apps: 54.3% has heard of them, but only 17.3% has used them. The multivariate analyses emphasized that the need for digital solutions increases with the level of education and the more benefits one perceives in using digital solutions.ConclusionOur research has shown that the senior age group has measurable needs in the field of digital health, so helping them on this journey is in the interest of the whole health ecosystem. Their high level of interest is indicated by the fact that more than a fifth of older adults would like to have access to between 7 and 10 of the maximum number of digital devices available. The differences between the two age groups - with younger people being more open to digital solutions and using them more - and the fact that the under 65s are better adapted digitally in all respects, raises the possibility that the specific trends in digital health for older people may virtually disappear in 10 years’ time (when the under 65s now enter this age group).

Features of the course and treatment of respirator y diseases in senior age

The article presents a generalization of the available information on the course of respiratory diseases in senior age, based on literary data and many years of personal experience of doctor Yuliya Ivanovna Korshikova, PhD Candidate in Medicine, in treating patients by means of herbal medicine.

An Analysis Study on Beauty-Oriented Behavior according to Senior age

An Analysis Study on Beauty-Oriented Behavior according to Senior age

Types of city dwellers’attitudes towards service robots in the city of Perm

The effectiveness of robot implementation in various societal sectors depends not only on the robot’s technical characteristics but also on how different social groups perceive and interact with them. Social attitudes towards robots, in turn, are influenced by sociocultural and sociodemographic factors. In the context of the sociology of technology and actor-network theory, this research explores the social significance of technical devices, the processes of social adaptation, and communication with robots. However, empirical research on human-robot interaction (HRI), especially in the Russian context, remains limited. This article presents the results of a study that examines the perceptions of robots by actual and potential users in two aspects: the level of basic social attitudes towards new technologies and robots (social acceptability) and the evaluation of interactions with robots in specific situations (practical acceptability). The empirical basis of the study consists of survey data from customers at a multifunctional center providing state and municipal services in Perm. They received services from either a service anthropomorphic robot, Promobot V.4, or a human employee at the center. Using cluster analysis, three types (clusters) of attitudes towards innovations and robots were identified at the level of basic social attitudes: robo-skeptics, robo-phobes, and robo-philes. The social characteristics of these identified types were examined. The study introduces an original method for measuring satisfaction with actual interactions with service robots based on various parameters (evaluation of service convenience, communication quality, personal activity, willingness to recommend robot services, etc.). The study confirms the hypothesis of the connection between the type of attitude towards innovations and robots and the satisfaction with actual interactions with robots in specific situations. The lowest levels of satisfaction with robot interactions and the desire to avoid such interactions were observed among robo-phobes, who are more frequently represented by individuals of senior age group (age 55 and above). The research results allow determining the prospects for implementing service robots in the public space of a major Russian city based on understanding the social attitudes of users.

Medical and sociological research of persons elderly and senior age receiving medical and social assistance in stationary conditions and at home

BACKGROUND: Assessment of the need for medical and social and long-term care for elderly and senile people serves as the basis for improving organizational approaches to improve the quality of medical and social services provided.
 AIMS: Determination of the needs of elderly and senile people in the provision of medical and social assistance.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the study, a representative selective set of 400 elderly respondents is determined, of which 280 (70.0%) respondents lived at home (I group) and 120 (30.0%) under the stationary conditions of the gerontological center (II group). The study was conducted by interviewing based on a specially designed questionnaire and Loneliness by Svetlana G. Korchagina. Statistical processing of the received data was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and statistical package Statistica 12.
 RESULTS: The average age of the respondents was 72.97.96 years (p 0.05). The presence of polymorbidity was noted by every third respondent (33.0%), of which 23 diseases had 26.0%, 4 or more 7.0%, with a prevalence in the structure of the incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular system. 53.0% of people are in need for medical and social home care. 31.0% of people were satisfied with medical care, 41.0% of people consider social assistance available. A high prevalence of the state of loneliness in elderly and senile people was established: 94.0% in group I, 99.0% in group II, with a progressive increase in the rate as the age of the elderly increases.
 CONCLUSIONS: With increasing age, the subjective self-assessment of health worsens, associated with an increase in polymorbidity (mainly age-associated diseases) and the presence of disability; the decrease in the possibility of self-care increases the need for the elderly for assistance and care. The high prevalence of self-assessment of loneliness among the elderly and senile causes an increased need for older people in psycho-corrective measures.

Minimally invasive and open methods of bile ducts decompression for the treatment of obstructive jaundice

Annotation. Obstructive jaundice (OJ) patients account for one of the most challenging categories of patients with abdominal pathologies. Today, both open and minimally invasive bile duct decompression techniques are used in biliary surgery. However, the criteria for the selection of minimally invasive and open surgeries in patients with OJ remain undefined. The aim – assessment of the effectiveness of using minimally invasive and open methods of bile duct decompression for the treatment of OJ with due account to OJ duration, bilirubin count, the age of patients, associated complications and comorbidities. We analyzed the results of the surgical treatment of 250 patients with OJ. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Student’s t-test. The average age was 52±6.0 years. The average duration of OJ was 19±3.5 days. Benign OJ was observed in 210 (84.0%) patients, and malignant OJ in 40 (16.0%) patients. 136 (54.4%) patients were submitted to minimally invasive surgical interventions. One-stage minimally invasive interventions were used in 38 (15.2%) cases and two-stage minimally invasive interventions in 98 (39.2%) cases. 114 (45.6%) patients underwent open surgeries. Post-operative сomplications after minimally invasive interventions were observed in 7 (5.2%) cases and 13 (11.4%) cases after open surgeries. 2 (1.7%) patients died. So, the use of minimally invasive surgical interventions for the treatment of OJ patients makes it possible to reduce the frequency of complications by 2.2 times, which is statistically significant (p<0.05). Two-stage surgical approach to the treatment of OJ patients of senior age groups is a priority. Single-stage correction is reasonable to use for young and middle-aged patients with bilirubin count under 200 μmol/l, OJ duration less than 14 days, compensated (sub-compensated) comorbidities, and not burdened by complications.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of psittacosis among cases with complicated or atypical pulmonary infection using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a multi-center observational study in China

BackgroundChlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) causes parrot fever in humans. Development of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) enables the identification of C. psittaci.MethodsThis study aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of parrot fever cases in China. A multi-center observational study was conducted in 44 tertiary and secondary hospitals across 14 provinces and municipalities between April 2019 and October 2021.ResultsA total of 4545 patients with complicated or atypical pulmonary infection were included in the study, among which the prevalence of C. psittaci was determined to be 2.1% using mNGS. The prevalence of C. psittaci was further determined across demographic groups and types of specimens. It was significantly higher in patients with senior age (2.6% in those > 50 years), winter-spring (3.6%; particularly in December, January, and February), and southwestern (3.4%) and central and southern China (2.7%) (each P < 0.001). Moreover, the prevalence was the highest in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (2.9%), compared with sputum (1.1%) and peripheral blood specimens (0.9%). Additionally, co-infection of principal microorganisms was compared. Certain microorganisms were more likely to co-infect in parrot fever cases, such as Candida albicans in BALF (26.7%) and peripheral blood (6.3%), compared with non-parrot fever cases (19.7% and 1.3%); however, they did not significantly differ (each P > 0.05).ConclusionParrot fever remains low in patients with complicated or atypical pulmonary infection. It is likely to occur in winter-spring and southwestern region in China. BALF may be the optimal specimen in the application of mNGS. Co-infection of multiple microorganisms should be further considered.

Incidence rate of injury and injury sites in European and Swiss karate competitions: a prospective epidemiological study of 2404 fights

ObjectivesTo compare the rates and injury sites among competitors in European and Swiss karate tournaments and to identify differences in these incidence rates by sex and age.MethodsThis prospective cohort study...

Tracking performance and its underlying characteristics in talented swimmers: a longitudinal study during the junior-to-senior transition.

The present study strived to gain a more profound understanding of the distinctions in development between swimmers who are considered to be on track to the senior elite level compared to those who are not. Longitudinal data of 29 talented sprint and middle-distance swimmers (12 males; 17 females) on season best performances (season best times) and underlying performance characteristics (anthropometrics, starts, turns, maximal swimming velocity, stroke index [SI, an indirect measure of swimming efficiency] and lower body power) were collected over four swimming seasons (median of n = 3 seasons per swimmer). Based on their season best performance at early senior age (males aged 18-19; females aged 17-18), some swimmers were considered to be on track to reach the elite level (referred to as high-performing seniors; 6 males and 10 females), whereas others were not (referred to as lower-performing seniors; 6 males and 7 females). Retrospectively studying these swimmers (males and females separately), we found that all high-performing seniors were already on track to the elite level at late junior age (males aged 17; females aged 16), evidenced with faster season best performances throughout their transition compared to their lower-performing peers (p < 0.05). Independent sample t-tests revealed that high-performing seniors significantly outscored their lower-performing peers on maximal swimming velocity (males and females), starts and turns (males), SI (females) and lower body power (females) at late junior age (p < 0.05). Additionally, multilevel models showed faster rates of development for high-performing seniors on turns and maximal swimming velocity (males), and SI (females) compared to lower-performing peers during the junior-to-senior transition (p < 0.05). Particularly, the higher initial levels of swim performance and underlying characteristics at late junior age as well as the ability to keep progressing on season best performances (males and females), turns and maximal swimming velocity (males), and SI (females) during the junior-to-senior transition, may be crucial factors in the attainment of swimming expertise.

The discriminative, criterion, and longitudinal validity of small-sided games to assess physical fitness in female basketball players

ABSTRACT The validity of small-sided games (SSG) for assessing physical fitness was evaluated in 21 female basketball players from senior (n = 8), under-18 years (n = 6), and under-16 years (n = 7) age categories. Players underwent fitness testing (countermovement jump [CMJ], agility T-test, repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test [YYIRT1]) and 3vs3-SSG before and after a 6-week preseason. Player demands were monitored during SSG using local positioning system and heart rate technology. Regarding discriminative validity, senior players produced better CMJ, agility T-test, and YYIRT1 performance (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 1.72–2.25), and more distance and PlayerLoad (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53–2.47) during SSG than under-18 players following the preseason. For criterion validity, total distance and distance completing high-intensity decelerations during SSG were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with CMJ (r = 0.44–0.66), YYIRT1 (r = 0.43–0.63), agility T-test (total distance only, r=-0.51), and RSA test performance (r=-0.49 to −0.52) among all players combined following the preseason. Regarding longitudinal validity, significantly better agility T-test and YYIRT1 performance (p ≤ 0.001, ES = 0.88–0.93) alongside lower heart rate during SSG (p = 0.001, ES = 0.88) were evident for all players combined following the preseason. These results partially support the validity of 3vs3-SSG to assess physical fitness in female basketball players.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nutritionally Relevant Concentrations of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Age-Related Analysis.

Immunosenescence and inflammaging facilitate the insurgence of chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet is a non-invasive intervention to improve the chronic low-grade inflammatory status associated with aging. Olive oil oleuropein (OLE) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) demonstrated a controversial modulatory action on inflammation in vitro when tested at concentrations exceeding those detectable in human plasma. We studied the potential anti-inflammatory effects of OLE and HT at nutritionally relevant concentrations on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as regards cell viability, frequency of leukocyte subsets, and cytokine release, performing an age-focused analysis on two groups of subjects: Adult (age 18-64 years) and Senior (age ≥ 65 years). OLE and HT were used alone or as a pre-treatment before challenging PBMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both polyphenols had no effect on cell viability irrespective of LPS, but 5 µM HT had an LPS-like effect on monocytes, reducing the intermediate subset in Adult subjects. OLE and HT had no effect on LPS-triggered release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, but 5 µM HT reduced IL-10 secretion by PBMCs from Adult vs. Senior group. In summary, nutritionally relevant concentrations of OLE and HT elicit no anti-inflammatory effect and influence the frequency of immune cell subsets with age-related different outcomes.

Medication Use Status and Its Related Factors among Older Adults in Kerman, Iran

Introduction: Older adults are the largest group of medication users in each society. Since medications act differently in seniors compared with younger patients, great considerations are required regarding the effects and side effects of medications in the older adults. The present study aimed to determine the status of medication use and its related factors among older adults in Kerman city, Iran.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 388 seniors were selected using multistage cluster sampling from the population covered by comprehensive health centers in Kerman in 2021. Demographic information questions (age, gender, education level, marital status, life status, substance abuse, income, and health insurance status), a question regarding medication usage status and a question regarding disease that the elderly are currently suffering from, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS software by running Chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The average number of medications used per day was 4.59 and 53.5% of the participants used five or more medications concomitantly. Antihypertensive medications had the highest prevalence (64.3%) followed by anti-hyperlipidemic (43.6%) and Supplements (41.3%). A significant correlation was found between the participants' frequency of medication use and their gender, income, primary insomnia, and cognitive impairment (p &lt; 0.001). However, medication use had no significant association with the senior's age, marital status, education level, living status, substance abuse, and health insurance (p &lt; 0.05). The risk of polypharmacy was 2.15 times higher in the elderly women than men (p = 0.001) and 0.45 times higher in participants with depression than non-depressed seniors (p = 0.011).&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: The high prevalence of polypharmacy indicates an unfavorable status of medication use among older adults in Kerman. So, authorities are required to provide educational information about polypharmacy to aged groups.

A Theoretical Training Plan and Facility for Ontario-Based Olympic Weightlifters

Olympic Weightlifting is a sport where athletes of different weight classes utilize either the Snatch or Clean and Jerk (CJ) technique to lift the heaviest load overhead. This case study describes the training program for a team of Senior (age; 18-35 years) Olympic weightlifters during a normal competitive season. The team of Olympic weightlifters will be participating in team training 3 to 4 times a week; however, variations will occur on the training schedule for each individual athlete based on the on-going testing results. Each athlete will also participate in an additional day of training noted as the “active rest” day which prioritizes injury management for the individual based on their test results, during the training season. In conclusion, the training program in this study provided an insight on implementing velocity profiling into an Olympic weightlifting training program. The device in this study (PUSH Band) quantifies the bar movement via the force velocity curve and the coach has a clearer means in which to determine the repetitions that follow. This study is based around the theoretical idea of implementing a means in which to avoid the traditional periodization rep schema to administer training volume, but rather utilize new technologies. To conclude, methods that accommodate for velocity profiles to determine volume in conjunction with 1RM percentages and a coach’s discretion may allow for more efficient training and a reduction in excess fatigue.&#x0D;

Relative Age Effect in Judo Competitions: Influence of Age, Weight Category, Sex, and Time Frames

This study was conducted to determine whether the relative age effect (RAE) is present in different age groups, weight categories, sexes, and across different time frames in international-level judo competition. A total of 9451 judo athletes competing at the Olympic Games and/or World Championships in the Cadet, Junior and/or Senior age groups between 1993 and 2020 were considered. Athletes' birthdate distributions were grouped in four quartiles (Q1: January-March; Q2: April-June; Q3: July-September; Q4: October-December) and compared to a day-corrected theoretical distribution using Chi-squared analysis. Poisson regression was also used to evaluate the ability to explain weekly birth count. RAE was more prevalent in males than females (p < .05), and for Cadets and Juniors compared to Seniors (p < .05). Heavyweight and middleweight categories presented RAEs in Senior and Junior males, while for females it was present in Cadet heavyweights (p < .05). RAE was more prevalent in recent years (2009-2021) for Senior male judo athletes (p < .05). Poisson analysis illustrated some nuanced information, including RAE detection during an earlier time frame, not readily apparent with the traditional analysis.

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and its Correlation to Physical Activity among Geriatrics Population in Rural Wardha- A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders which leads to the pain in the neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back, knee or other skeletal areas, are instances of musculoskeletal strains. Musculoskeletal problem is the main region of morbodity and the seconldy cause of disability in all world. Any action of the body involving the skeletal muscles that results in a modest to high energy expenditure is referred to as physical activity (PA). This study's aim was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal illnesses and how physical activity among senior age groups relates to those disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, the level of physical activity using a short-form physical activity questionnaire, and the relationship between the prevalence of these disorders and physical activity. Material and Methods: From October 2021 to August 2022, a cross-sectional study of 152 geriatric patients in a rural Wardha was conducted using pre-structured and pre-designed questionnaires. These included demographic information, a short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to gauge the level of physical activity, and standardized Nordic questionnaires to examine musculoskeletal symptoms. Results: Our survey shows 95.3% of elderly people reported musculoskeletal problems. The age groups 60-70 years of geriatrics had the highest prevalence of MSDs (55.19%), significantly higher than those of 70-80, 80-90, and 90-100 years of geriatrics (p 0.05). There is a substantial correlation between the degree of physical activity and the musculoskeletal disorder; the majority of the participant had a moderate level of physical activity (55.9%), with the knee being the most frequently reported region (61.18%). Conclusions: In this study, there are more musculoskeletal diseases among female individuals from rural Wardha than among male participants. Geriatrics between the ages of 60 and 70 had a higher MSD prevalence than those between the ages of 70- 80 or 80-90. The body component most affected was the knee, followed by the lower back and upper back. The majority of the affected senior population engaged in moderate physical activity

Aging of the population and the quality of life

The paper aims at presenting the quality of life in terms of the deepening population aging process conditioned (to a great extent) by the progressive convergence of technologies. The interdisciplinary, theoretical nature of the considerations is a voice in the discussion on the interpretation, place, and role of quality of life, with particular emphasis on the extension of human life as a consequence of medical development.&#x0D; The authors applied the descriptive analysis method to present the category of quality of life, the phenomenon of population aging, the specificity of technological changes, and selected issues in the field of demographic changes. Polish and foreign literature on the subject was the basis for the considerations. The theoretical aspect of the research is supplemented by the empirical part supported by available secondary data published by Eurostat and Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny).&#x0D; Poland has been in the top thirty demographically old countries in the world for many years. In 1967, it crossed the threshold of demographic old age, and in 1980 — the threshold of advanced demographic old age. The demographic forecasts of Statistics Poland indicate that the number of people in retirement age will increase, and in 2035, it will reach 26.7% of the population. The observed and forecasted decline in the total population and the growth in the number of people in the senior age lead to an increase in the demographic dependency ratio of the elderly.&#x0D; The convergence of technologies revealed in medicine creates a new perspective on the population aging process. Extending human life allows one to recognize that the quality of life becomes: 1. the most desirable result of all healthcare policies; 2. dependent on the change of the healthcare model, i.e., the transition from the dominant model of reactive and retrospective care to the desired proactive and prospective model.

Multi-pollutant case-crossover models of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and hospital admissions by age group in 47 Canadian cities

Most of the existing epidemiological studies have investigated adverse health effects of multiple air pollutants for a limited number of cities, thus the evidence of the health impacts is limited and it is challenging to compare these results because of different modeling approaches and potential publication bias. In this paper, we expand the number of Canadian cities, with the use of the most recent available health data. A multi-pollutant model in a case-crossover design is used to investigate the short-term impacts of air pollution on various health outcomes in 47 Canadian main cities, comparing three age groups (all-age, senior (age 66+), non-senior). The main findings are that a 14 ppb increase of O3 was associated with a 0.17%–2.78% (0.62%–1.46%) increase in the odds of all-age respiratory mortality (hospitalization). A 12.8 ppb increase of NO2 was associated with a 0.57%–1.47% (0.68%–1.86%) increase in the odds of all-age (non-senior) respiratory hospitalization. A 7.6 μgm−3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with a 0.19%–0.69% (0.33%–1.1%) increase in the odds of all-age (non-senior) respiratory hospitalization.