Status Of Sender Research Articles

Influence of hierarchy on risk communication during robot-assisted surgery: a preliminary study.

A hierarchical structure is where all individuals are organized according to importance and are subordinate to a single person. In the operating room (OR), this structure may negatively impact the quality of communication and jeopardize patient safety. We examined how the surgical team's hierarchical relationships affect the frequency and timing of risk communication, and their influence on situational awareness (SA) in the OR. Overhead cameras and lapel microphones were used to record the OR environment. Recordings and transcriptions of 10 robot-assisted prostatectomies were examined for risk utterances among team members. Utterances were classified by sender-recipient exchange, timing (determined by phrasing to be proactive or reactive to an error/negative event), and the Oxford Non-Technical Skills (NOTECHS) SA score. Surgeon's and trainee surgeon's utterances were classified by their on-console status. Chi-square tests were used to determine associations between dependent factors, and ANOVAs were used to evaluate the effect of hierarchy and timing on NOTECHS score. Of 4,583 examined utterances, 329 (7%) were risk-related. There was no significant difference in utterance frequency based on hierarchical status of sender and recipient (p = 0.16). Utterances made by the surgeon or trainee surgeon had higher NOTECHS scores when off versus on the console (scores: 1.8 vs 2.4, p < 0.01). These utterances were more reactive on the console (32%) and proactive off the console (28%). Proactive utterances had higher NOTECHS scores than reactive utterances (scores: 2.5 vs 1.8, p < 0.01). The surgical hierarchy significantly impacted the frequency of risk communication within the OR. Timing and on-console status further influenced the efficacy of risk communication.

Totally opportunistic routing algorithm (TORA) for underwater wireless sensor network.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) has emerged as promising networking techniques to monitor and explore oceans. Research on acoustic communication has been conducted for decades, but had focused mostly on issues related to physical layer such as high latency, low bandwidth, and high bit error. However, data gathering process is still severely limited in UWSN due to channel impairment. One way to improve data collection in UWSN is the design of routing protocol. Opportunistic Routing (OR) is an emerging technique that has the ability to improve the performance of wireless network, notably acoustic network. In this paper, we propose an anycast, geographical and totally opportunistic routing algorithm for UWSN, called TORA. Our proposed scheme is designed to avoid horizontal transmission, reduce end to end delay, overcome the problem of void nodes and maximize throughput and energy efficiency. We use TOA (Time of Arrival) and range based equation to localize nodes recursively within a network. Once nodes are localized, their location coordinates and residual energy are used as a matrix to select the best available forwarder. All data packets may or may not be acknowledged based on the status of sender and receiver. Thus, the number of acknowledgments for a particular data packet may vary from zero to 2-hop. Extensive simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme for high network traffic load under very sparse and very dense network scenarios. Simulation results show that TORA significantly improves the network performance when compared to some relevant existing routing protocols, such as VBF, HHVBF, VAPR, and H2DAB, for energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, average hop-count and propagation deviation factor. TORA reduces energy consumption by an average of 35% of VBF, 40% of HH-VBF, 15% of VAPR, and 29% of H2DAB, whereas the packet delivery ratio has been improved by an average of 43% of VBF, 26% of HH-VBF, 15% of VAPR, and 25% of H2DAB. Moreover, the average end-to-end delay has been reduced by 70% of VBF, 69% of HH-VBF, 46% of VAPR, and 73% of H2DAB. Furthermore, average hope-count has been improved by 57%, 53%, 16% and 31% as compared to VBF, HHVBF, VAPR, and H2DAB, respectively. Also, propagation delay has been reduced by 34%, 30%, 15% and 23% as compared to VBF, HHVBF, VAPR, and H2DAB, respectively.

Feedback perceptions and attribution by secretarial employees

Purpose – Theoretical explanations for the diverse reactive feedback from secretarial employees in different career phases are relatively unexplored. However, research examining age differences in the impact of feedback suggests that the effects of performance feedback may differ for employees in the early career phase and employees in the late career phase. This paper aims to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This contribution reports an experimental study on feedback perceptions and attribution by 173 secretarial employees of 12 Dutch organizations. Each participant responded to one of eight scenarios, which varied in terms of feedback content, sender status, and sender performance appraisal. Feedback perceptions were measured in terms of perceived fairness, acceptance, usefulness, willingness to improve and affect. An additional scale measured attribution. Findings – The results reveal that elaborated specific feedback is perceived as more adequate, irrespective of feedback sender status and appraisal. Complex three-way interaction effects were found for educational level on affect and attribution, and for career phase on willingness to improve and affect. Low-educated employees reacted more strongly to supervisor feedback. Employees in the late career phase were more oriented towards the content of the feedback than feedback sender status, whereas the latter was of more concern for employees in the early and middle career phase. Practical implications – In order for feedback to be considered as adequate, it is necessary to formulate the feedback as specific and as elaborated as possible. Employees in their late career phase especially react differently in comparison to employees in early and middle career phases. They are more inclined “to opt for quality” and appreciate elaborated feedback from a high experienced sender. Human resource managers should be aware of this in their policy towards employees in their late career phase Originality/value – The present study shows that feedback content and sender characteristics (status and performance appraisal) differentially affect feedback perceptions and attribution. In addition, the study reveals that perceptions and attributions of performance feedback might be mediated by educational level and career phase.

Influence of Emoticons on Perceived Negative Affect and Professionalism in Work-related Email

This study examined the use of emoticons, which are symbols that represent feelings or emotions, and their relationship to perceptions of negative affect in business email communications. Based on Byron’s (2008) propositions on the misperception of emotion in email, this study hypothesized that emails that include emoticons would reduce the effects of sender status and gender on the perceived negativity of the email message. Sender status, gender, and use of emoticon were manipulated in a set of hypothetical email messages using a between-subjects design. Working adults rated the perceived negative affect and perceived professionalism of the sender in an online survey. Email messages that included emoticons were perceived as less negative than messages of identical content without an emoticon. There were also several interactions between emoticon usage, reader gender, and the other email characteristics. Emails with emoticons also were perceived as less professional, but only when controlling for the perceived friendliness of the sender.

무선 멀티미디어 센서 네트워크(WMSN) 환경에서 멀티미디어 데이터 전송을 위한 대용량 전송 기법에 대한 연구

WSN은 센서 탐지에 의한 데이터 전송을 목적으로 사용하며 이러한 송신 이벤트의 데이터 전송량은 일반적으로 용량이 작다. 이러한 이유로 일반적인 WSN MAC 프로토콜은 에너지 효율을 높이기 위하여 듀티 사이클 방식을 적용하지만, 이는 WMSN 환경에서 요구되는 대용량 멀티미디어 데이터 전송에 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 WMSN 요구를 만족시키기 위하여 MAC 계층에서의 새로운 대용량 데이터 전송 기법을 제안하며, 기존 WSN 환경의 경쟁기반 MAC 프로토콜에서 도입하는 듀티 사이클 기법과 공존하여 적용할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 또한, 제안하는 대용량 데이터 전송기법은 송신 버퍼의 상태와 채널 환경을 고려하여 사용 유무를 결정하도록 설계되었으며, 송수신 노드가 대용량 데이터 전송 시점에서 이웃 노드에게 간섭받지 않고 채널 점유를 보장받을 수 있도록 설계되었다. 본 논문은 제안 방식의 객관적 성능을 평가하기 위하여 기존 듀티 사이클 기법을 지속적으로 운영하는 MAC과 제안하는 대용량 전송 방식을 혼용하여 운영하는 MAC을 모두 실험하고 그 결과를 분석하였다. For transmitting sensed data, wireless sensor networks have been developed and researched for the improvement of energy efficiency, hence, many MAC protocols in WSN employ the duty cycle mechanism. Since the progressed development of the low power transceiver and processor let the high energy efficiency come true, the delivery of the multimedia data which occurs in area of sensor work should be needed to provide supplemental information. In this paper, we design a new scheme for massive transmission of large multimedia data where the duty cycle is used in contention based MAC protocol, for WMSN. The proposed scheme can be applied into the previous duty cycle mechanism because it provides two operation between normal operation and massive transmission operation. Measuring the buffer status of sender and the condition of current radio channel can be criteria for the decision of the above two operations. This paper shows the results of the experiment by performing the simulation. The target protocol of the experiment is X-MAC which is contention based MAC protocol for WSN. And two approaches, both X-MAC which operates only duty cycle and X-MAC which operates combined massive transmission scheme, are used for the comparative experiment.

Instant messaging with WebWho

We present a study of how awareness of presence affects content of instant messaging sent between students using WebWh o, an easily accessible web-based awareness tool. WebWho visualizes where people are located in a large university computer lab and allows students to virtually locate one another and communicate via an instant messaging system. As WebWho is there to be accessed through any web browser, it requires no programming skills or special software. It may also be used from outside the computer lab by students located elsewhere. The sender's user name is normally automatically added to the instant messages, but the messages can also be sent anonymously. We were interested in finding out if the sender's conscious hiding of his or her identity seemed to be reflected in the content of anonymous messages, and how these differed from those with identified senders. Awareness of presence seems to be one of several factors influencing message composition, both content and structural aspects. At this stage, we have primarily focused on examining how different factors affects the content of the messages. We cross-analysed the messages for content in relation to parameters such as sender location (collocated, distributed and distant) and sender status (anonymous vs. identified), in order to find out whether awareness of presence seems to be an influencing factor. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is often claimed to be a sort of hybrid between spoken and written interaction [c.f. Ferrara, Brunner & Whittemore (1991) and and several others]. We compared the messages that were sent using the instant messaging tool in WebWho with data from other types of CMC (email, chat) and also with corpora of spoken language and traditionally written language. The aim of the study was primarily to investigate awareness of presence affects on instant messaging, and only secondarily to investigate spoken vs. written features of the texts. Results show that awareness of both physical and virtual presence affects the content of the messages, and that these factors affects the text differently. Sender status, the nature of the computer-mediated medium, and the written mode shape the messages as well. Results show that the students use the messaging system to support collaborative work and coordinate social activities, and extensively for playful behaviour.

Politeness in written business discourse: A textlinguistic perspective on requests

This article examines the principles and practices of politeness strategies in business communication. The sequential realization of selected face-redness strategies in and around requests is analyzed on the text level in business letters located in a discourse-dynamic perspective. The article demonstrates that the level, form and distribution of positive and negative politeness correlate with sender status and vary as a function of the dynamics of the course of business communication. The article advocates that monitoring politeness strategies on the text level gives valuable insight into the norms that govern British business communication.

A dual-motive heuristic for member information initiation in group decision making: Managing risk and commitment

Information exchange in the decision making of interactive groups is examined at the level of individual group members. I recognize the dual or competing motives of members who act as both individuals and group members, and propose a two-stage heuristic for decisions on the type and amount of information they initiate. At the first stage, individual members intuit or solve the problem of maintaining their status in the group through information initiations that minimize the probability of receiving negative evaluations weighted by the sender's status. In the second stage, the member accepts some increment to this minimum to contribute to group decision quality. The increment the member accepts is proportional to his or her status and is the basis for the initiation of ideas and negative evaluations. The explicit forms that are proposed for the solution of the two-stage problem allow the quality-maximizing probability of an idea to be expressed in terms of a member's status. This result is used to examine a conjecture on status distributions and the probability of idea initiations that maximize the quality of a group decision. Initial evidence from recent studies that supports assumptions of this work is presented, and the capability of procedures in computer-mediated information exchange to maintain the exchange of ideas and negative evaluations at quality maximizing rates is noted.

Effects of context on communicatory exchanges in mice: a syntactic analysis

The role of sociosexual context on communicatory exchanges between house mice was examined in groups of animals maintained in seminatural enclosures. Communicatory sequences were broken down into two-act transitions and were analyzed according to the sex and social status of sender and receiver. A binomial analysis of significant transitions indicated the sociosexual context significantly altered the directive and/or inhibitive properties of a given initial behavior. The results of this study reemphasize the importance of context in communicatory processes of animals and stress the need for further investigation in this area.