Semi-refined Carrageenan Research Articles

Characterization of Semi-Refined Carrageenan Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofiber Incorporated α-Tocopherol for Active Food Packaging Applications

This work focuses on the development of biodegradable active films packaging using natural compounds by reducing the plastic waste to environment but also as a potential substitute of synthetic preservative in food. Active film packaging was formulated using semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) biopolymer plasticized with glycerol (G), reinforced with different concentrations cellulose nanofiber (CNF) at 0 to 13% w/w incorporated 0.4% w/w α-tocopherol as natural antioxidants. Physical and mechanical properties of the film samples were analyzed. Active films reinforced CNF enhanced overall the tensile strength and the value of elongation at break significantly (p<0.05). Film samples reinforced with 10% w/w CNF improved the value of opacity, thickness, films solubility (%) and moisture content (%) with (5.60±0.14, 0.139 ±0.02, 27.89±2.41 and 18.88±1.06) respectively. In summary, an active film with 10% w/w CNF showed highest improvement on the mechanical and physical properties due to the uniform dispersion between CNF-SRC matrix interactions. Hence, the new formulation of active packaging film with showed competitive properties that could be an alternative solution for biodegradable films with function of food protection against oxidative degeneration.

Effects of surface photocrosslinking on the properties of semi-refined carrageenan film

The surface of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) film samples were photocrosslinked with UV light using a solution of sodium benzoate as a photosensitizer. The surfaces were coated with a 6% (w/v) solution of the photosensitizer and exposed to the light source for 5, 10, 20 and 40 min. The effects of the surface crosslinking on the overall properties of the SRC films were investigated and related to the possible changes in the morphology of the substrate. The UV exposure and subsequent crosslinking were found to cause little color change in the films and increased the crystallinity as well as the thermal stability of the films. The mechanical properties were improved relative to the control sample with a ca. 36–55% increase in the tensile strength, ca. 140–144% increase in the modulus but with a concomitant ca. 50–52% decrease in the elongation at break. The crosslinking decreased the inherent water content in the films by ca. 48–55% and decreased the water vapor transmission rate by ca. 10–21% relative to the control. The water sensitivity of the films, however, increased by ca. 18–44% and 9–23% for the water solubility and water uptake respectively, with decreases of ca. 18–22% in water contact angle. These changes were attributed to possible photodegradation products and the presence of residual photosensitizer that rendered the samples more hydrophilic. Under the conditions of the experiments, a UV exposure time of ca. 20 min was found to be optimal in enhancing the mechanical and water barrier properties. The results suggest photocrosslinking provides a promising step towards the production of a low-cost food packaging material from SRC raw materials.

Microwave-assisted drying of semi-refined carrageenan origin from lontar

Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) merupakan produk olahan rumput laut, dengan nilai ekspor pada tahun 2018 mencapai 4.942 ribu ton. Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) diproduksi secara komersial dari rumput laut jenis Eucheuma cottonii, melalui proses pemanasan menggunakan larutan alkali dan proses pengolahan proses pemisahan atau pemulihan, dan proses pengeringan SRC. Salah satu alternatif untuk proses pengeringan SRC adalah dengan menggunakan gelombang mikro, di mana proses pengeringan dapat berlangsung lebih cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan waktu optimal dan pemodelan matematis dari pengeringan menggunakan gelombang mikro dalam proses pengeringan SRC. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi 200 gr rumput laut E. cottoni dengan KOH 9% selama 1 jam, kemudian rumput laut dikeringkan dengan variasi waktu pengeringan 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, dan 30. Diperoleh model pengeringan halaman termodifikasi sebagai model yang layak dalam merepresentasikan model matematis pengeringan SRC, dimana nilai R adalah 0.9876 dan RSME adalah 0.00483. Waktu pengeringan optimum yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 menit. Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) was a processed seaweed product, with export value in 2018 reached 4.942 thousand tons. Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) was produced commercially from Eucheuma cottonii type seaweed, through a heated process used alkali solution and the process of separation or recovery process, and the drying process of SRC. One alternative for the SRC drying process is by using microwaves, where the drying process can take place faster. The purpose of this studied was to determine the optimum time and mathematical modelling of drying used microwaves in the SRC drying process. This study was carried out by extracting 200 gr of E. Cottoni seaweed with 9% KOH for 1 hour, then dried seaweed with a variation of dried time 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 45 minutes. In this study, the modified page drying model was obtained as a feasible model in representing the mathematical model of SRC drying, where the values of R is 0.9876 and RSME is 0.00483. The optimum drying time obtained in this study was 30 minutes.

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose.

Carrageenans obtained from seaweeds can be processed into films for a range of applications including food packaging. The level of carrageenan refinement during extraction can influence the key properties, with semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) containing more impurities than the more refined carrageenan (RC). Further refinement steps, however, result in higher costs associated with the production of RC. In order to obtain a lower cost and more ecofriendly, bio-based material for food packaging applications, SRC was used in this investigation to produce a thin film reinforced with nanocellulose fibrils (NCF). Films derived from RC containing NCF were also investigated with water sensitivity and physico-mechanical and thermal properties among the properties tested. Levels of NCF were varied from 1% to 7% (w/w), and in general, the NCF reinforcement improved the overall properties of both the SRC and RC films, including the water sensitivity and moisture barrier. However, NCF inclusion in SRC film was less effective with regard to the mechanical and thermal properties compared with NCF inclusion in RC film. The enhancement in properties was attributed to the greater cohesiveness of the reinforced polymer structure and the crystalline regions formed in the structures of SRC and RC films by NCF incorporation.

Characterization of semi-refined carrageenan film plasticized with glycerol incorporated with Persicaria minor extract as antioxidant additives

Semi refined carrageenan (2%w/w) plasticized with 0.9% (w/w) glycerol (G) added with Persicaria minor (PM) extract and 0.4% (w/w) BHA as antioxidant additives for the development of active packaging films. The extraction of PM using 75% (v/v) ethanol: water ratio showed the highest polyphenol content with 176.80±4.37 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/L sample and 94.65±0.17% inhibition analyzed using DPPH antioxidant activity (p<0.05). The characterization of SRC-G based film containing 0.4, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (w/w) PM and BHA were observed using FTIR, mechanical and physical properties of the treated films. FTIR spectrum band showed insight analysis of PM extract and BHA with carrageenan. SRC film plasticized with glycerol improved overall physical properties including thickness, barrier and flexibility and increased tensile strength and elongation at break compared to the SRC film only (p<0.05). The active films with PM extracts (2.0% w/w) exhibited good mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation at break with 28.01±0.17 and 37.37±0.29 respectively (p<0.05). The addition of PM extract in SRC films increased the moisture content and opacity as proportionally to the concentration of PM extracts. Film treated with 2.0% PM showed lowest value of films solubility compare to all sample (p<0.05). Hence, the characterization measurement of SRC based films demonstrated great potential with natural extract formulation for the development of active film packaging for food products.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by lymphocytes in rats treated with a common food additive E407a

This research deals with the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in lymphocytes of rats orally exposed to a thickener and emulsifier E407a (semi-refined carrageenan). There is some evidence that E407a may be toxic and can induce intestinal inflammation. ROS generation in lymphocytes was assessed by flow cytometry using a dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) in 8 rats treated with 140 mg of semi-refined carrageenan per kg of weight daily during two weeks and 8 control animals. A higher number of ROShigh viable lymphocytes were found in the group of animals exposed to E407a compared with controls. In addition, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in ROShigh lymphocytes was elevated, which is indicative of the intensification of ROS production by lymphocytes in response to E407a oral consumption.

A value chain analysis of Malaysia\u2019s seaweed industry

A global shortfall in protein supply from capture fisheries has motivated the Malaysian government to revise its aquaculture strategy, focusing on three commodities: seaweed, fish and marine shrimp. However, the performance of the Malaysian aquaculture sector, particularly seaweed production, is poorly documented. This is the first empirical study to undertake a value chain analysis (VCA) of the Malaysian seaweed sector using stakeholder perceptions and secondary data that encompass members of seaweed farming cooperatives (the Semporna Area Farmers’ Association and the governments’ flagship Seaweed Cluster Project). Fieldwork was conducted between April and June 2015 among seaweed stakeholders involved in the value chain using a mixed methods approach—in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, household surveys, personal observation and secondary data. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from both upstream (seaweed farming, marketing structure and the Malaysian Good Aquaculture Practices [MyGAP] certification programme) and downstream (seaweed processing) activities involving farmers, intermediaries/middlemen (buyers), processors and officials. Kappaphycus spp. was sold in two forms: (1) dried seaweed to be used as raw materials in carrageenan processing (approximately 90% of total harvest) and (2) fresh seaweed to be used as a source of seedlings (approximately 10% of total harvest). The value chain ended with the carrageenan form, which is exported to international markets. The price of dried seaweed varied according to a combination of seaweed quality, the strength of farmer’s relationships with intermediaries and processors and in response to demand from the carrageenan industry. The prices obtained by Malaysian farmers for dried seaweed and carrageenan remained low, US$ 0.60 and US$ 4.43 per kg, respectively, despite efforts by the government to enhance the value chain by imposing seaweed standards (via MyGAP) for farm management, dried seaweed and semi-refined carrageenan. The VCA was a useful tool to identify and map the market, with the results providing a better understanding of the seaweed sector, which could be helpful in supporting further aquaculture development in Malaysia.

Sorption of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in algal polysaccharide gels

Sorption mechanics of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), saxitoxin (STX) and neo-saxitoxin (neo-STX), on algal polysaccharide gels was characterized using surface chemistry models. Refined (RC), semi-refined (SRC) carrageenan and alginate showed sorption of STX and neo-STX. The sorption of PSTs on RC, SRC and alginate was affected by contact time and in part, temperature. From surface chemistry models, alginate followed a spontaneous endothermic physical monolayer sorption of STX and neo-STX. SRC and RC favoured the concurrence of physical and chemical monolayer sorption, being endothermic for SRC and exothermic for RC.

Physicochemical characteristics of alkali treated cottonii (ATC) flour of Kappaphycusalvarezii seaweed from Morotai Island in North Maluku

The utilization of Eucheumacottonii or Kappaphycusalvarezii to become alkali treated cottonii (ATC) flour or semi refined carrageenan (SRC) is one effort to improve the quality and economic value of seaweed. ATC flour is a polysaccharide extracted from Kappaphycusalvarezii using hot alkali solution which can be used as raw material for the manufacture of refined carrageenan. The utilization of carrageenan in the food processing industry and other industries is very important, so it is necessary to study the processing of ATC flour using the optimal type and concentration of alkali solution. The research aim is to know the characteristic of ATC flour of Kappaphycusalvareziiseaweed from Morotai Island based on the type and concentration of alkali solution, while the research benefit as information resources in ATC flour processing and manufacture technique so that it can be applied by the community and seaweed processing industry. The research stages include sample preparation, the extraction using hot alkali solution with the treatment: A1 (KOH 6%), A2 (KOH 8%), A3 (NaOH 6%) and A4 (NaOH 8%), and ATC flour quality characterization includes: yield, gel strength, bulk density, whiteness, moisture content and ash content. ATC flour extracted using KOH 8% has the best characteristic with 24.03% yield value; gel strength 28774.88 g.cm−2; bulk density 0.12 g/mL; whiteness 58.27%; moisture content 15.97% and ash content 18.32%.

Optimization of SRC (Semi Refined Carrageenan) and Glucomannan Concentration as Gelling Agent to the Physical Stability Sunscreen Gel of Dry Corncob Extract (Zea mays L.).

BACKGROUND:Corncob is one of crude drug which containing phenolic compounds that can be used as an active ingredient for sunscreen preparations. In this study, extracts of dried corn cob made into a gel formulation using SRC (Semi Refined Carrageenan) and glucomannan as a gelling agent.AIM:This study aims to determine the optimal concentration of SRC (Semi Refined Carrageenan) and glucomannan to the physical stability of the gel.METHODS:Gel made into four formulas with a ratio of 1: 4 and the concentration of each formula was 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. Each formula was evaluated for 6 weeks of storage that includes organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersive power, freeze-thaw test and centrifugation.RESULTS:The results showed the fourth formula did not change the organoleptic test and homogeneity test. In the test separation of the freeze-thaw method, the fourth formula was stable, while in the centrifugation test formula 1 and 2 was been separation. pH and viscosity results obtained from statistics with a two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in each formula.CONCLUSION:From the results of this study concluded that the formula 3 with a concentration of 2% was the optimal concentration as a gelling agent.

Semirefined Carrageenan (SRC) Film Incorporated with α-Tocopherol and &lt;i&gt;Persicaria minor&lt;/i&gt; for Meat Patties Application

Semirefined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with glycerol (G) and incorporated with antioxidants of 0.4% (v/v) of α-tocopherol and Persicaria minor (PM) extract was successfully developed. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant effect of active packaging films from semirefined carrageenan incorporated with α-tocopherol and Persicaria minor on meat patties. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol and PM extract were measured. The effects of α-tocopherol and PM extract incorporated with SRC-based films on meat patties were evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay, metmyoglobin assay, and pH value for 14 days of storage. The films with 0.4% (v/v) of α-tocopherol and PM extract exhibited a lower lipid oxidation in meat patties compared with that of control (SRC film only, p &lt; 0.05). Also, a brown color development of the meat patties of less than 50% was observed at the end of the 14-day storage. Meanwhile, the pH values for all samples decreased throughout the storage period with the SRC+G+α-tocopherol film showed the highest pH value. Hence, the formulation of SRC film with α-tocopherol or PM extract could be used as an alternative packaging for extending the shelf life of food product with high fat content.

Antioxidant Activities and Total Phenolic Content of Malaysian Herbs as Components of Active Packaging Film in Beef Patties.

Active packaging containing natural extracts is a promising innovation to prolong the shelf life of perishable food. The objective of this work was to develop a bioactive edible film from semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) and glycerol (G) as plasticizer incorporated with natural extract. Five Malaysian herbs were evaluated to determine their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. The Persicaria minor (PM) extract demonstrated the highest TPC (1.629 mg GAE/L sample) and radical scavenging activity evaluated by the radicals 2,2’-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (27.166 mg TE/L sample), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (719.89 mg eq. Trolox/L sample) and α,α′-Azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride (5.81 mg TE/L sample). Thus, PM extract was selected for active packaging film at concentrations of 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0% and compared with 0.4% Butylatedhydroxianisole in 2% SRC and 0.9% G film formulation. The meat patties were wrapped in the films and stored under refrigeration (4 ± 2 °C) for 14 days. The film with 2% PM exhibited significantly lower lipid deterioration analysed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay (p < 0.05) and small changes in % metmyoglobin value which indicated the minimum development of brown colour (p < 0.05). Hence, this film can be used as a packaging material to improve meat quality characteristics.

Composite film for edible oil packaging from carrageenan derivative and konjac glucomannan: Application and quality evaluation

Abstract The composite film was developed from refined carrageenan (RC), semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) in various percent to study the functionality as active packaging for sesame oil. The physical, mechanical and functional properties of composite films were evaluated and shelf-life of sesame oil in the composite film also estimated during storage. Results showed that the thickness of the film increased to 0.066 mm from 0.034 with increasing ratio of KGM with carrageenan. The water vapor transmission rate of film made up of RC/KGM showed 91.4–110.8 g m−2 d−1, its counterpart SRC/KGM was 80–91.2 g m−2 d−1. The tensile strength and elongation at break were increased in 10% of KGM with RC and SRC. The composite films prepared were made into pouches with food grade adhesive and used for storing oil. Low WVTR resulted in the low oxidation rate and less production of peroxide values and iodine value in sesame oil while storage. It was also observed that no significant changes in the content of phytosterols of sesame oil were found during storage of three months (campesterol: 88.9–94.4 mg/100 gm, stigmasterol: 42.1–48.4mg/100 gm, and β-sitosterol 318.0–333.8 mg/100 gm). Therefore, the composite film functioned as an effective oil packaging material by preserving the active compounds in oil and hence this packaging material is an alternative to conventional plastic packaging material.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Semi Refined Carrageenan (SRC) Kappaphycus alvarezii from Karimun, Riau Islands, Indonesia

Carrageenan is a non-fish fishery product derived from the extraction of red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) Kappaphycus alvarezii. It is generally used in the field of cosmetics industry , textiles, food, pharmaceutical, stabilizer and gel formation. The objective of this study was to determine the physico-chemical properties of semi refined carrageenan (SRC) on red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). The research phase included the preparation of raw materials for Kappaphycus alvarezii and making SRC, then followed by physico-chemical analysis, yield, moisture content, ash content, acid insoluble ash content, gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and cumulative point. The Physico-chemical SRC observations were yields of 24.80%, the water content of 19.20%, ash content of 16.34%, insoluble ash content in acid 0.31, the strength of gel 376.46 g/cm 2 , viscosity 139.47 cP, melting point 55.70 0 C, graduation point 38 0 C.

Quality enhancement of chicken sausage by semi‐refined carrageenan

Extraction process of refined form of carrageenan is intensive and cost-effective. The present study was aimed to examine the effectiveness of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) as a better alternative in meat analogs. Results showed that low percent of SRC (0.2%) to influence the microstructure with roughness, while water holding capacity (range 78.26%–88.48%) and lipid oxidation (0.96–1.12 mg malonaldehyde/kg TBARS) were found to be less at high concentration level of SRC (1.0%), specifically during storage. Raman spectroscopy revealed more aromatic amino acids at 1,026 cm−1 represented by phenylalanine with peak intensity values strongest at higher percent (0.6%–1.0%) in SRC incorporated sausages. Principal component analysis results showed 0.6% SRC incorporated sausages to have similarities in secondary structure alpha-helix and chewiness. From our observations, it is concluded that 0.6%–0.8% SRC to improve the microstructure and textural properties, and inhibit lipid oxidation in chicken sausages. Practical applications This study focused on utilization of SRC as replacement for kappa carrageenan in chicken sausages. Results showed improvement in the quality characteristics of chicken sausages, and can be extended to other meat analogues. SRC can find practical use and can be exploited from other seaweed derivatives. SRC is not only cost-effective, but can also perform the role as a physical mode of food preservation treatment to prevent lipid oxidation during storage.

Preparation and characterization of semi-refined carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed bleached by Peracetic Acid

Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) is one of the products from Kappaphycus alvarezii, which has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. However, unbleached seaweed will produce SRC with light brown colour due to natural seaweed pigments. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong oxidizing agent that has the potential to be used as a bleaching agent in the SRC production. This research aimed to study the effects of the PAA as a bleaching agent on the characteristics of SRC from K. alvarezii. Chopped seaweed was heated in 10% KOH at 80°C for 30 minutes. Bleaching was carried out at room temperature for 90 minutes using PAA at a concentration of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% (w/w) or using 1.5% (w/w) of sodium hypochlorite. Bleaching using PAA produced SRC whiter than without bleaching and bleaching using sodium hypochlorite. SRC brightness increased with increasing concentrations of PAA and while the yield reduced, as well as the viscosity, gel strength, sulfate content and ash content. The best concentration of PAA was 0.5%. At best, PAA concentration bleaching produced white SRC flour with a lightness value of 80.46±0.01; yield of 23.50%; viscosity 99.33 cP, gel strength 307.63 g/cm2, sulfate 13.29% (w/w), ash 8.33% (w/w) and acid-insoluble ash 1.33% (w/w).

The seaweed resources of Malaysia

Abstract The extensive coastline and numerous islands of Malaysia provide various habitats suitable for the growth of a diversity of the marine macroalgae (seaweeds). Since the last checklist of the Malaysian seaweeds was published in 2006, there has been an increase of 17 families, 32 genera, and 75 species. Seven new species were described. The present tally stands at 459 taxa in 72 families; with 35 species in 12 families of Cyanophyta; 113 species in 16 families of Chlorophyta; 95 species in 8 families of Ochrophyta; and 216 species in 36 families of Rhodophyta. Only three species, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Eucheuma denticulatum and Gracilaria manilaensis, are being cultivated commercially. A small seaweed industry centered in Sabah, produces semi-refined carrageenan, which is mainly exported. Some of the biomass is brought over to Peninsular Malaysia, where seaweed products like desserts, health drinks, soaps and air-fresheners, are manufactured and sold. In 2016, Malaysia produced 205,989 tonnes wet weight seaweeds valued at US$24.83 million. The seaweed industry, can be enhanced by increasing the number of farms and farmers, strengthening local seaweed cooperatives and including them in decision-making, as well as by technological advances in the form of new and improved strains, more efficient seed supply and products.

Semi‐refined carrageenan film incorporated with α‐tocopherol: Application in food model

Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) film plasticized with glycerol and incorporated with α-tocopherol was prepared for food packaging application. Functional characterization, thermal stability, and microstructure of SRC-based films were analyzed. The effects of antioxidant α-tocopherol from SRC-based film were studied based on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assay, metmyoglobin assay, and pH value in food model (meat patties) for 12 days of storage. The development of lipid oxidation was delayed in the meat patties wrapped with antioxidant films during the storage with the final value of 0.68–0.37 mg malondialdehyde/kg sample. A less than 50% brown color development (metmyoglobin) of the meat patties wrapped with antioxidant film was observed in the first nine days of storage. Hence, the incorporation of α-tocopherol into the SRC-based film could be an alternative way to prolong the shelf life of food product, reducing the use of synthetic preservative directly into food product. Practical applications Recent strategy on the development of biodegradable film for food packaging is important as an alternative to the petrochemical-derived plastic that is harmful to the environment. SRC is one of the potential biopolymers that has the ability to form a strong gel and provides efficient barrier against gas, lipids, and oils, and addition of plasticizer glycerol into SRC enhanced mechanical and barrier properties of the films. The present study showed the potential of α-tocopherol within the SRC film plasticized with glycerol as active packaging on the film characteristics and increased the shelf life of meat patties. Hence, the active packaging film developed is not only contributes to reduce plastic waste discharged to environment but can be a potential substitute of synthetic preservative in food.

The influence of surface structure of low industrial grade seaweed and semi‐refined carrageenan on mechanical and physical properties of natural rubber latex composites

Composites consisting of natural rubber (NR) latex as their matrix and low industrial grade seaweed (LIGS) and its extractive (semirefined carrageenan, SRC‐LIGS) as the filler were prepared via normal prevulcanization process. An analysis regarding the particle size and morphology of seaweed (LIGS and SRC‐LIGS), as well as surface properties and mechanical properties (tensile and tear properties) of NR latex composites, was consequently generated. Furthermore, post‐processing treatment for NR latex composites have also been studied, specifically involving leaching, heat aging, water absorption, and soil burial. The particle size of LIGS and SRC‐LIGS obtained was recorded to be lower than 100 μm. Thus, the results are indicative of SRC‐LIGS's role in improving the thermal properties of NR latex composites. After 8 weeks of soil burial, the incorporation of LIGS and SRC‐LIGS into the NR latex composites has accelerated biodegradation processes, thus highlighting their advantage as biodegradable fillers. These properties have consequently contributed to SRC‐LIGS/NR latex composites as a potential composite for use in biodegradable applications, such as polybag for pottery and plants. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:278–286, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Development and characterization of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) films from Eucheuma cottonii incorporated with glycerol and α-tocopherol for active food packaging application

This works focuses on the development of biodegradable active films packaging using all natural compounds with the aim of contributing sustainable film not only by reducing the plastic waste to environment but also as a potential substitute of synthetic preservative in food. Active film packaging was formulated using semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) biopolymer extracted from Eucheuma cottonii plasticized with glycerol (G) and incorporated with different concentrations of α-tocopherol (Tp) at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% v/v as natural antioxidants. Opacity, water solubility and mechanical properties of the resultant film were analysed whereas the migration behaviour of antioxidant films into food simulant during 30 days storages were determined using total phenolic content and DPPH assay. The addition of Tp in SRC + G film decreased the tensile strength but increased the value of elongation at break significantly (p<0.05). Opacity and water solubility were improved with increasing concentration of Tp (p<0.05). The highest and prolonged release of antioxidant to food simulant was determined by SRC+G+Tp0.4% through 30 day storage with total phenolic content value of 2 mg GAE/L sample and 88.59% inhibition for DPPH assay. Hence, the new formulation of SRC+G with tocopherol could be an alternative degradable active packaging that might reduce the need of adding antioxidants directly into food products and also prolong the food shelf life.