Semiorganic Nonlinear Optical Material Research Articles

Synthesis and growth of nearly perfect single crystal of l-histidine bromide (LHB) and its structural, optical and electrical characterizations

In the present scenario, nonlinear optical single crystals are very much useful in the field of second harmonic generation, fibre optic communication, electro-optic modulation, etc. In order to satisfy the above said requirements, crystal researchers have to find out novel and efficient nonlinear optical materials. In the recent past semi-organic materials are more attractive because of its dual characteristics of organic and inorganic systems. In the present communication, we have successfully synthesized the semi-organic nonlinear optical material of l-histidine bromide (LHB) and the single crystal has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The formation of the synthesized compound was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and the lattice dimensions have been determined from the powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Its crystalline perfection was examined by high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (HRXRD) and found to be an excellent. Its refractive index and birefringence have been studied. Its optical and electrical properties have been assessed by UV–vis, photoluminescence and dielectric measurements, respectively. Its laser damage threshold was determined by adopting Nd:YAG laser as a source.

Growth and characterization of glycine doped bis thiourea cadmium chloride single crystal

AbstractSingle crystal of 2 mol% glycine doped Bis Thiourea Cadmium Chloride, a semi organic nonlinear optical material has been grown by slow evaporation technique. Good quality single crystal with dimension 14 × 12 × 5 mm3 was harvested after 35 days. The influence of amino acid glycine was studied for 1, 2 and 3 mol% glycine doped Bis Thiourea Cadmium Chloride by Kurtz and Perry powder second harmonic generation test and compared with pure Bis Thiourea Cadmium Chloride which confirms the enhancement of second harmonic generation property of glycine doped Bis Thiourea Cadmium Chloride. The large enhancement was found for 2 mol% glycine doping. The grown crystal was characterized by various characterizations viz. single crystal X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray (EDAX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, UV‐visible absorption, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Growth and characterization of dichlorobis l-proline Zn(II): A semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal

A semiorganic nonlinear optical material dichlorobis l-proline Zn (II) (DBLPZ), with molecular formula [ZnCl 2(C 5H 9NO 2) 2], has been synthesized from mixed solvents of deionised water and methanol. Single crystals of DBLPZ were successfully grown by the slow evaporation method at an ambient temperature. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometer was utilized to measure unit cell parameters and to confirm the crystal structure. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the grown DBLPZ has been indexed. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in the sample were identified by the FTIR spectral analysis. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the DBLPZ have been identified by UV–vis–NIR studies. Thermal stability of the DBLPZ was determined from TG/DTA/DSC curves, which indicate that the material is stable up to 242.3 °C. The existence of second harmonic generation signals was observed using Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm possessing SHG efficiency of 0.5 times of KDP and hence it can be a potential material for the frequency-doubling process.

Effect of Impurities on the Crystalline Perfection of ZTS

Zinc tris(thiourea) sulphate (ZTS) is an interesting semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material. Several investigators have shown considerable interest on this due to its importance. In order to understand the effect of some closely related substances as impurities on the crystalline perfection of ZTS, we have grown from aqueous solutions pure and impurity (urea, Ni2+ and Mg2+) added ZTS single crystals and studied the crystalline perfection. Density, X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral measurements indicate that the impurity added crystals are basically ZTS but incorporated with a small amount of impurity molecules in the crystal matrix. Multicrystal X-ray diffraction analysis carried out shows that the incorporation of impurities changes the crystalline perfection. Urea added ZTS and Ni2+ added ZTS single crystals were found to have good crystalline perfection when compared to the Mg2+ added ZTS single crystal.

GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCINE HYDROBROMIDE SINGLE CRYSTAL FOR NONLINEAR OPTICAL APPLICATIONS

Single crystals of a new semi-organic nonlinear optical material glycine hydrobromide were grown from solution by slow evaporation at room temperature. Good optical quality single crystals with dimensions 17×8×5 mm3 were obtained. The grown crystal had been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystals had been derived from Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The optical quality of the grown crystals was analyzed by the Ultraviolet visible spectrum method. The mechanical behavior of the grown crystal was evaluated by Vickers' micro-hardness indentation method. The nonlinear optical property of the crystal was confirmed by the Kurtz powder technique using Nd : YAG laser as a source.

Growth, optical and thermal studies of nonlinear optical L‐arginine perchlorate single crystals

AbstractA potentially useful semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, L‐arginine perchlorate, has been synthesized and bulk crystals have been grown by slow cooling technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy, FT‐IR, thermal analysis and SHG measurements. The grown crystals were thermally stable upto 153°C and exhibit SHG efficiency of about 0.17 with respect of Urea. The etching studies have been carried out on the grown crystal. LAPC has good optical transmission not only in the visible range, however, also in the near UV part of the spectra and hence it is a potential material for nonlinear frequency conversion. The refractive index was measured by the Brewster's angle method. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Synthesis, growth, thermal, optical, dielectric and mechanical properties of semi-organic NLO crystal: Potassium hydrogen malate monohydrate

Potassium hydrogen malate monohydrate (PHMM), a semi-organic nonlinear optical material, has been synthesized and single crystals were grown from aqueous solution. Single crystals of PHMM have been grown by slow evaporation of solvent at room temperature up to dimensions of 22 mm×16 mm×14 mm. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on grown crystals shows that they belong to monoclinic system and non-centrosymmetry spacegroup Cc. The structural perfection of the grown crystals has been analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study was performed for the identification of different modes of functional groups present in the compound. The UV–Vis transmission spectrum has been recorded in the range 200–1100 nm. The thermal stability of the compound has been determined by TG-DTA curves. The dielectric studies were performed. From the microhardness measurements, Vicker's hardness number ( H v), Stiffness constant ( C 11), fracture toughness ( k c), Brittle index ( B i) and yield strength ( σ y) have been calculated. The Young's modulus was calculated using the Knoop hardness measurement. The SHG relative efficiency of PHMM crystal was found to be 1.2 times higher than that of KDP.

Synthesis, growth, structural, optical, photoconductivity and dielectric studies on potassium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate: A new semiorganic nonlinear optical material

Potassium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate, a potential semiorganic nonlinear optical material, has been synthesized and grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray analysis presents an unprecedented bonding between ions in the crystal with acentric structure. In the new structural investigation, p-nitrophenolate instead of producing bond between phenolic O − and K +, it seems to put nitro group in bonding with the metal ion. Optical absorption shows excellent transmission in the entire visible and near-infrared region. Room temperature photocurrent, transport properties are carried out in order to enhance the application for second harmonic generation and opto-electronic devices. Dielectric constant is found to be independent at higher frequencies. The crystal possesses prominent positive photoconduction in the presence of photoactive centers formed with trap energy level. The nonlinear optical activity is confirmed by Kurtz powder test.

Growth and characterization of bis-glycine sodium nitrate (BGSN), a novel semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal

Single crystals of bis-glycine sodium nitrate (BGSN), a semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, have been grown by slow cooling method. Good optical quality single crystals with dimensions up to 1.6×1.6×1.0 cm 3 are obtained. Using a single-crystal diffractometer, the morphology of BGSN crystal was identified. Powder X-ray diffraction confirms the crystalline nature of BGSN. The grown crystals were characterized by optical transmission spectrum (UV) and FTIR studies. The NLO property of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz second harmonic generation (SHG) test, and the output power generated by the crystal was compared with that of KDP. The thermal stability of the crystal was studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Micro hardness study was carried out for different planes, and the anisotropy behavior of the crystal was observed.

Structural, thermal, mechanical and optical properties of l-arginine diiodate crystal: A new nonlinear optical material

l-Arginine diiodate ( l-Arg·2HIO 3) a new semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the standard method. The synthesized material was purified by repeated recrystallization process. Single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation and slow cooling methods. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 20 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, TGA-DTA, hardness study, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of the material was confirmed using Nd:YAG. The l-Arg·2HIO 3 has NLO efficiency 1.3 times higher than the KDP crystal. Laser damage threshold studies revealed that the grown crystals possess high damage threshold values.

Crystal growth of high quality nonlinear optical crystals of l-arginine trifluoroacetate

Grow of good optical quality single crystals of l-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF), a new semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material is reported. Bulk crystals have been successfully grown from solution by the temperature lowering method. Growth rate and effects of seed orientation on morphologies of LATF crystals were studied. The crystals were characterized by density measurement, optical absorption spectrum, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microhardness studies.

Synthesis, growth, structural, spectroscopic and optical studies of a new semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal: l-Valine hydrochloride

Single crystals of a new semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, l-valine hydrochloride (LVHCl), having dimensions up to 20 mm × 6 mm × 4 mm have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm that the grown crystal belongs to the monoclinic system. The functional groups presented in the crystal were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique. Optical transmission spectrum shows very low absorption in the entire visible region. Differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 211 °C. The powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LVHCl is 1.7 times efficient as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).

Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies on a semiorganic nonlinear optical material for blue-green laser generation

The semiorganic nonlinear optical material l-histidine bromide ( l-HB) has been synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman and FT-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The single crystals with dimensions 9 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm were grown by slow evaporation techniques. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the unit cell dimensions. The thermal stability of the grown crystal was analyzed by thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal (DT) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. The UV–vis transmittance spectrum shows that it has a good optical transmittance in the entire visible region with the lower cutoff wavelength at 220 nm. The SHG conversion efficiency and laser damage threshold were measured using a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). The optical birefringence was measured in the visible region as a function of temperature in the range 30–150 °C by interference technique.

Synthesis and Growth of Triaquaglycinesulfatozinc(II), [Zn(SO4)(C2H5NO2)(H2O)3], a New Semiorganic Nonlinear Optical Crystal

Triaquaglycinesulfatozinc(II) (ZGS), a new semiorganic nonlinear optical material with molecular formula [Zn(SO4)(C2H5NO2)(H2O)3], has been synthesized at ambient temperature. Spectral, thermal, and optical techniques have been employed to characterize the new materials. Bulk single crystals of ZGS with a size of 4.2 × 2.7 × 1.2 cm3 have been grown with a solution at pH 5.0 by the slow cooling method. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the grown ZGS has been indexed. Functional groups present in the sample were identified by FTIR spectral analysis. Thermal stability of ZGS was determined using TGA/DTA curves. The Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test shows that the compound is a potential candidate for optical second harmonic generation. The optical transparency range and the lower cutoff UV transmission were identified from the UV−vis spectrum of ZGS.

Growth and characterization of semi organic nonlinear optical LHPCL crystals

AbstractThe growth of single crystals of L‐histidinium perchlorate (LHPCL), a semi organic nonlinear optical material with dimension upto 5 × 6 × 2.5 mm3 is reported. Good optical quality single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FT‐IR and optical transmission studies. Thermal studies confirm that LHPCL has a fairly high thermal stability (272°C) when compared with other members of histidine family. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides information on the quality of the samples and grain distribution over the surface of the sample. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the compound were measured at different frequencies, and also at varying temperatures and the results of these experiments are discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Synthesis, Growth, and Characterization of l-Proline Cadmium Chloride Monohydrate (l-PCCM) Crystals: A New Nonlinear Optical Material

Single crystals of a semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate (l-PCCM), were grown by the slow evaporation and slow cooling method. The synthesized mate...

Growth and characterization of nonlinear optical diglycinehydrobromide single crystals

Diglycinehydrobromide (DGHB) a semi-organic nonlinear optical material with the molecular formula C 4H 11N 2O 4 +Br − has been synthesized at ambient temperature. Chemical composition of the synthesized material was confirmed by CHN analysis. Functional groups present in the sample were identified by FT-IR and Raman spectral analysis. Bulk single crystals of DGHB were grown by slow evaporation method at constant temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the grown DGHB has been indexed. Unit cell parameters of the grown DGHB crystals were determined. Thermal stability of DGHB was determined from TGA/DTA and DSC response curves. Mechanical hardness of the grown crystal DGHB was determined and Vickers hardness number was calculated. The optical transparency and the lower cutoff of UV transmission were identified from the recorded UV–vis–IR spectrum of DGHB. The Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test shows that the crystal is a potential candidate for optical second harmonic generation.

L-Cystine hydrochloride: A novel semi-organic nonlinear optical material for optical devices

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material l-cystine hydrochloride (LCHCl) was grown in large size measuring 19×5×3mm3 by slow solvent evaporation technique for the first time in literature. The cell parameter values were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis was carried out on the grown sample to ascertain the fundamental functional groups. Thermal behavior of the grown LCHCl sample was analyzed by TG & DTA analysis. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. The optical transmission studies and second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency studies justified the device quality of the grown crystal and the SHG study reveals that the grown sample has nearly 1.2 times higher efficiency than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), a well known NLO material.

Structural and thermal characterization of a semiorganic NLO material: l-alanine cadmium chloride

l-Alaninium cadmium chloride (LACC), a semiorganic nonlinear optical material has been synthesized and its single crystal grown and characterized for its thermal, structural, linear and second order nonlinear optical properties. Powder SHG study shows that LACC is 1.5 times efficient as KDP. Its optical transparency goes down to 200 nm comparable to the typical borate crystals like potassium pentaborate.

Growth and characterization of a novel NLO crystal l-histidine hydrofluoride dihydrate (LHHF)

Single crystals of l-histidine hydrofluoride dihydrate (LHHF), a semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material have been successfully grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis-NIR, TGA, DTA, microhardness and solubility studies. The SHG efficiency of LHHF was found to be higher than that of KDP. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the crystal was studied as a function of frequency and the results are discussed. Photoconductivity studies carried out on the sample revealed its positive photoconductivity nature.