Semi-automatic Machine Research Articles

Evaluation of mechanically extracted banana fibers from pseudostem layers: A sustainable textile raw material

The separation of banana fibers from the pseudostem layers and the properties of two Thai banana cultivars, Musa acuminata (Kluai Hom) and Musa sapientum L. (Kluai Namwa) were investigated. The pseudostems were divided into three layers: outer (layer 1), middle (layer 2), and inner (layer 3). Fibers were extracted using a semi-automatic machine and subjected to chemical treatments. Results showed that layer 3 of Musa sapientum L. pseudostems yielded the highest amount of fibers with the lightest color. Fibers from layer 1 of Musa sapientum L. exhibited the highest tensile strength (606.90 g/denier) and elongation at break (9.54 %), higher than in all layers of Musa acuminata. SEM analysis revealed that chemically treated Musa acuminata fibers were less separated and broken than Musa sapientum L. fibers because the chemicals disrupted the lignocellulose bonds. Cross-sectional images showed larger lumens and more pronounced fiber group separation in Musa sapientum L. The outer layer of Musa sapientum L. pseudostem provided fibers with superior strength and elongation, demonstrating high potential as a sustainable raw material for the textile industry.

Microfiber pollution: Assessment, emission estimation, and time-series-based forecast of microfibers from domestic washing machine laundering and mitigation measures.

Microfibers are thread-like structures shorter than 5 mm and have natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origins. These micropollutants are ubiquitous and are emerging in the environment, living organisms, and food sources. Textile laundering is a prominent source of microfibers, but limited research has been conducted on microfiber pollution from domestic washing machines in emerging economies such as India, where consumption and production rates are exorbitantly high. This study aimed to assess the abundance and size distribution of microfibers from the effluent of a semiautomatic domestic washing machine using three categories of "not-new" textiles: cotton, blended, and synthetic under "with" and "without" detergent conditions. Although most Indians still rely on hand washing, this study focused on washing machines due to their increasing use in India driven by improving socioeconomic factors. This study also developed annual emission estimation and forecasting models for India to understand pollution trends. The results revealed that microfibers were highly abundant in washing machine effluent, with a mean abundance of cotton, blended, and synthetic in "with detergent" conditions of 6476.67, 3766.67, and 8645/L, respectively, whereas in "without detergent," it was lower. All identified microfibers were divided into five size classes. The study also found that powdered detergent increased the abundance and emission of tiny fibers. The overall annual emissions estimate was 1.23 × 1011 microfibers, with cotton, synthetic, and blended categories accounting for 2.11 × 1010, 1.40 × 1010, and 6.15 × 109 microfibers, respectively. Time-series-based future estimates (autoregressive integrated moving average [ARIMA] and error-trend-seasonality [ETS]) showed an alarming increase in microfiber emissions, with forecasted annual emission reaching 1.90 × 1011 by 2030. Synthetic and cotton textiles are the most significant contributors to microfiber pollution. This study emphasized the urgent need to address the issue of microfiber pollution caused by washing machine laundering in developing countries, such as India, where sociodemographic factors intensify the problem. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2116-2127. © 2024 SETAC.

Feasibility and Application of Local Closed-Loop Materials to Produce Compressed and Stabilized Earth Blocks.

The validation of a feasible application for the production of sustainable bricks with local materials in humid and hot climates, which would allow the current housing needs of a constantly growing population with scarce economic resources to be met while also reducing energy inputs for climate control, is a current challenge without a definitive solution. Therefore, this research studied the incorporation of local aggregates and two second-generation materials to produce lime-stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks (CSEBs) using a semi-automatic machine for their manufacture. An initial matrix was designed as a baseline, and three more were developed with variations to incorporate second-generation materials individually and as mixtures. The stabilizer was added in concentrations of 5, 10, and 15%, resulting in a total of 12 batches of CSEBs. Eleven of the studied batches exceed the normative limits for simple compressive strength and initial water absorption coefficient. The best result of simple compressive strength was obtained in two batches of the same matrix that used construction demolition waste (CDW), reaching 4.3 MPa (43% above the minimum limit established by the most restrictive regulations and 115% above the least restrictive). It was possible to produce sustainable bricks in situ with average ambient temperatures of 32 °C and relative humidity of 91%.

The effect of temperature, pressure, and grind size on Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and extraction yield of semi-automatic espresso machines

The number of coffee shops in Indonesia has grown from 1,083 stalls in 2016 to over 2,937 booths in 2019, representing a threefold growth. Coffee shop establishments must provide two essential kinds of equipment: espresso machines, which use pressure, and filter machines, which employ infusion. The issue lies in the exorbitant cost and immense power requirements of semi-automatic and automated espresso machines, which necessitate the use of a manual espresso machine for commercial operations. The equipment can generate satisfactory espresso but encounters several challenges; specifically, the espresso generated is characterized by inconsistency, constantly varying in quality. This might arise due to the erratic nature of the manufacturing process. The two objectives of this study are: (1) to design an economically efficient semi-automatic espresso machine capable of producing products that meet the international quality standards set by the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA standard) and (2) to investigate the impact of critical factors such as pressure, temperature, and grind size, on the consistent quality of the resulting coffee (measured by Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and extraction yield (EXT)). The research employs the Research and Development (RD) methodology. The research findings indicate that the optimal levels of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and extraction yield (EXT) may be attained by using a pressure setting of 8 bars, a temperature of 90ºC, and a grind size of 3.2 on the scale. The technique for optimizing the response resulted in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels of 10.03% and extraction yield (EXT) values of 19.56%. The results have been deemed acceptable based on the criteria set by the global standards of Specialty Coffee Association (SCA).

Unrelated Parallel Machine Considering Multi-task Simultaneous Supervision Dual Resources Constraints to Minimize Makespan

To maximize their production, many companies invest their funds into a semi-automatic machine to help them reach their fullest potential. However, many forgot to also take into account the adjustments that have to be done to the preexisting schedule because of the idle time that operators have now that the new machine has arrived. Multi-task simultaneous supervision dual resource constraints (MTSSDRC) have been the go-to method to solve that problem. Nonetheless, there is still an absence in an MTSSDRC field that involves an Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem (UPMSP). This research proposed a model of MTSSDRC that is in line with UPMSP where the machine is a complex system and variations of machining speed can happen from a certain machine to certain jobs. This research also brought MTSSDRC closer to its real-life counterpart as a shop floor that exists in many manufacturing industries.

Invention of a Semiautomatic Machine with an Electro-Pneumatic Control System for the Mushroom Spawn Compression-Molding Process

Invention of a Semiautomatic Machine with an Electro-Pneumatic Control System for the Mushroom Spawn Compression-Molding Process

To Estimate and Compare the Level of Serum Immunoglobulin A in Patients of Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Leukoplakia, and Control Group.

To estimate and compare the level of serum immunoglobulin A in patients of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), leukoplakia, and control group. OSMF is a well-recognized potentially malignant condition in the oral cavity, and a transformation rate as high as 7.6% over a period of 10 years has been reported from India. Leukoplakia has evolved as a clinico-pathologic concept over many years, with the current clinical designation being accepted worldwide. Quantia IgA is a turbidometric immunoassay for the detection of IgA in human serum and is based on the principle of agglutination reaction. The test specimen is mixed with the activation buffer (R1) and then with antihuman IgA reagent (R2) and allowed to react. For the estimation of serum IgA, 500 μl of Quantia IgA activation buffer R1 is taken in a clean test tube. Serum sample is diluted in the ratio of 1:5 with normal saline. Ten microliters of diluted serum sample are added to R1. After incubation for 10 min, 50 μl of R2 is added, which is Quantia IgA antihuman IgA reagent to the sample, and the reading is recorded at wavelength 340 nm at 37°C. The level of IgA will be estimated by a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer machine and then data analysis will be done. The immunologic alterations observed by us in OSMF and leukoplakia are almost similar or nearer to the alterations observed in oral cancer, so it is reasonable to assume that OSMF and leukoplakia can be an intermediate stage in the transformation process of a normal cell to oral malignancy. Prevention and early detection is the best way to reduce the incidence and mortality of premalignant disorders and oral cancer. There are many ways and methods of early detection of premalignant disorders and oral cancer, and the immunological method is one of them.

Semi-automatic Hydraulic Hotpress Tool Design for the Production of Biodegradable Tableware from Kitchen Waste

The disposal of nonbiodegradable wastes in densely populated regions of the world has become a significant challenge for waste management systems due to the use of plastic composite materials in packaging. The demand for eco-friendly bio-composite packaging materials with biodegradable properties has increased to replace the petroleum-based synthetic polymers. Meanwhile, different varieties of food waste can be utilized to obtain biodegradable tableware. This study involves the production of biodegradable tableware through the application of pressure and temperature on the fruit peel or other alternative resources as substitutes. As a result, the utilization of a hot-pressing apparatus is imperative. An assessment was made on the effectiveness of a semi-automatic hydraulic hot-pressing machine in creating biodegradable cutlery from alternative resources. This hot-pressing machine was created through a literature review, working drawings, manufacturing design, and functional testing. Through the utilization of a hydraulic mechanism, the machine can apply a pressing force of up to 5 tons and generating temperatures of up to 120∘C. The contact time can be adjusted up to 60 mins with a heater cross-sectional area of 200 cm2. In addition, this hot-pressing machine can produce tableware in accordance with exact specifications.
 Keywords: biodegradable tableware, hot-pressing machine, organic waste

SEMORE: SEgmentation and MORphological fingErprinting by machine learning automates super-resolution data analysis

The morphology of protein assemblies impacts their behaviour and contributes to beneficial and aberrant cellular responses. While single-molecule localization microscopy provides the required spatial resolution to investigate these assemblies, the lack of universal robust analytical tools to extract and quantify underlying structures limits this powerful technique. Here we present SEMORE, a semi-automatic machine learning framework for universal, system- and input-dependent, analysis of super-resolution data. SEMORE implements a multi-layered density-based clustering module to dissect biological assemblies and a morphology fingerprinting module for quantification by multiple geometric and kinetics-based descriptors. We demonstrate SEMORE on simulations and diverse raw super-resolution data: time-resolved insulin aggregates, and published data of dSTORM imaging of nuclear pore complexes, fibroblast growth receptor 1, sptPALM of Syntaxin 1a and dynamic live-cell PALM of ryanodine receptors. SEMORE extracts and quantifies all protein assemblies, their temporal morphology evolution and provides quantitative insights, e.g. classification of heterogeneous insulin aggregation pathways and NPC geometry in minutes. SEMORE is a general analysis platform for super-resolution data, and being a time-aware framework can also support the rise of 4D super-resolution data.

Real-time canola damage detection: An end-to-end framework with semi-automatic crusher and lightweight ShuffleNetV2_YOLOv5s

The current method employed in detecting damages present in canola kernels is inefficient and time-consuming. The sample preparation process is laborious and the judgment between sound and damaged seeds using visual methods is prone to errors as they are small and indistinguishable. To date, there is no hardware and supporting software solution that can expedite this time-consuming yet crucial task. This study demonstrates an end-to-end damage detection framework that has two components: a semi-automatic machine to crush the canola seeds to prepare the samples rapidly for detecting the damages and a supporting object detection algorithm based on a compressed YOLOv5s model. The lightweight detection model was deployed in an Edge-AI device and integrated with the crusher to detect the damages in real-time. Two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, viz. ShuffleNetV2 and MobileNetV3 were compared in terms of model parameters, computational cost, and model size to replace the standard CSPDarknet53 CNN backbone present in YOLOv5s. The best-performing model was deployed into an NVIDIA Jetson Nano embedded device for real-time inferencing. Results indicate that in terms of model size, the ShuffleNetV2_YOLOv5s model was 56.5 and 80.4 % smaller than the MobileNetV3_YOLOv5s and the baseline YOLOv5s models, respectively. While, in terms of computational cost, the ShuffleNetV2_YOLOv5s model was 64.1 % and 99.5 % less expensive than the MobileNetV3_YOLOv5s and the baseline YOLOv5s models, respectively. This study demonstrated an end-to-end framework for detecting damages in canola supported by a real-time and lightweight damage detection model.

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A SEMI-AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR MAKING NOODLES

As part of the research, a shaft for cutting flat noodles of 4 mm and 2 mm for a semi-automatic portable noodle-making machine was developed and tested. The main diameter of these shafts was 14 mm. The theoretical analysis observed the von Mises stress flat noodle-cutting shaft and the effective stress of the noodle-cutting shaft of 4 mm. In a numerical analysis using FEA, the von Mises stress and effective stress of the shaft were observed for cutting 4 mm flat noodles. According to the results, the maximum percentage errors between the theoretical and numerical FEA results were 13.7% and 16.8%, respectively. In the experimental part, the capacity and efficiency of the semi-automatic machine for making noodles were analyzed. The average capacity and efficiency of the 4 mm flat noodle machine was 71 kg/h, while the average capacity and efficiency of the 2 mm flat noodle machine was 73 kg/h. The research results showed that the 2 mm flat noodle machine has a higher capacity than the 4 mm flat noodle machine, but their efficiency is the same at 93%.

Structural Design and Analysis of Battery Cell Winding Machine

This article aims to address the issues currently faced by domestic battery cell winding machines, including small size, low production efficiency, poor winding accuracy, and low product yield. To overcome these challenges, we have taken a step further by optimizing the key structure and automatic control system of a small semi-automatic battery cell winding machine. As a result, we have successfully developed a fully automatic battery cell winding equipment capable of producing large-sized battery cells.By constructing a comprehensive machine experimental platform and conducting thorough experimental verification of battery winding, we have achieved full automation of the battery cell winding process. This significant progress has led to improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and product yield. Consequently, our study offers a practical solution for the optimization design of battery cell winding machines.

Design Of A Semi-Automatic Bread-Making Machine Including Medium Capacity With A Variety Of Baking Temperatures

The bread machine is also a leverage to increase production capacity and production quality. In contrast to manual bread production, which requires a lot of effort and time, a bread machine makes everything more efficient. The bread machine's output is better than manual production's. Besides that, the hygiene of the bread produced is guaranteed. The device is sterile and safe because all materials are protected with stainless plates, a mixer motor flame that can be adjusted according to needs, and an automatic oven according to requirements. The tray uses hygienic, not harmful to health, and environmentally friendly and pollution-free materials. The level of safety in use is higher because it has appropriate dimensions. The technique for operating a semi-automatic bread-making machine with a production capacity of 4 kg requires 45 minutes with an oven process temperature of 100 ºC to 150 ºC.

X-ray analysis of welding parameters influence on pressure vessel steel P355 N

The paper presents a study on the influence of welding parameters that is done by radiographic interpretation of the X-ray analysis results collected from welded joins that had been realized by varying the welding current intensity, tension and welding speed. The base material of the experiment is a pressure vessel steel P355 N used for constructing railway tanks for transporting liquids by train. The welding method used is flux-cored arc welding, done by a semi-automatic welding machine using welding wire as joining material. The research aims to find connections between different material welding defects and the welding parameters involved in the process of flux-cored arc welding.

Designing Semi-Automatic Cup Sealer Machine for Clean Water Packaging in Sumbergedang Village, Pasuruan

Clear water that has been processed into ready to drink in Sumbegedang Pasuruan village cannot yet be distributed to the local village community or other villages, because there is still no equipment for the process of packaging clean ready-to-drink water. Therefore, in this Community Service Activity, a semi-automatic plastic cup sealing machine was made with the sealing mechanism run by a driving dynamo (AC motor) with a push button connected to a microcontroller as the trigger. This Community Service activity is a continuation of Community Service activities in the village of Sumbergedang, Pasuruan which has abundant clear water originating from Mount Penanggungan and has been processed into clean water ready to drink. Clean water that has been placed in a plastic glass container, then for the future can be produced or distributed to the local village community or other villages. Automatic components used for the manufacture of semi-automatic cup sealer machines are PCB, ATMEGA48V-10PU IC, step down transformer, thermostat, heater, digital counter, push button, timer potentiometer, limit switch, relay, PCB cable, motor AC. The machine is only used for one size of 7 oz glass. A machine operation test was carried out to find out if this semi-automatic cup sealer machine met the machine's standard results. Furthermore, an introduction was made along with the process of operating this semi-automatic plastic cup sealing machine to the people of Sumbergedang Pasuruan village. The results show that this semi-automatic cup sealer can be used in the field and for the process of packing clean, ready to drink water in Sumbergedang Village, Pasuruan.

Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Semi-Automatic Bag Filling Machine for Agricultural Cereals in Mills

Abstract: In mills and agricultural fields grains are collected by means of number of labors and more time consumption. In order to limit the time and work wages a simple mechanical heaping machine is been constructed to handle with less labors. The main objective of this project is to heap the paddy and also to clean the garden in an effective manner with simple adjustments and less remuneration. In this machine the driving shaft of the wheel is welded with sprockets on either side of the shaft. Grain collecting machines it is operated fully in a mechanical means. In modern grain handling machines, the grains are collected by means of vacuum suction and it requires external power supply.

Optimasi perancangan mesin sablon cup dua warna semi otomatis

In this modern era, the problem of packaging has become a part of everyday people's lives, especially in relation to food products. Cup drink MSME business actors have started using labels to market and create a special attraction for their products. At this time cup printing has begun to use machines, but the machines commonly used are only capable of printing one color and cannot print two or more colors and the price of the machines is still quite expensive. The purpose of this research is to optimize and redesign a one-color cup screen printing machine into a cup screen printing machine design that is practical and capable of printing two or more colors, to determine the power consumption of the electric motor on a two-color cup screen printing machine, and to determine the capacity and production yield of cup screen printing machines. two colours. The research method used was experimental by designing and manufacturing and testing a semi-automatic two-color screen printing device. Tests were carried out with variations in molding dimensions of 14 Oz and 16 Oz. From the results of the study it can be concluded that molding size has no effect on electric motor power, electricity consumption costs, production capacity, and screen printing quality. The dimensions of the semi-automatic two-color cup screen printing machine are 90 cm high, 60 cm wide, 30 cm thick, 374.5 watt electric motor power, electricity usage production costs Rp. 3.4 per cup, production capacity of 150 Cups/hour, and quality good screen printing reaches 92%.

Design and Manufacturing Semi-Automatic Machine for Battery Tray Riveting Operation

Abstract: The successful implementation of any manufacturing sector is largely depending upon the quality and its productivity. In traditional machining process for performing the one side riveting, machine’s required which becomes a time consuming also the inaccuracy in productivity due to involvement of human error which affects to productivity cannot be get improved at a faster rate. The main purpose of this project to design and manufacture semi-automatic machine for battery tray riveting. Which leads to improve the quality and productivity by minimising the time period in all Mahindra and Mahindra’s vehicles battery is fitted with the help of battery tray. While placing the battery tray two side rivets are required in current situation while fitted tray only one side riveting operation is performed. We are designing a semi-automatic machine which will perform riveting operation to both sides at once which will improve the productivity.

Analisis Proses Tapping Pada Pembuatan Produk Joint Brake Rod KTMY Untuk Sepeda Motor Honda

The tapping process on the ktmy joint brake rod and uncertainty during the deep tapping process with different sizes are serious problems so this research has the aim of being able to find out more about the tapping process to make threads and be able to find out the types of tapping eye sizes. which is used to make threads. Field studies carried out in this practical work activity were by visiting directly to the production department of PT. Ciptaunggul Karya Abadi. The data used in this study were obtained from data regarding uncertainty during the tapping process if it is intended to make internal threads of different sizes that occur in the Taiwan Tapping Machines M32 semi-automatic tapping machine and also the interview method conducted directly. The data that has been obtained is then continued by designing a fishbone diagram. From the results of the study, based on the results of the analysis using the fishbone diagram method about broken pins on the tapping machine, there are 4 influencing factors, namely: material, method, machine, and human. Of these 4 factors, the biggest influence on the broken pin on the Taiwan Tapping Machines M32 type tapping machine is the manpower and method. This is because the operator has only worked for less than a month, there is no retraining and the SOP (Standard Operational Procedure) is not posted on the machine work area.

Manufacturing a Model for Moving the Electrode of TIG Welding for the Rib Piper Connection

This paper provides a complete overview of the entire process of designing a welding head moving device and its implementation as a semi-automatic welding machine. The mechanical structure of the device is designed based on the size of the material pipe and the accompanying technical requirements. The system is equipped with an arc generator set and a rotary speed control unit allowing its use as an orbital welder.