Semi-structured Interview Questions Research Articles

Interviews with policymakers in Australian health policy: Understanding the process of policy development.

To determine the barriers and enablers oral health and chronic disease policymakers identify during policy development. Semi-structured interview questions were developed utilizing an interview guide and applying a knowledge mobilization framework. Reflective thematic analysis of the data was completed based on the research of Braun and Clarke encompassing a critical realist approach. Twelve policymakers were interviewed. Policymakers reported barriers to accessing evidence including the sheer volume of information and a lack of: research summaries, comprehensive oral health data sets, open access articles, consistency of reporting, and time. They did find relationships with experts and intermediaries crucial at times to policy development. Co-creation of research was also a key enabler for policymakers. This study highlights that policymakers find evidence crucial during the development of policy and often use it to advocate for policies. However, the links between poor oral health; and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cognitive impairment are not well recognized among chronic disease policymakers. It is important that oral health researchers and policymakers work to close this gap. The treatment of poor oral health is a global population health issue. It is imperative that evidence of these links is implemented into health policy for the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases and improved quality of life for individuals living with chronic diseases.

Comparative Evaluation of the 12th Grade Chemistry Curriculum According to The CIPP Evaluation Model “Türkiye and Nigeria”

This study aims to evaluate and compare the 12th-grade chemistry curriculum applied in high schools in Nigeria and Türkiye according to the CIPP evaluation model. mixed method was used in this study. The five-Likert scale Google form questionnaire prepared by the researcher in English and Turkish language was randomly applied in the high schools across Nigeria and Türkiye through mail, social media and other means of communication. In Nigeria, 203 whiles, in Türkiye, 162 of the 12thgrade chemistry teachers participated in the quantitative part of this study. In the qualitative part of the study, semi-structured interview questions which were prepared in English and Turkish were used to collect the opinions of participants across both countries. In Nigeria, five chemistry teachers participated in the study, while in Türkiye, three 12th-grade chemistry teachers participated. The collected quantitative data from the Google form were transferred to the SPPS data analysis software and analyzed. The data collected through semi-structured interviews were analyzed using descriptive analysis by transcribing the respondents’ quotations. According to the findings of this study, both countries have similar aims and objectives for the 12th-grade chemistry curriculum. However, it was revealed that there is a difference between the two countries in terms of reaching the general goals of the curriculum. It was revealed that, in Nigeria, the educational system does not allow teachers to implement the curriculum effectively. The theoretical information in the chemistry textbooks was found to be sufficient in Nigeria while insufficient in Türkiye. It was found that in Nigeria, the language used in chemistry textbooks is difficult and complex, while in Türkiye, there are insufficient laboratories in the schools, which negatively affects the implementation of the chemistry curriculum. In the product and process dimensions, it was found that there are no significant differences between the two countries. It was recommended that chemistry curriculums in both countries should be reviewed and updated every year to fit in the new age of science and technology. Laboratories should be available in all schools in Türkiye, while in Nigeria, simple language should be used in preparing chemistry curriculums.

The Lived Experiences of Non-Thai Teachers in Code-Switching at Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University

This study investigates the lived experiences of non-Thai teachers' code-switching in delivering their English lessons in EFL classrooms. The study employed a qualitative approach, specifically phenomenology. The teachers were interviewed using semi-structured interview questions. The responses were transcribed and analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step descriptive phenomenological data analysis approach. The findings of this study showed that teachers’ experiences of code-switching were a helpful, practical, and essential tool to foster active participation from the students. The teachers’ reasons for utilizing code-switching are to relieve students’ anxiety and amplify socialization, word power, understanding of grammar, and instruction. Furthermore, the study also emphasizes that excessive use of code-switching can hinder the student’s learning of the target language. Additionally, the teachers face a challenge when they code-switch due to the tone-sensitive nature of the Thai language. Thus, it is suggested that one must be at least conversational in the students' language to use code-switching effectively. It is concluded in this study that teachers should not cease using code-switching since it helps students grasp complex ideas and allows them to be engaged in the classroom.

Beyond the surface: unraveling global health curriculum insights through interviews of learners and educators using the CIPP model.

Our study aimed to delve beyond a surface-level understanding and explore the various dimensions of the global health curriculum from the perspective of both learners and educators using the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) model. From 2020 to 2021, interviews were conducted with a total of 10 individuals, including five students who had taken at least one elective course and at least one elective research course, three teaching assistants (TA), and two faculty members who had taken more than four global health courses in multiple phases in the global health curriculum. Semi-structured interview questions based on the CIPP model were used and qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The study identified 12 sub-themes. Students held idealized views of global health careers and sought to bridge the gap through global health classes. They desired early exposure to global health courses, emphasizing both pre-medical and clinical phases. Challenges in adjusting course difficulty and recruiting faculty were identified, along with a preference for interactive teaching methods and offline discussions. The curriculum promoted reflection on medicine's essence, expanded career perspectives, and emphasized competencies like altruism, communication skills, and crisis management in the evolving global health landscape. This study showed that a comprehensive approach is possible from the perspective of learners and educators by identifying strengths, weaknesses, and the value of the curriculum's goals, plans, implementations, and results through the CIPP model. For optimal curriculum design, a sequential approach from basic to advanced courses is essential, promoting hands-on global health experiences for students.

Adoption of New Oral Health Interventions in Primary Care: Qualitative Findings

Introduction: This is the first study to use the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM) theory for oral health (OH) interventions in pediatric practices. The objective of this qualitative study was to assess adoption and implementation of theory-based multi-level OH interventions, by clinicians (pediatricians and nurse practitioners) participating in a cluster-randomized clinical trial (cRCT), to create an OH toolkit for widespread dissemination into pediatric practices. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted at the conclusion of the cRCT with 21 clinicians from 9 practices participating in the intervention arm. Clinicians in this arm received CSM theory-based education and resources to deliver OH interventions to parents/caregivers and document in EMR. Semi-structured interview questions were based on the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, assessing adoption and implementation. The interviews were coded using NVivo (QRS International) software. Main themes were identified using a thematic analysis approach. Results: Five themes identified from the interviews included: strengths of theory-based OH training for clinicians, OH resources to improve quality of care, considerations for efficient future implementation, financial considerations, and parent benefits and challenges. Clinicians found that the theory-based training and resources increased knowledge and confidence when addressing OH with parents and required only ≤ 2 minutes in their workflow with no financial consequences. Clinicians reported an increase in OH awareness among parents but suggested an overall need for more pediatric dentists. Conclusions: The CSM theory-based education and resources were well received by clinicians and perceived to be beneficial without adverse impact on workflow or practice finances. An online toolkit is planned, as these OH interventions can be successfully implemented and delivered in medical settings.

EFL Students' Perception of Utilizing the Wattpad Application as Learning Media in Reading

This study aims to determine how students' perspectives of utilizing the wattpad application as learning media in reading. Ten EFL students from Indonesia majoring in English education participated in this study. This study gathered both quantitative and qualitative data through the use of semi-structured interviews, as well as open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires. The open-ended questionnaire delved into the advantages and disadvantages of using the Wattpad application, while the closed-ended questions gauged the frequency of students' use of the Wattpad application. Simultaneously, the semi-structured interview questions were crafted based on participants' responses to the questionnaires. Most participants found the Wattpad app valuable and user-friendly. They consider the Wattpad app as a valuable tool for language learning, inspiring independent study. The findings indicate that novice learners can derive greater benefits from mobile apps compared to experts. The research results show that students had positive views on using Wattpad as a reading application to enhance their skills. The study also outlines both the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing the Wattpad program. Students identified key benefits of extensive reading on Wattpad, such as user-friendliness, convenience, flexibility, and cost savings. These factors not only motivate increased reading but also inadvertently enhance students' writing abilities.

Evaluation of Effects of Unethical Practices on Cost and Time Performance of Construction Projects in Tertiary Institutions in Edo State, Nigeria

Purpose: Unethical practices in the construction sector have dire consequences for effective delivery of projects and trickling down to the poor performance of construction projects. This research evaluated the effects of unethical practices on cost and time performance of construction projects in tertiary institutions in Edo State, Nigeria.
 Materials and methods: Respondents were drawn from a public tertiary institution in the State, which was the focus of the study. The study adopted a mixed method design of quantitative and qualitative approaches. 30 questionnaires were self-administered by census on identified human samples. Thereafter, semi-structured interview questions were used purposively to elicit relevant information from 5 targeted participants to validate the data received. The data received were analyzed using regression analysis and paired samples t- test. Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to carry out the analyses.
 Findings: It was established that there was a significant relationship between unethical practices and project performance. It was also established that the projects performed well in terms of costs but performed poorly in terms of time.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study further established that the predominant effect of unethical practices on performance of tertiary institution projects in Edo State is time-overrun.

Navigating the New Normal: A Study on Junior Nursing Students’ Stress Perception and Coping Mechanisms in Post-Pandemic Hospital Learning

Background: This study delves into the clinical stress experienced by junior nursing students during their initial hospital-related learning experiences (RLE), exploring the relationship between coping strategies and stress alongside demographic variables. Purpose: The primary objective was to examine the stress levels of 152 regular junior nursing students and assess how coping mechanisms vary based on demographic factors. The study aimed to shed light on the predominant stressors and coping strategies prevalent in this cohort. Methods: A sequential mixed-method approach was employed, utilizing a tool adapted from Sheu (1997; 2002). The tool included a demographic information sheet, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Coping Behavior Inventory (CBI), and semi-structured interview questions. Data were collected from a diverse group of nursing students, encompassing aspects such as sex, age, socioeconomic status, stressors, and coping strategies. Results: The study revealed a predominantly female (84.7%) student body with an average age of 21, and approximately 38% hailing from middle-income households. Key stressors included concerns about assignments, workload, daily life stressors, and perceived inadequacy in professional knowledge and skills. Coping mechanisms predominantly involved maintaining optimism and engaging in problem-solving. Importantly, demographic variables such as sex, age, and socioeconomic status did not show statistically significant distinctions in clinical stress perception. Conclusions: Junior nursing students generally experience moderate stress levels, primarily attributed to assignments, workloads, daily life, and perceived deficits in professional knowledge and skills. Notably, maintaining optimism, problem-solving, and seeking support through transference were identified as prevalent coping mechanisms. The study emphasizes the need for prioritizing stress management support and implementing stress reduction strategies within nursing programs to enhance the well-being of junior nursing students during their initial hospital-related learning experiences.

Chatbots: A New Digital Teaching Tool Paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology Among Secondary School Teachers

Teachers around the world are committed to improving student-centered learning, intending to enhance the digital teaching tool in the classroom, in tandem with the rapid evolution of technology. In addition, as a teacher, education is one of the sectors that play an essential role in preparing students for the changes, as students begin to recognize what they are learning on the first day of formal education. Consequently, exploring teachers’ experience and reviewing the challenges in teaching, is in line with the current digital era. The implementation has significance important in the scenario of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0). One of the pillars, Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology, which is defined as the ability of a computer or a computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are normally performed by humans has given a dynamic viewpoint in various fields, especially in teaching. Nowadays, decision-making is simplified by artificial decision-making, which does not require the presence of a human. As a result, Chatbots as in AI Technology provide a new paradigm for teachers at school, and the mushrooming of digital mediums in education enhances the capability of teaching by using chatbot applications in the lessons. The purpose of this study is to explore Chat Bots in AI Technology as a digital teaching tool among Secondary School Teachers. The researcher used a qualitative case study guide with the purposive sampling method with three research questions to gather data through semi-structured interview questions and document review. Next, the researcher used manual coding to create themes for the findings. All in all, the informants are sharing the concept, the use, and the challenges based on content representation, the students’ interactions in previous experiences, assessments, and feedback. How teachers respond in depth led to the researcher discovering the need for training, professional development, and future classrooms for secondary education.

Views From the Fields: Turkish Novice Teachers’ Struggles for Teaching and Learning to Teaching

This research aims to determine teachers’ problems in the early stages of their careers and to offer solutions. In this context, the research is a phenomenological study of 21 teachers selected by maximum variety sampling. The study’s data were obtained through semi-structured interview questions prepared by the researchers with the opinions of six experts. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the teachers who participated in the study. The content analysis method was preferred in analyzing the obtained data, and NVivo 11 software was used. The findings of the study revealed that the problems faced by teachers include the learning-teaching process, educational structure and opportunities, individual and environmental factors, and education stakeholders. The research ends with various research and application suggestions by drawing attention to some points in preventing the problems that teachers encounter in the early stages of their careers.

Bireyler Neden Pornografik İçerik İzler? Pornografik İçerik İzlemenin Etkili Faktörleri ve Temel Motivasyonları

The aim of this study is to examine why individuals who watch pornographic content watch pornography and to explore the motivations underlying their watching behavior. The research was conducted based on phenomenological design which is one of the qualitative research methods. The research was determined by having semi-structured interviews with 8 participants (6 males and 2 females) who engage in problematic consumption of pornographic content and by purposive sampling method. In the study, researchers used a Personal Information Form and a semi-structured interview form as data collection tools. Semi-structured interview questions were posed to participants through online video conferencing using the “Zoom” program, and the responses given by the participants were recorded. These recordings were analyzed using the content analysis method. The data analyses of individuals who watch pornographic content were grouped under six themes named (1) watching motivations, (2) watching outcomes, (3) perspectives on content, (4) effects of content, (5) knowledge and (6) different pursuits. The study results indicate that curiosity and information-seeking, traumatic family life, role models and lack of social skills, emotional avoidance, stress, and boredom constitute the motivations for watching pornographic content. The participants were observed to report experiencing intense feelings of guilt, shame, and regret after watching pornographic content, and to have difficulties with adaptation to the work, school, or social environment in daily life. The research is thought to contribute to both experts and individuals interested in the research on providing psychological support for problematic consumption of pornographic content in the matter of deciding on which information can be used.

Preschool Teachers' Understanding of Children and Childhood: Rights, Responsibilities and Working with Children

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate preschool teachers' understanding of childhood. The study group of this qualitative case study consisted of 51 preschool teachers working in the central districts of Ankara, who were reached by using the convenient sampling technique from the purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interview questions were used as data collection tools. The interview questions included preschool teachers' perspectives on children and childhood, what they think about children's rights and basic requirements, their views on the advantages and difficulties of working with children, and their responsibilities towards children. The interview questions were analyzed using a content analysis approach. As a result, it is thought that preschool teachers who participated in the study have a generally positive perspective towards children and childhood. According to preschool teachers' understanding of rights and requirements, it is seen that children requirement love the most, have the right to be protected and safe, and the most important right is the right to have a mother and father. Regarding the right to participation, it was determined that children's opinions should be consulted at home, at school and in society, that children's opinions were taken into consideration in the selection of activities at school and that children's opinions were more effective in the decisions taken. According to preschool teachers' understanding of working with children, the biggest advantage of working with children is that children are natural and innocent, and the most difficult aspect is the communication problem with parents. In addition, it was determined that preschool teachers' professional responsibilities towards children are to raise children as good individuals, they feel conscientious responsibility towards children and as an adult they feel the responsibility to help all children in requirement and in difficult situations.

Language Use of Bilingual Young People: Case of Germany and France

Starting from the second half of the 20th century, Turkish people who had to migrate to European countries due to the need for labor force in Europe, gradually settled in these countries through family reunification. Today, fourth-generation Turkish people are born and raised, educated, and integrated into the working life in these lands. The generations that grow up in a bilingual and double culture environment are exposed to both languages and cultures in their daily lives. In this study, the language use and native language skills of 9 university students from the third and fourth generations who were born and raised in France and Germany are examined in their family and social lives. In this context, the research questions of the study are: "What are the factors that determine the language use of third and fourth-generation Turkish people living in Germany and France?" and “How do competences in language skills affect the language use of bilingual young people?”. In this qualitative study, the phenomenological pattern has been used. Interview technique was used as a data collection tool and semi-structured interview questions were asked to participants, including language use and native language skills. As a result of the study, it was found that young people of the third generation living in France and the fourth generation living in Germany use the dominant language, French and German, mostly, in their social environment and education life. In the family, both languages are used effectively, however, the preferred language with parents is mostly Turkish or a mixture of both languages. Young people tend to speak the target language or code-switch with their siblings and Turkish friends. Regarding to the native language skills, they are more effective in oral communication and comprehension.

Principals’ Views on the Factors Facilitating Idiosyncratic Deals They Make with Teachers

Non-standard, personalized arrangements between employees and their managers that are not granted to other subordinates are referred to in the literature as "idiosyncratic deals" (i-deals for short). Although the factors that influence the realization of these agreements have been researched in various sectors, it is apparent that these factors have not yet been uncovered in the school setting. Because of this deficiency in the literature, the purpose of this multiple case study was to identify the factors that facilitate making i-deals between principals and teachers based on the perceptions of sixteen principals working in public and private schools. Semi-structured interview questions were developed, and findings were reported based on the researcher-developed framework of six dimensions of (1) professional development i-deals, (2) task flexibility i-deals, (3) schedule flexibility i-deals, (4) location flexibility i-deals, (5) reduced workload i-deals, and (6) pay-related i-deals. Implications for research and application were also discussed based on the results.

I Never Thought I Would End Up Here: the Context of Nursing Home Relocation Among Lithuanian Older Adults

Nursing home relocation is considered one of the most significant and stressful events in older age. Research shows that a variety of factors influence the decision to move to a nursing home and that the circumstances of the move have an impact on the post-move adaptation process and the quality of life in the nursing home. This paper aimed to reveal the context of the nursing home relocation of older people. Research data was gathered through life story interviews with 18 nursing home residents. Life story interviews were supplemented with semi-structured interview questions. The research revealed that the decision to move and the subjective experience of nursing home relocation is shaped not only by micro-environmental factors of an older person, such as health status or certain personality traits, but also by the conditions of the broader socio-economic, political and historical context. The interaction of these factors, which can be conditionally distinguished at the individual, family (community) and societal levels, creates a unique context in which older people decide to move to a nursing home. On an individual level, such factors as a person’s health, values and beliefs, personality traits, circumstances of the nursing home relocation and knowledge of possible alternatives to residential care affect the relocation decision-making. On the family or community level, the influence of family members, recommendations from social workers, doctors and acquaintances, community social support networks and access to social services play an important role. And lastly, on the societal level such factors as cultural norms and values (i.e. societal attitudes towards residential care and attitudes towards parental care), organisation of the social services system and history of the country (Soviet era) affect the nursing home relocation decision-making.

Examining EFL Students' Motivation Level in Using QuillBot to Improve Paraphrasing Skills

Paraphrasing, being an essential component of academic writing skills, poses a challenge for EFL students. It requires motivation through integration of technology and artificial intelligence-mediated tool like QuillBot to address the issue. QuillBot, the online artificial intelligence tool, has the potential to assist and motivate students to improve their paraphrasing skills. This study, to address the scarcity of the available literature especially in Najran University context, aims to examine EFL students' motivation using QuillBot to improve their paraphrasing skills. To achieve the study objectives, the descriptive-diagnostic research design was followed. One hundred two students registered in Technical Writing course were the participants to respond to a questionnaire and semi-structured interview questions. The study explores whether there is any significant difference in the participants’ responses in terms of their gender. The results revealed that QuillBot highly motivated students to improve their paraphrasing skills from their point of view. Also, it was shown that gender influenced the respondents' answers in favor of females. Additionally, the content analysis showed that technology-mediated classrooms, personal digital gadgets, easy access to software and internet applications, proper guidance (how to use the AI tool to solve the paraphrasing exercises of the syllabus) to use AI etc. are factors that highly motivate EFL students to utilize QuillBot in improving their paraphrasing skills. The potential implications of these resources are to make writing classes more enjoyable, engaging, interactive, productive, and lively for students. Based on the findings, the study suggests EFL teachers use QuillBot to enhance paraphrasing skills, inspire students, adapt teaching methods to technology, while future research is recommended to explore essay and summary writing.

Attitudes of Pre-Service Teachers on the Use of 3D Printing with Tinkercad in Science Education

<p style="text-align: justify;">3D printer technology and 3D design are used in many fields and are gaining various uses day by day. It is seen that the quality of education and training has increased with the effective use of 3D technology in the education and training environment. This study aims to investigate the attitudes of Pre-Service Teachers about the use of 3D printer activities made with Tinkercad in science education. 43 science pre-service teachers participated in the study, which lasted 8 weeks. A mixed research method was used in this study. The problem-solving scale and the attitude scale towards the use of 3D printers in science education were applied to the pre-service teachers. To collect the research data, the attitude scale was applied as a pre-test and post-test. For Paired samples, a t-test was applied and analyses were performed. In qualitative studies, semi-structured student interview questions were applied. According to the findings of the study, there was a significant increase in students' positive attitudes towards the use of 3D printers in science education. Tinkercad and 3D printer trainings have been given and applications have been made within the scope of these trainings. There have been 6 activities related to 3D printers. Thanks to 3D printers, students have the opportunity to present creative ideas and things they imagine to life by making designs in their minds. It seems that abstract concepts related to the sciences are embodied with a 3D printer and turned into tangible objects. Examining a physical object makes it easier for students to identify mistakes they have made in designs. It is seen that they do creative and solution-oriented work against the problems they encounter. Thus, it is predicted that learning will be more permanent and effective.</p>

DIGITAL BURNOUT IN DISTANCE EDUCATION PROCESS: INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS' OPINIONS

The main purpose of this study is to assess the perspectives of secondary school teachers regarding digital burnout within the context of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study employed a qualitative research methodology, utilizing a semi-structured interview format to obtain the data. During the process of developing the semi-structured interview questions, a thorough review of the literature was conducted to ensure the creation of a reliable tool for data collecting. The research study's sample comprises 21 teachers who were selected using the criterion sampling approach. The data derived from this sample were subjected to analysis using the content analysis methodology. The findings of the study revealed that the participants' engagement with digital environments throughout the distant education process yielded both advantageous and disadvantageous outcomes. Several individuals encountered feelings of insufficiency inside digital contexts throughout the duration of the distance learning process. However, the subsequent impacts can be enumerated as follows: The topics of interest include digital aging, digital addiction, and mental fatigue. Within the parameters of the study, the findings unveiled the recommendations provided by the participants for mitigating digital burnout.

An Evaluation of Game-Based Education Method by Primary School 1st Grade Teachers

The purpose of this research was to reveal perceptions of primary school 1st grade teachers’ about "Game-Based Teaching Method". In the research, literature review and semi-structured interviews were used as a method. This reserach adopted qualitative methodology. The semi-structured interview questions were written by the researchers based on the information obtained by scanning the current literature on game based teaching and learning. The questions were finalized by taking an expertise opinion and then applied in the semi-structured interviews with the teachers. The data gathered from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed by using content analysis method. According to the findings of the research, it was found that teachers use game-based teaching to provide effective teaching and learning for their students. Moreover, the findings of this research were discussed and interpreted in line with the relevant literature. Finally, the results of the research were summarized, and suggestions were made to teachers and researchers.

INNOVATIVE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON TEACHER EDUCATION

The goal of this investigation was to see the impact of AI on teacher education. To have a better understanding of how it will impact teacher education in problem-solving, how it will aid in planning, and whether it will promote continuous learning in teacher education. The study allows instructors and students from tertiary institutions in The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to express their views. Three primary research topics guided these investigations, and four semi-structured interview questions were developed to obtain thorough responses to these issues. The opinions of the participants were solicited in person. The findings showed that both students and lecturers were aware and comfortable with AI in educational systems, that AI has had significant effects on problem-solving in teacher education, and that AI is vital for facilitating planning in teacher education. Finally, it was emphasized that the application of AI in teacher education allows for continuous learning, which has benefits as well as drawbacks.