Semisolid Consistency Research Articles

FORMULASI DAN UJI FISIK SALEP KOMBINASI EKSTRAK PUTRI MALU (Mimosa Pudica) DAN DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha Curcas)

Indonesia is a tropical country that has the potential to experience skin diseases. The development of drugs from natural ingredients can be used to treat skin diseases. One of the appropriate pharmaceutical preparations for treating skin infections is ointment. Putri Malu (Mimosa Pudica) and Jatropha Leaves (Jatropha Cuscas) are plants that contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenols which have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. The aim of this research is to formulate an ointment preparation from the extract of putrimalu (mimosa pudica) and jatropha curcas leaves (jatropha curcas) which meets the requirements of an ointment preparation by means of a physical test of the ointment. This type of research was experimental, which was carried out by making 3 ointment formulations combining Putri Malu and Jatropha leaves using the ointment base Vasellin Album and Adeps Lanae. Physically tested ointment preparations include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, spreadability tests, and adhesiveness tests. Based on testing of a combination of ointment preparations from the extract of putrimalu (mimosa pudica) and jatropha leaves (jatrooha cuscas) with a base of vasellin album and adeps lanae, the organoleptic results were blackish brown, distinctive odor, semi-solid consistency, homogeneous ointment with a Ph value of 5 and viscosity test. adhesion and spreading power in accordance with ointment preparation standards. The best formulation of the ointment combination of the extract of the mollusk (mimosa pudica) and jatropha curcas (jatropha cusrcas) leaves is formulation 2 with a ratio of (2:2).

Characterisation of pure goat and admixed goat-buffalo milk khoa: Physico-chemical, texture, microstructure and storage stability

Khoa is a traditional Indian dairy product having semi-solid consistency, obtained by evaporating milk to 55–60 % total solids in an open pan. In present study, effect of admixing goat and buffalo milk in different proportions (100 G, 75G25B, 50G50B and 25G75B; B-Buffalo milk, G- Goat milk percentage (v/v)) on physico-chemical, textural, color and microstructural characteristics of Khoa was evaluated. Compositional parameters of goat and buffalo milk as well as all Khoa variants differed significantly (P < 0.05). L* values decreased and b* values increased with increasing goat milk proportion in Khoa, highlighting their yellowness. Goat milk Khoa (100 G) had the lowest yield (12.76 %) while goat and buffalo milk admixed in the 25:75 ratio had the highest yield (20.87 %). All samples had significantly different (p < 0.05) textural attributes during storage at 5 and 25 °C. An increase in browning (hydroxymethyl furfural value) and oxidation (peroxide and free fatty acids value) was observed for all samples during storage. Microstructure images were supported by textural and total solid content findings. This study will help dairy industries in utilization of goat milk in dairy products and would enhance the income of goat milk-based dairy farms by increasing the returns on goat milk.

Frequency and risk factors for inadequate preparation on boston bowel scale during colonoscopic examination.

Objective: To determine the frequency and risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation using Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Gastroenterology Department, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Period: September 2022 to June 2023. Methods: The study comprised of patients between 18 to 70 years undergoing colonoscopy. Boston bowel preparation score (BBPS) was used to evaluate the quality of bowel preparation before washing or suctioning. Total score was calculated taking sum of scores in all three segments. Adequate preparation was defined as all 3 BBPS segment scores ≥ 2. Results: In a total of 136 patients, the mean age was 55.8±14.1 years. The mean BBPS score was 5.7±3.5. Based on the criteria of overall adequate rate, inadequate preparation was seen among 44 (32.4%) patients. Lower risk of inadequate preparation was significantly associated with outpatient patients, patients consuming more water and patients with liquid stool consistency whereas odds were significantly higher among patients with age 50 years and above, males, diabetic patients, patients receiving movcal sachet and dulcolex for preparation, patients with lower number of stools (2-4 stools per day) and, patients receiving insulin. Conclusion: The risk of inadequate preparation was higher among older age patients, male gender, diabetic patients, and patients with less number of stools with semi solid consistency.

Formulation and evaluation of bio-grease from the blend of chemically modified rice bran oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil

Vegetable oils are a highly promising alternative to produce various lubricants, owing to their biodegradability and eco-friendliness. In comparison to mineral oil, these oils possess a higher flash point and viscosity index, along with superior lubricating properties. Additionally, most of the vegetable oils are easily accessible in local markets in India. However, their industrial application is limited by poor thermal and oxidative stability, which can be addressed through chemical modification, the addition of appropriate additives, or by blending these oils. Greases, characterized by their semi-solid consistency, are widely used lubricants. Most of the grease production is based on mineral oils as base oil and lithium soap as a thickener. These materials are not only non-biodegradable but also scarce and have health implications. Consequently, biodegradable grease represents an eco-friendly and healthy alternative. Grease made using vegetable oils with the required properties has the potential to bring about revolutionary changes. The present work focuses on the feasibility of using chemically modified blended rice bran oil (RBO) and Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) as a bio-lubricant. The oils undergo a two-step modification process, involving a transesterification reaction followed by epoxidation. Significant improvements have been observed in the chemical properties (acid, peroxide, and iodine values) of transesterified epoxidized rice bran oil Calophyllum inophyllum oil mixture–50:50 (ETRCIO) when compared with Unmodified Rice bran oil Calophyllum inophyllum oil mixture–50:50 (RCIO). The acid value, peroxide value, and iodine value improved by 91.66%, 87.08%, and 15.78% respectively. The rheological, tribological, and chemical properties of the blended samples have been evaluated and compared to pure oils using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Indian Standards (IS). Additionally, ETRCIO was used to develop a bio-grease, and its tribological properties were extensively analyzed. The mean coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) of the ETRCIO grease sample improved by 10.20% and 29.32% respectively when compared with that of commercially available grease. These findings indicate that the ETRCIO bio-grease exhibits superior tribological properties in comparison to commercially available grease.

DESIGN AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF NAPROXEN-LOADED TRANSFEROSOMAL GEL FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY

Objective: The main objective of the present study was to formulate, optimize, and evaluate naproxen transfersomal gels. Methods: Reverse phase evaporation was used to create thirteen different formulations of naproxen-loaded transfersomes. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Designs (CCD), the influence of independent process variables, such as soy lecithin, cholesterol content and surfactant concentration, on dependent variables, such as entrapment effectiveness and vesicle size of naproxen transfersomes, was assessed. In vitro, ex-vivo, and in vivo drug release of formulations were also studied. Results: It was discovered that the NTG7 formulation of transfersomes had the maximum entrapment effectiveness and ideal vesicle diameter. The optimized NTG7 formulation displayed a maximum drug content of 97.4% and a maximum drug release of 88.03%. The release of naproxen from the final gel adhered to the Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. The ex-vivo drug release of the optimized formulation was found to be 85.91% for 24 h. The maximum drug concentration after oral administration was 843.54±7.67ng/ml, and Tmax was 3.0±0.08h. The improved formulation's AUC0-∞ was greater than the commercial formulation's. A higher drug concentration in the blood compared to the marketed formulation suggested better systemic absorption of naproxen from the gel formulation. After three months, at a temperature range of 2 to 8 °C, the formulation demonstrated correct semisolid consistency and good stability and there was also no appreciable change in the initial values of appearance, pH, and % drug content. Conclusion: The above findings imply that the gel created using naproxen-loaded transfersomes may be a potentially valuable new formulation.

Formulation and Evaluation of Moisturising Cream containing Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) extract

Aim: To formulate and evaluate a moisturising cream containing Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) extract. Method: The extract used for preparing the cream was obtained by extracting the coriander leaves by maceration followed by Soxhlet extraction method. The extract was evaluated for phytochemical analysis to determine whether chemical constituents were present. The extract was evaluated for anti-bacterial test to check for zones of inhibition using disc diffusion method. Anti-solar activity of the extract was also studied to check for sun protective effect by using UV-Spectrophotometer in the range of 200-400 nm. For the development of cream, the oil and water phases were melted separately into which coriander extract and a suitable preservative was added with continuous stirring. The oil phase was gradually combined into the aqueous phase while continuously stirring to achieve the ideal semi-solid consistency, and an appropriate perfume was used for a pleasing smell. The prepared formulations were evaluated for parameters like organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, type of emulsion, skin irritation test. Results: Phytochemical analysis of coriander extract was performed, and it was concluded that terpenoids, sterols, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids were present and saponins was found to be absent. The diameters of the zones obtained for the anti- microbial activity of the extract was found out to be 18 mm and 14 mm for dapsone. The extract showed good antimicrobial activity against dapsone and methanol. The UV absorption spectra showed a strong absorption at 4.00 AU at 205 nm. SPF values were calculated using normalized product function and mean of absorbance, and the obtained SPF value was found out to be 8.2. The prepared formulations were found to be smooth and dark green in colour with a pleasant odour. All the formulations were checked for other parameters like optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability and it was found out that formulation batch F3 showed better results as compared to other batches.

Microscopic characterization, TLC fingerprinting and optimization of total lipid content from Euphorbia neriifolia (L.) using response surface methodology.

Euphorbia neriifolia (EN) is a medicinal plant used to treat a variety of ailments in traditional systems. Despite numerous studies on pharmacological activities, no information was available on the microscopic study of this plant. This is the first study that has been attempted to fill this need by performing the light and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of leaf, stem, and latex. The powder microscopy of several organs (leaves, stem, and bark) and exudate (latex) of EN was carried out using safranine, fast green, phloroglucinol, and other standard solutions at different magnifications. The chemical fingerprinting of petroleum ether extract was accomplished by using thin layer chromatography. The optimization of total lipid content from the EN leaf under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (SE) procedure was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The studied factors that affect the lipid content were: solvent ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time. Several notable characteristics observed in the leaf of EN are amphistomatic leaves with anticlinical cell walls, anomocytic stomata, spongy mesophyll cells, elongated palisade cells, angular collenchyma, and U-shaped vascular bundle. The plano-convex midrib is covered by polygonal to oval-shaped cuticles and contains anomocytic stomata. The circular petiole has no trichomes and contains laticifers, crystals, and idioblasts. The circular stem was observed with trichomes, hypodermis, collenchyma, parenchymatous cells, central pith, pentagonal stellar region, cambium, and 2-4 times more xylem that of phloem. All of the powdered plant parts and exudate under study contained trichomes, xylem vessels, wood fibers, cork cells, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblasts, lignified cork, tannin content, stone cells, and oil globules. The blackish-green colored petroleum ether extract with semi-solid consistency showed the greatest percent (%) yield of 4% in the latex of EN. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) examination of petroleum ether extract of EN leaf produced a maximum 6 spots with Rf values of 0.16, 0.58, 0.62, 0.73, and 0.96 in the mobile phase of petroleum ether-acetone (8:2). In terms of optimization, the dark green colored UAE extract with semi-sticky consistency showed highest % yield of 4.5% whereas the yellowish green colored SE extract of sticky consistency showed the highest % yield of 4.9%. The findings showed that there were not many differences in the total lipid content between UAE (0.16%) and SE (0.11%). However, the best optimum condition for lipid content extraction analysis was obtained as follows: solvent ratio (PE:HE) 50:50, extraction temperature 50°C, extraction time 45 min for UAE, and solvent ratio (PE:HE) 60:40, extraction temperature 45°C, and extraction time of 24 h for SE. Hence, this study signifies the various noteworthy microscopic features along with the presence of different phytocompounds through TLC and best optimized condition for the extraction of lipids from different parts of EN. As no previous study has been reported, the outcomes obtained from the current study prove to be beneficial in the identification of species, quality control, and detection of any adulteration from the laboratory and commercial samples of EN. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The percent yield was found to be maximum in latex extract (4%). The leaf pet ether extract was separated into 6 bands with different Rf values. The extracted compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia leaves were categorized into non-polar heat tolerant. The highest total lipid yield (0.1119) was obtained at solvent ratios 60:40 of PE:HE (petroleum ether: petroleum hexane).

Tooth Tablets: A Review of Formulation Consideration

Toothpaste tablets are small-sized chewable tabletthat can be chewed to paste before brushing once it comes in contactwith saliva. Toothpaste tablets are claimed to be a sustainablealternative to other oral care products, especially toothpaste, andmouthwash. The main concept behind toothpaste tablets is to lowerplastic waste generated after the empty disposal of toothpaste tubes.Toothpaste tablets come in a reusable and refillable jar so a plastic-free approach can be introduced. Though we are unable to promotethe zero-waste management concept we can move towardsminimization of waste. Also, the concept of minimal use ofpreservative is another considerable benefit as toothpaste tablet is asolid dosage form free from water. Water is a main component intoothpaste that gives it a semi-solid consistency which makes it asemisolid dosage form. Currently, In India, there is a growingawareness of proper waste management and the production of eco-friendly products. Nowadays people are using medicated and herbaltoothpaste for the prevention of tooth-related problems. This reviewarticle gives insight into the exploration of tooth tablets as an oralcare product to give eco-friendly, cost-effective, and improveddental health.

Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.)

The ethanol extract of rambutan leaves has anti-Staphylococcus aureus properties. The purpose of this investigation is to formulate the ethanol extract of rambutan leaves (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in order to determine the stable concentration of carbopol 940 for gel preparations. The extraction technique utilised was maceration with 96% ethanol. Formula 1 (0.7% carbopol 940), Formula 2 (0.9% carbopol 940), and Formula 3 (1.1% carbopol 940) were developed for the gel preparation formulation. Organoleptic assays, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and adhesion were conducted before and after accelerated storage at 400°C and 75% relative humidity. The results of the organoleptic test revealed that preparations F1, F2, and F3 had a semi-solid consistency, a dark brown hue, and a distinct extract odour, and that they were homogeneous. Before accelerated conditions, the spreadability test yielded Farmula 1 (6,3 cm), Farmula 2 (5,96 cm), and Farmula 3 (5.3 cm). After accelerated conditions, the results were F1 (5.86cm), F2 (5.43cm), and F3 (5.16cm). Before the accelerated condition, the pH test results were F1 (5.54), F2 (5.91), and F3 (6.00). After the accelerated condition, the results were F1 (6.43), F2 (6.08), and F3 (5.76). The adhesion test before the accelerated condition yielded F1 (4.37 seconds), F2 (4.28 seconds), and F3 (4.45 seconds), and after the accelerated condition yielded F1 (4.57 seconds), F2 (4.38 seconds), and F3 (4.66 seconds of data, it can be concluded that the gel formulation of rambutan leaf extract from various concentrations of 0.7%, 0.9%, and 1.1% carbopol 940 is physically stable.

The Effect of Decyl Glucoside on Stability and Irritability of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers-Green Tea Extract as Topical Preparations

Background: Green Tea Extract (GTE) is a natural antioxidant compound that can protect the skin from photocarcinogenesis (DNA damage due to ultraviolet exposure). GTE has low stability, which needs a delivery system such as Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) with decyl glucoside (DG) as a natural surfactant that at the right concentration can produce a significantly small particle size which can improve the stability of the NLC. Objective: To determine the effect of DG usage on the characteristics, physical stability, and irritability of NLC-GTE preparation. Methods: NLC-GTE preparation used the High Shear Homogenization (HSH) method with three formulas, which contained DG 2%, 2.5%, and 3% consecutively. Afterwards, the characteristic and physical stability tests were conducted using the thermal cycling method for three cycles with two different temperatures (48 hours/cycle, 2 - 8°C and 40°C). The irritability test used Hen's Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) method. Results: Characteristic test of organoleptic showed that all formulas were white, odorless, and had a semi-solid consistency. However, the pH, particle size, and polydispersity index values from all formulas were within the normal range of values. The physical stability test result showed that 3% DG was the most stable formula. This formula was within the non-irritating range of values in HET-CAM. Conclusion: NLC-GTE with an increased concentration of DG as a surfactant can improve the characteristics and physical stability of the preparation. F3 (3% DG) is the best formula compared to other formulas and indicates non-irritating in the HET-CAM test.

Sunscreen lip balm stick formulation containing a combination of virgin coconut oil and crude palm oil

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) and crude palm oil (CPO) are products of Indonesia’s natural wealth with significant antioxidant activity and potential as lip balm sticks to treat dry lips caused by sun exposure. This study aims to determine the formulation of lip balm stick preparations containing VCO and CPO that have sunscreen activity and acceptable physical characteristics. This study included the phases of testing, formulation of lip balm stick, sunscreen activity test, and evaluation of physical properties. The compositions were melted using a water bath, and the sunscreen’s efficacy was evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. VCO and CPO concentrations varied between 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% (w/w). The F1 formula containing 5% VCO and 15% CPO (w/w) had the highest sun protection factor (SPF) value of 15.438. The evaluation of the formula activity test revealed that the higher the CPO content, the greater the sunscreen activity. Formula F1 has stable physical properties while stored at room temperature for 28 days. Formula F1 has a yellow color, chocolate scent, semi-solid consistency, homogeneous, 3.35 cm dispersion, 56 oC melting point, and 64-gram hardness. Formula F1 provides excellent sun protection and physical properties. It may be further evaluated as a lip balm stick sunscreen formulation for chapped lips.

REVIEW ON OINTMENT

Ointments are semisolid dosage form which usually act as visco-elastic materials when shear stress is applied. They generally contain medicinal ingredients and are used to be applied externally to the body for therapeutic effect. Many therapeutic agents used for topical application to intact or broken skin or to mucous membranes are presented in the form of semisolid consistency variously designated as ointments, creams, pastes etc. It is used mainly as protective or emollient for the skin. The first step towards the goal is screening of plants used in popular medicine. Along with other dosage forms, herbal drugs also used in the form of ointment.

Training Procedures for Making Fruit Yoghurt to Housewives to Help Increase Husband's Income in Bandar Khalipah Village

Yoghurt is one of the health drinks that tastes fresh and sour and is liked by many people, adults and children. Yoghurt made by fermentation using Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria inoculated in milk will produce a semi-solid consistency of milk and a slightly sweet-sour taste and can eliminate the sharp odor of goat's milk. The PkM implementation stage is like a training activity, namely this activity there are also several events which are held for 3 days, namely on 24-26 July 2019. The target audience is housewives and community leaders in Bandar Khalipah Village, which includes 50 people consisting of various housewives located at Jalan Angsana No. 3 Market XI Tembung. This PkM method will be carried out through training on the benefits of yogurt for health through media presentations, demos followed by questions and answers. The training materials include: introduction, yogurt bacterial culture, benefits of yogurt and methods of making yogurt. While the way of making yogurt is done by practicing together between the demonstrators and the audience. The method of making yogurt consists of preparation, pasteurization, bacterial preparation, mixing bacteria with milk, storage and storage. The participants of this activity program were very enthusiastic about listening to materials and practices on how to make yogurt so that they could practice it themselves at home. In addition, they also see business opportunities to improve family welfare both financially and healthily. With a positive response from partners, finally this community service can be useful for housewives so that it can improve family welfare.

NEUTRALIZATION OF PHENOL-CONTAMINATED SOILS

To eliminate the consequences of accidental spill of phenol, the results of neutralization of soils contaminated with phenol are presented. As for the analysis of soils by the geological-lithological section it was found that in areas of phenol contamination the soil has a surface soil-plant layer with a thickness of about 0.5m, then there is a heavy clay layer with a thickness of up to 7.0 m and finally a sand layer saturated with groundwater is observed. It revealed that according to physical and mechanical properties, the solid mineral phase of the soil corresponds to a hard plastic and semi-solid consistency of clays. It showed that the filtration of water through the bottom and walls on the area of the former burial of the tank is complicated because of closer to zero water permeability of soil strata due to clay rock. Mineralogical and chemical composition of soils contaminated with phenol is determined. An environmentally safe method of neutralizing phenol-containing soils is developed with a neutralizing composition based on quicklime and bentonite which simplifies the neutralization method of soils contaminated with phenol. Environmental safety was observed in the absence of phenol in water extracts from soils and the in treatment process permissible for the environment рН. Essence of proposed method lies in chemical inactivation of phenol based on its transformation into slow-moving water-insoluble compound - calcium phenolate. Decontamination product of phenol-containing soil is the smallest capsules comprising soil particles and immobilized phenol in the form of calcium phenolate. Material of the capsule represented by calcium hydroxide is neutralized over time by bentonite and СО2 from air resulting in the formation of hydrophobic silicate and calcium carbonate which gives capsules high strength properties. The research into the neutralized phenol containing soil for phenol in water extracts showed that the proposed method is simple, ecologically safe, causes no recontamination of environment with pollutants and provides the phenol content in soils within MAC.

Optimasi Basis Formulasi Sediaan Handsanitizer Gel Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hitam (Piper betle var nigra) Sebagai Antibakteri

Black betel leaf (Piper betle var. nigra) is one of the plants that has the potential as an antibacterial. This research is a laboratory experiment and aims to determine the optimum concentration of hand sanitizer gel base which will then be used in the formulation of hand sanitizer gel preparations with the active ingredient of black betel leaf. Optimization was carried out for 7 days by looking at the physical properties of the gel preparation, namely organoleptic, homogeneity, pH test, viscosity, and spreadability test. Handsanitizer gel was made in three formulas with three different concentrations of Carbopol 940, namely A, B, and C. The results obtained in the evaluation of the organoleptic test were observed in clear color, semisolid dosage form and smelled of Carbopol 940. Homogeneity test was indicated by the absence of granules. rough on the preparation. The pH test is the pH of the gel preparation which is stable at pH 7. The dispersion test of 5-7 cm shows a semisolid consistency which is very comfortable to use. The viscosity test showed that the gel viscosity was in the range of 1,206 cps - 1,820 cps. The results of the evaluation of the optimum hand sanitizer gel base are obtained if it has good physical quality and meets the criteria for gel preparation. Based on the evaluation results on the optimization of the hand sanitizer gel base, it was obtained that the Carbopol 940 gel base with a concentration of A had met the criteria for making gel preparations.

Formulasi Dan Karakteristik Fisik Sediaan Plester Hidrogel Ekstrak Daun Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) Dan Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii)

Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease caused by the damage of beta pancreatic cells. This caused many complication such as diabetic ulcer which left untreated can cause an open wound hard to heal thereby reducing the quality of life. Treatment of diabetic ulcer despite using antidiabetic also using an antibiotic therapy like Mupirocin. In its development, the use of natural ingredients is known to be used as adjuvant therapy for diabetic ulcer such as Ciplukan leaves and Kayu Manis bark. Both of the plant contain phytochemical compound like sinamaldehid, tannin, polyphenol and flavonoid which can work as wound healer. To increase its efficacy then Ciplukan leaves and Kayu Manis bark were formulated as hydrogel patch. Hydrogel patch are known has advantages like better penetration, hygienic and easy to administered Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) leaves and Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark extracted with maceration technique. The extracts then made into matrix type hydrogel patch with 10% HPMC and 5% PVA as backing patch. The backing patch and extract then placed on a square cast and dried under room temperature for 24 hours. The hydrogel patch then evaluated for physical characteristic including organoleptic aspect, weight uniformity, moisture content and pH. The results showed that Ciplukan leaves and Kayu Manis Bark hydrogel patch have a semi solid consistency, transparent greenish color and distinctive smell. The average pH is 5,5 and have average weight around 1,18 grams. The moisture contens of hydrogel patch is 2,42%. The Ciplukan leaves and Kayu Manis bark is able to formulated into hydrogel patch. The hydrogel patch is showing good appearance and having good properties as topical dosage form. The pH of the hydrogel patch is suitable with pH of the skin and have no intention to irritate the skin. Hydrogel patch also giving a cooling sensations in wound area thus increase patients convenience and acceptability. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, extract, drug delivery system, hydrogel patch, adjuvant therapy

Formulasi Sediaan Salep Dari Ekstrak Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.)

Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) is a plant that has secondary metabolic compounds with various potentials and contains several chemical compounds, including papaverine alkaloids, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. Katuk leaves can work as antioxidants because they contain phenolic compounds, namely flavonoids. The potential of katuk leaves is also supported by research on pharmacological activities as antibacterial, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, antianemic and increasing milk production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether katuk leaves can be formulated in the form of an ointment. Ointment is defined as a semi-solid preparation that is easily applied and used as an external drug. Ointment is also one of the dosage forms with a semisolid consistency that is oily and generally does not contain water and contains the active ingredient dissolved or dispersed in a vehicle. This study used 4 treatments with various concentrations, namely FO: control formulation of ointment base, FI: formulation of katuk leaf extract ointment preparation with 10% concentration, FII: formulation of katuk leaf extract ointment preparation with 15% concentration, FIII: formulation of katuk leaf extract ointment preparation with a concentration of 20%. Evaluation of the ointment using organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, stability and irritation. The results of the evaluation carried out on the ointment preparation were stable and did not irritate the skin.

Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella sativa L.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis

Acne is a skin problem that often occurs, one of the causes is the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis. Black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa L.) can be used as an antibacterial because it contains thymoquinone and α-pinene. This study aims to obtain black cumin seed oil emulgel preparations that has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The preparations were formulated with concentrations of 3% (FI), 5% (FII), and 7% (FIII). Evaluation of the preparation was carried out for eight weeks including organoleptic tests, spreadability, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, homogeneity. Antibacterial activity tests was carried out using the well-diffusion method. The results of the evaluation of all three formulas obtained showed a semi-solid consistency, light brown in color, characteristically smelled of black cumin seed oil, stable, M/A emulsion type, homogeneous, non-irritating, pH FI = 4.51-4.95, FII = 4.72-4.99, FIII = 4.57-4.87, dispersion FI = 3.2-3.8 cm, FII = 3.3-3.9 cm, FIII = 3.4-3.9 cm, viscosity FI = 10.7-26.1 Ns/m2, FII = 11.2-32.0 Ns/m2, FIII = 11.5-34.1 Ns/m2. The antibacterial activity test showed the inhibitory power of FI 11,66±0,09 mm, FII 14.48±0.03 mm, FIII 17.35±0,.8 mm, lower than the positive control (clindamycin). All three black cumin seed oil emulgel preparations obtained met the physical requirements and had bacterial inhibition (p

Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Emulgator terhadap Karakterisasi Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

The formulation and physical characterization test of rosella extract cream preparations have been carried out using various types of non-ionic emulsifier concentration ratios (combination of tween 80 and span 80). Comparison of the concentrations of tween 80 and span 80 used in this study were 2%, 3%, and 4%. The aim of this study included organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, dispersion test, and emulsion type test. The result obtained from the physical characterization test were the organoleptic tests for the three formulas showed the same organoleptic results, namely red color, characteristic smell of rosella, and semisolid consistency. Homogeinity test shows that the formula is homogenous. The pH test showed that F1 4,29; F2 4,6; F3 5. Viscosity test showed that F1 432,4 mPas; F2 434,3 mPas; 435,3 mPas. The dispersion test was carried out without using a load of 50 g, 100 g, and 200 g. the results shown form the spreadability test of three formulas were were F1 5 cm; 5,5 cm; and 6 cm; F2 6 cm; 6,35 cm; 7,25; and 7,5 cm. F3 6,25 cm; 7,5 cm; 7,75 cm; 8 cm. The emulsion type indicated by the three formulas is oil in water. Based on these results, it can be seen that the emulsifier concentration has an effect on PH, viscosity, and spreadibility. The higher the concentration of emulsifier used, the higher pH value, viscosity, and spreadibility.

COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO ANALYTICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE CONCEPT OF AVARTANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 1, 10, 50, 100 AVARTITA MADHUKA TAILA

Avartana is a unique concept mentioned for Sneha Kalpana. The more the number of Avartana the more potent will be the formulation. “Shata Paka Madhuka Taila" is one such formulation that is explained in Charaka Chikitsa Vataraktha Adhikara. Samples were subjected to pharmaceutico - Analytical study to compare the probable changes that would have happened pharmaceutically &amp; analytically. Shata paka Madhuka Taila was prepared as per reference &amp; samples were Analysed. The change in the organoleptic characters of all the Avartita samples was noted. Consistency of taila to semisolid consistency of ghruta in proceeding Avartana was observed. A slight increase in specific gravity &amp; Refractive index were noted, decrease in acid value &amp; iodine value was observed. Rancidity test passed &amp; peroxide value was nil. slight acidic pH was noted. The presence of more bands with different Rf values was seen towards 50th, 75th &amp; 100th Avartita samples on TLC. Pharmaceutical procedure reveals that concentration of the Active bio constituents of yastimadhu &amp; milk fat gets increased in each Avartana., And it was evident from organoleptic characters like conversion of liquid Consistency of taila to semisolid consistency of ghruta (on cooling) in proceeding Avartana. A slight increase in specific gravity &amp; Refractive index suggests more active constituents, decrease in acid value &amp; iodine value suggests products are more stable &amp; less chance of rancid on successive avartana. Rancidity &amp; peroxide value tells product are not rancid. pH changes indicate slight acidicnature &amp; may be irritant due to high potency. TLC shows the presence of more bands towards 50th, 75th&amp; 100th avarti samples shows more active constituents. Hence Avartana process helps for potentiating the formulation by adding active constituents. Keywords: Sneha Kalpana, Avartana, Shata Paka Madhuka Taila.