Semi-intensive Culture Research Articles

Suitability and Carrying Capacity of Aquatic Environment for Shrimp Culture in Sarjo District, Pasangkayu Regency West Sulawesi

The potential of coastal and marine resources in Indonesia is so diverse both in terms of quantity and quality, should be able to contribute greatly to the economic growth of the State of Indonesia. The purpose of this stydy is to assess the level of land suitability and carrying capacity of the pond environment for shrimp culture in Sarjo District Pasangkayu Regency. The research was conducted using survey method, measuring biological, physical and chemical parameters. The observed data consisted of temperature, turbidity, TSS, current direction and speed, tides, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, BOD, COD, BOT, and plankton. Based on biological, physical and chemical data, an analysis of the suitability of the pond area was carried out using the geographic information system (GIS) Arc View GIS Application Version 3.3. The results of the level of suitability of land for shrimp culture in Sarjo District was very suitable 154.88 hectare; 2) Suitable 77.16 hectare and quite suitable 27.26 hectare. Overall land for aquaculture in each area is traditional 732.95 hectare, semi-intensive 1,589.12 hectare and intensive 247.83 hectare. The environmental carrying capacity of intensive shrimp cultivation ponds with an estimated maximum production of 42.63 tons ha-1, with a permitted pond area that does not exceed the environmental carrying capacity is 166.07 ha; semi-intensive cultivation with a maximum production of 153.49 tons ha-1 MT-1, the permitted pond area so as not to exceed the environmental carrying capacity is 597.85 hectare, traditional cultivation with a maximum production of 3.4 tons MT-1 with a supported pond area of 2,569 ha in Sarjo District, Pasangkayu Regency.

Comparison of Carcass Percentage Among Four Duck Breeds under Traditional Rearing Conditions

The research aims to determine the extent of differences in the carcass composition of four types of ducks using semi-intensive cultivation. A total of 16 ducks aged 3 months were used as experimental units. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications was the research design. The results showed that ducks of the same age, namely: Alabio ducks, Peking ducks, Mojosari ducks, and Manila ducks, showed very significant differences (P<0.01) in the variables of slaughter weight, carcass percentage, thigh and back percentage. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the percentage of chest, wings, and neck. It was concluded that the live weight, carcass percentage, and carcass parts of Manila ducks were higher than those of Alabio, Peking, and Mojosari ducks. Meanwhile, Alabio ducks are taller than Peking ducks and Mojosari ducks.

Effects of different traditional and commercial feed on growth, survival and proximate composition of Rohu (Labeo rohita) reared in the semi-intensive composite culture system.

This study was investigated to assess the effects of different traditional and commercial aqua feed on proximate composition, growth performance and survival rate of Labeo rohita reared in the composite semi-intensive culture system. The aqua feeds of various companies (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro and Punjab feed) used as commercial feed. Farm made feeds were maize gluten and rice polish. For confidentiality, these feeds were randomly given code labels T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 which were only known to investigating staffs. There were two replicates for each treatment. In this experiment, higher growth rate was observed in T3 as compared to other treatments. Lesser weight gain was observed in the T1 ( 270.30 ± 0.5 ). The maximum body length ( 19.25 ± 2.19) was found in T3. Similarly, the minimum body length (5.97 ± 2.94) was seen in T2. FCR ratio (2.36 ± 0.01 ) was recorded in T3. Simultaneously, FCR (1.86 ± 0.002 ) was also recorded in T4 that is the perfect ratio for farmers. Higher SGR was noted in T3 (1.62 ± 0.05 ). Overall, T4 showed lesser SGR (1.05 ± 0.001 ). T4 showed the higher crude protein ( 28.66 ± 0.24 % ). In the body composition higher level of fat content was recorded in T3 ( 5.46 ± 0.33 %). These outcomes also proved that the rise in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish's body crude fats and protein level. Thus, based on growth performance, survival and proximate composition. It is concluded that T3 and T4 may be recommended for commercial culture of L. rohita.

Evaluation of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Breeding Activities at the Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP) jepara

Cultivation of milkfish in Indonesia plays a central role in the fisheries sector, covering an expansive area of approximately 600,000 hectares and achieving a production of 621,393 tons in 2014. Milkfish-producing regions are distributed across various areas, including Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Java, employing diverse cultivation technologies. Milkfish holds a crucial role in meeting food needs and contributing to the economic well-being of communities. Despite the predominantly traditional cultivation practices, yielding between 500 kg to 1 ton per hectare per year, there are also semi-intensive cultivation methods with yields reaching 3 tons per hectare per year. The high demand for milkfish seeds necessitates optimal water quality and strict supervision, serving as decisive factors in attaining optimal production outcomes. This research aims to acquire knowledge and skills related to milkfish breeding techniques, particularly at the Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP) in Jepara. Data collection methods involve observation, active participation, and direct interviews. The results of this study indicate that the management of feed, broodstock maintenance, and feed management in milkfish breeding at BBPBAP Jepara are well-executed, supporting the success of milkfish breeding. The implications of this research can contribute positively to the development of milkfish cultivation techniques, focusing on milkfish breeding to achieve optimal production outcomes.

Enfoque ecosistémico del cultivo semiintensivo de Penaeus vannamei

The ecosystem approach to semi-intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei is crucial for understanding and managing water quality and planktonic communities in aquaculture systems. This study focuses on analyzing the interrelationship between structural and functional elements, using phytoplankton and zooplankton as bioindicators of water quality and trophic conditions. The objective is to provide detailed information on the dynamics of these communities in culture systems, which will improve survival, feed conversion and shrimp production. A systematic review was carried out using specific keywords in relevant scientific databases, which made it possible to collect updated and relevant information on the topic. The discussion focuses on the importance of phytoplankton as a primary producer, its influence on water quality and its role in the diet of shrimp. Recommendations for maintaining a beneficial balance of phytoplankton communities in cropping systems are detailed. Furthermore, the role of zooplankton as a crucial link in the food chain is analyzed, providing recommendations on the desirable amount of zooplankton in semi-intensive farming. Strategies to address challenges related to primary productivity and food chains in culture ponds are also discussed. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of the ecosystem approach in shrimp farming, underlining the need to understand and manage planktonic communities to achieve successful and sustainable aquaculture

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth, Survival and Production Performances of Clarias Batrachus Fry in Nursery Hapa Under Semi-intensive Culture System of Rajshahi University Campus, Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of stocking density on growth, survival and production performance of Clarias batrachus (Magur) fry using nursery hapa in experimental pond of Dept. of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi. The research was carried out for a period of three months from May to July, 2021 consisting of four treatments each with two replications. A total of eight hapa were prepared using net each having an area of 1.2 × 0.9 × 0.9 m3. Stocking density was maintained at the rate of 300, 350, 400 and 450 fry ∕ m3 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively where the mean initial weight of hatchling was 0.04±0.01 g. Different physico-chemical parameter of water were monitored fortnightly where the mean value of water temperature, water transparency, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, PH and NH3-N was observed 28.25±1.18°C, 26.12±0.18 cm, 8.44±0.45 mg/l, 1.78±0.03 mg/l, 6.88±0.04 and 0.007± 0.00 mg/l respectively. Except NH3-N no significant difference (p˃0.05) was found among the treatments and all the parameter were in suitable range for fry rearing. Highest mean final weight, weight gain, SGR (%/day), survival rate, along with lower FCR was found in T1 which was 8.00±0.13 g, 7.96±0.07 g, 5.65±0.00 (%/day) and 91±0.70 (%) respectively followed by T2, T3 and T4 where significant variation (p˂0.05) was found among them. Maximum net yield (kg/m3/90 days) was 2.51±0.07 which was obtained from T3 followed by 2.48±0.02, 2.37±0.02 and 2.20±0.05 in T4, T2 and T1. On the other hand, benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found significantly higher (p˂0.05) in T1 (0.73±0.01) than T2 (0.66 ±0.01), T3 (0.56±0.00) and T4 (0.43±0.02). The overall result indicated that a stocking density of 300 fry/m3 (T1) could be more profitable for Clarias batrachus fry rearing in nursery hapa. J. Bio-Sci. 31(1): 17-27, 2023

Effect of Water Transparency on the Growth of Black Tiger Shrimp,<I>Penaeus monodon</I>

The present study was carried out at "Shrimp Culture Pilot Project", Chandipur coast of Orissa, India, during 1995-1996 to study the role of water transparency on water quality and growth of Penaeus monodon under semi-intensive culture system. It was observed that satisfactory range of average daily growth (ADG) of P. monodon achieved when transparency ranged between 29-35 cm in winter and 30-45 cm in summer. Influence of water transparency on various stages of growth was highly significant (P < 0.01) under semi-intensive culture system. Irrespective of stocking density, high growth rate was mostly obtained during 60-100 days of culture when transparency ranged between 37 ± 8 cm. Growth rate was low at high and low transparency probably due to low nutrient content and high organic load with maximum daily fluctuation of pH (>1.0) and dissolved oxygen (8.1-10.6 mg/1), respectively.

Bacterial Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance Genes Associated with the Different Farming Systems of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Bangladesh

Microbial community inhabiting the intestine of the shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and their surrounding environments (e.g., water and sediment) is considered as a key contributing factor for the sustainable farming of shrimp. Indiscriminate application of antibiotics in aquaculture is a growing concern due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), more specifically the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The present study investigates the microbiome composition and 19 ARGs from four different shrimp farming systems; (i) cluster, (ii) extensive, (iii) semi-intensive, and (iv) improved extensive in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. In doing so, the study applied advanced 16S rRNA-based metagenomic sequencing to study the bacterial composition. Moreover, gene specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the ARGs in shrimp, water, and sediments of different farming systems. In the current study, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were predominant among the samples (n = 12) collected from the different farming systems followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria. Firmicutes was the predominant phylum in the gut of shrimp cultured in the cluster (relative abundance 53.33%) and semi-intensive (relative abundance 59.2%) culture systems. Results indicated that the bacterial community structure was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) distinct among gut, sediment, and water samples as well as the farming systems. The shared operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in the sediment sample (16,495) was nearly double than the gut (7,931) and water (8,513) bacterial communities. The improved extensive farming system showed 1,289 (11.05%) shared OTUs among gut, sediment, and water followed by semi-intensive (6.87%), cluster (6.27%), and extensive (5.46%) farming system. Among the tested ARGs, sul1, cat, gyrA(C), tetA, tetC, tetX, ere(A), vanR, and dfrA1 were predominant in water and sediment samples. Semi-intensive farming system had the highest prevalence of ARGs (21.05%) while the lowest prevalence was found in extensive (5.26%) farming system. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive scenario of bacterial composition and growing emergence of ARGs in shrimp farming of Bangladesh. Therefore, the production strategy must focus on the alternatives of antibiotic for shaping the shrimp cultivation technique more sustainable.

Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Gujarat: A Trend Analysis and Potential

This study was undertaken during 2022 in the Regional Research Center of ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Anand, Gujarat, India to study the present status and potential in the development of freshwater aquaculture in the state of Gujarat. The present seed production (2608.37 million fry) and Inland fish production (0.158 MT) in Gujarat is forecasted to reach 3100 million fry and 0.22 MT in 2030; 4600 million fry and 3.14 MT in 2050, respectively. The Regional Research station of ICAR-CIFA had contributed significantly in promoting aquaculture by imparting skill training and providing technical backup to fish farmers. Authors argue that in order to further develop freshwater aquaculture value chain, concerted efforts are required to disseminate technology packages for fish breeding and seed rearing, semi-intensive culture practices, diversified fish farming, scientific management (fish feed and nutrition, water quality and fish health), ornamental fish farming, pearl production and cluster-based fish farming. However, successful implementation of suggested points will be depending on the sustainable adaptive capacity of the freshwater aquaculture producers, entrepreneurs, strategies and planning of policy makers and line departments of various state departments, input dealers and buyers in the state of Gujarat. Hence, they need to be supported in terms of skill, policy and market towards establishing a vibrant fish value chain. Therefore, adoption of BMPs, nurturing entrepreneurs, aggregating farmers and strengthening extension services are recommended.

Farming Sparus aurata (Teleostei: Sparidae) in marsh ponds: trophic characterization and trace metal accumulation

Considering the overexploitation of fishing on most of the world coasts, the ingestion of fish and shellfish will depend mostly on aquaculture production. Since intensive mariculture usually involves environmental impact, developing sustainable cultures is a priority. In this sense, salt marshes can provide ecosystem services and incorporate both conservation and extensive aquaculture activities. In the present study we compared gilthead seabream Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758 cultured in extensive and semi-intensive marsh ponds with wild conspecifics from surrounding coastal areas, using trophic characterization (diet analysis and stable isotopes) and trace metal accumulation. Stomach content analysis revealed different feeding habits among gilthead seabream from different origin. Although wild specimens had the most diverse diet, results of stable isotopes showed that extensive diet had the wider isotopic niche and revealed the highest similarities between wild and extensively cultured gilthead seabream. A similar trace element signature was also measured in wild and extensive culture, whereas the semi-intensive culture showed different concentrations for several elements. Cr, Fe and Mn showed the highest concentrations in semi-intensive cultured fish, while As and Zn showed the lowest values in this group. In any case, average values measured in both extensive and semi-intensive culture were, in general terms, below the hazardous limits provided by the standards recommended for trace metals by national and international regulations. Therefore, marsh ponds provide a suitable environment where the cultured fish, especially extensive, should be promoted.

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity, growth performance, disease resistance and expression of growth and immune related genes among five different stocks of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

For the initiation of a genetic improvement program of any culturable fish species, the assessment of the genetic quality of different stocks is prerequisite. However, in Pakistan, such data of all culturable fish species including an indigenous Labeo rohita are lacking. Here, an attempt has been made to determine the genetic diversity among five different stocks of L. rohita using DNA barcoding with cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b genes and then compared their growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance. For the evaluation of growth performance, fingerlings of five different stocks; TH-S (Tawakkal Fish Hatchery Muzaffargarh), MCH-S (Government Fish Hatchery Mian Channu), RH-S (Rawal Fish hatchery Islamabad), SH-S (Farooqabad Fish Hatchery Sheikhupura), and MRH-S (Char Banda Fish Hatchery Mardan) across Pakistan were collected, PIT tagged, and reared in communal earthen ponds for 3 months under semi-intensive culture conditions. Similarly, for the evaluation of immunity and disease resistance, the environmental influence was minimized by conducting experiments under control conditions and challenging with Staphylococcus aureus. The results of both DNA barcoding markers indicated the significant level of genetic difference among different stocks, as clades in the phylogenetic trees clearly separated five stocks. The growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance data also revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences among them, as TH-S followed by MCH-S showed the highest growth performance in term of weight gain, specific growth rate, and the expression of Insulin like growth factor II (IGF II) and Preproghrelin genes in muscle and liver tissues compared to other strains. The post-challenge survival (%), and the expression of immune-related genes, i.e., Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF), Complement component (C9), Hepcidin, and Transferrin genes also showed a similar trend among strains. The overall results indicated the genetic variability and variation in growth performance and disease resistance among different stocks of L. rohita collected from different hatcheries. Based on the results, it seems that TH-S has more vigor in terms of growth rate and disease resistance.

Comparative Analysis of the Economic Viability between Integrated and Conventional Production in Semi-Intensive Shrimp Farming of Litopenaeus vannamei in Brazil

We performed simulations to analyse the economic viability between conventional production (CP) and integrated production (IP) regimes of marine shrimp in ponds under semi-intensive culture in Brazil. The structural and operational characteristics of CP and the zootechnical parameters associated with shrimp production, were defined based on a systematic literature review through the application of the PRISMA method. The structural and operational characteristics, management strategies and zootechnical parameters of integrated production were estimated based on the principles and practices determined by Brazilian legislation and IP international concepts applied for shrimp farming presented in the technical and scientific literature. Comparisons between economic and financial viability of CP and IP were performed through the diagnosis (inventory) of the activities, processes, equipment and inputs that compose the operation of a hypothetical semi-intensive shrimp pond farm. In addition to the cash flows prepared for the two scenarios, the net present value (NPV), gross revenue (GR), operational profit (OP), payback (PB), benefit/cost (B/C) and internal rate of return (IRR) of the CP and IP were estimated. Implementation of specific technical standards (STS) represented the highest costs. The NPV of the CP was USD 758,147.70 and of the IP was USD 97,452.54. The GR was USD 545,2565.00 for CP and USD 364,422.24 for PI. The PF estimated for the CP was USD 217,300.56, whereas that for IP was USD 68,416.72. The PB was estimated for one year for both scenarios. The B/C ratio was 1.66 for CP and 1.23 for IP. The IRR values for CP and IP were 35% and 7%, respectively. IP presented lower economic and financial indicators than those of CP. The results obtained here may be useful as a starting point for the reduction of economic differences between conventional and integrated ventures and for the feasibility of integrated production in shrimp farming.

Effects of Various Doses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the Growth, Survival Rate, and Blood Profile of Saline Red Tilapia (Oreochromisspp.) in the Semi-Intensive Culture Conditions

The availability of good feeding on fish performance is needed to improve the poor aquaculture condition. The study examines the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on the growth, survival rate, and blood profile of saline red tilapia in the semi-intensive culture. Sixty saline red tilapia (4.58 ± 0.09 g) were divided into five groups and received standard feed with supplementation of S. cerevisiae at different doses: (A-E) 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg feed. S. cerevisiae was sprayed onto the feed and given to fish three times/day for 49 days. The efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), feed conversion ratio (FCR), the protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate (SR), and blood profiles were examined. The water quality parameters were also evaluated, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and salinity. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the Duncan test. The supplementation of 10 g/kg S. cerevisiae could significantly (p&lt;0.05) increase EFU (85.13%), PER (3.76), RGR (4.53%), and survival rate (97.53%), and decrease FCR (1.42) of the saline red tilapia. All doses of S. cerevisiae significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased the number of hematocytes (34.68, 35.96, 34.14, and 34.52%, respectively) and hemoglobin (12.98, 13.58, 12.73, and 12.67%, respectively) of fish. The highest number of erythrocytes and leucocytes was found in dose 10 g/kg feed. All water parameters were stable during the study. Therefore, S. cerevisiae can be used as a feed supplement for red tilapia fish to increase the growth, survival rate, and blood profile of the saline red tilapia.

Determining the efficacy of ginger Zingiber officinale as a potential nutraceutical agent for boosting growth performance and health status of Labeo rohita reared in a semi-intensive culture system

A 120-day feeding trial was conducted in a pilot field setting to study the nutraceutical properties of ginger powder (GP), focusing on the growth performance and health status of Indian major carp L. rohita reared under a semi-intensive culture system. L. rohita fingerlings (average weight: 20.5 g) were divided into five groups and fed a diet with no GP supplementation (control), or a diet supplemented with GP at 5 g (GP5), 10 g (GP10), 15 g (GP15), and 20 g (GP20) per kg of feed. The study was carried out in outdoor tanks (20 m2) following a complete randomized design with three replicates for each experimental group. Dietary supplementation of GP at 15 g·kg−1 (GP15) of feed caused a significant increase in the growth performances of the fish. Results also showed that feeding of GP15 diet led to a significant improvement in the health status of fish as indicated by a marked change in the tested haematological indices (i.e., higher RBC, WBC, Hb, and Ht values), oxidative status (increased SOD and decreased LPO levels), biochemical parameters (increased HDL, decreased cholesterol, and triglycerides levels), and activities of the liver enzymes (decreased AST and ALT). Overall results suggested that dietary supplementation of GP could positively influence the growth and health status of L. rohita fingerlings, and hence could be an important natural nutraceutical for sustainable farming of carp.

Analysis of organic waste loading (total suspended solid) from shrimp culture activity in mangara bombang coastal area – South Sulawesi Province

The aims of this research is to analysis of organic waste (Total Suspended Solid) loading from shrimp culture activity are to Intensive, Semi Intensive, dan Traditional Plus. The methods employed in the research are; (i) field survei for shrimp culture technology and feed management applied in Mangara Bombang coastal area; (ii) Estimated Waste Organic Loading (Total Suspended Solid) based on Using Feed. Results of analysis to intensive shrimp culture (126 shrimp/m2), intensive shrimp culture (50 shrimp/m2), semi intensive shrimp culture (25 shrimp/m2), and traditional plus shrimp culture (8 shrimp/m2) show that generated for used feed are 10.058,25 kg/hectare, 2.789,54 kg/hectare, 1.681,4 kg/hectare, and 658,67 kg/hectare. While waste organic loading (Total Suspended Solid) obtained the generated are 9228.519 kg TSS/hectare, 2387.462 kg TSS/hectare, 1155.287 kg TSS/hectare, and 487.90 kg TSS/hectare.

Oral feed-based administration of Lactobacillus plantarum enhances growth, haematological and immunological responses in Cyprinus carpio

The effect of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum isolate FLB1) on the immunological responses of Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) was tested in a feeding trial. Fingerlings were divided into five treatment groups and fed with graded probiotic diets [@ 0 (T1), 106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g (T2), 107 CFU/g (T3), 108 CFU/g (T4), and 109 CFU/g (T5) of test meal] in triplicate. Fish fed probiotic supplemented diets had significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance, haematological parameters, blood Haemoglobin (Hb), Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV)/ Hematocrit (Ht), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), with the greatest improvement in the treatment T5. Significant (P < 0.05) increase in total serum protein and globulin, as well as lower Albumin (Alb)/ Globulin (Glb) ratio values were also reported. These values indicated the overall improvements in non-specific immune markers. In all the probiotic fed fish groups, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced values of blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, Triglycerides (TG), and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) were observed. Increased numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were detected in the gastrointestinal tract of probiotic-fed groups indicating the viability and survival of L. plantarum in the fish gut. The results showed that supplementing the diet with L. plantarum @ 109CFU/g feed during the growth period of the fish in a semi-intensive culture system could improve growth and health status of C. carpio.

Choline Chloride Induces Growth Performance of Indian Major Carps and Air-Breathing Fish Species with an Outcome of Quality Food-Fish under a Semi-Intensive Culture System: A Biochemical Investigation.

The present study was intended to determine the possible influences of direct field application of choline chloride into pond water in addition to farm-made-aqua-feed under a semi-intensive culture system on the growth and biochemical parameters of two Indian major carps (IMCs), Catla catla (Catla) and Labeo rohita (Rahu), and two air-breathing species, Clarias batrachus (Magur) and Anabas testudineus (Koi), cultured in a ratio of 2:5:1:1 (Catla/Rahu/Magur/Koi) in three experimental ponds for a period of 90 days during the breeding season (June to August). Results were compared with control (C: fed only with farm-made-aqua-feed) and treatment (T: P1 and P2: farm-made-aqua-feed plus choline chloride into pond water directly at the rate of 350 g bigha–1 fortnightly or 350 g per 1600 square meter fortnightly). A significant increasing trend was observed in the growth parameters including total length-final (TLF), standard length-final (SLF), mean weight-final (MWF), % gain of mean total length (MTL), % gain of mean standard length (MSL), % weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) % per day, and survivability %. However, a reverse pattern was noticed in the food conversion ratio (FCR) both in IMCs and air-breathing fish species under choline supplementation. Serum biochemical responses, e.g., total protein (PRO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (GLU), and calcium (Ca) showed significant enhancement, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), cholesterol (CHOLES), and triglycerides (Trig) showed gradual significant reduction during the breeding season under choline exposure. Treated fishes showed prevention from liver dysfunction and fatty liver formation, and increased body crude protein content. Results indicated favorable growth and yield, which may benefit fish farmers during their culture practices, and the output fish species under choline supplementation resulted in quality food-fish for human consumption.

ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPARATIVE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) AT DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES

This study was intended to assess the comparative growth and production performance in relation to different stocking densities to have better understanding on the consecutive growth 3 trends. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry was released at the rate of 8 fry per tank (1m 3) as per the recommended stocking density of 320 fishes/decimal and 4 fry per tank equivalent to the stocking density of 160 fishes/decimal in intensive (T1 ) and semi-intensive (T2 ) aquaculture system, 1 2 respectively. Floating feed was used to evaluate the growth performance during the experimental period for T1 and T2 , respectively. There were six replications for each treatment. The feed was 1 2 supplied at the rate of 20%, 15%, and 10% of the body weight during the study period of 90 days. The weight gains of fish were 132.23±1.29 and 63.12±4.97g for T1 and T2 respectively. Feed conversion 1 2, ratio (FCR) in T1 and T2 were 2.43±0.18 and 2.13±0.20, respectively. Higher total production was 1 2 obtained in T1 (1119.52 g) than T2 (830.96 g) with 100% survival in both the treatments. The present 1 2 study indicates that, the production performance acquired higher in T1 having significant difference 1 compared to T2 and the intensive culture of Tilapia is more rational for getting more production in 2 relation to semi-intensive culture.

Bioindicators of the constants of homeostasis of the internal environment of crustaceans, cultured in different environmental conditions for the purpose of obtaining commodity products

The study of the composition and properties of the internal environment (hemolymph) of crustaceans grown in various conditions has an important ecological and physiological aspect, since a number of characteristics of the physiological status of objects can be used to assess the state of the environment, thus, they can be included in the number of bioindicators. However, the nature of the observed differences between objects grown under different conditions, the features of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms and the limits of the reference values of individual homeostasis constants are often not known. To formulate recommendations regarding the technological process of growing objects of warm-water aquaculture, taking into account the assessment of environmental conditions in dynamics through the analysis of indicators of the state of individuals — bioindicators — it is necessary to compare the state of individuals kept in different conditions. The object of the study was the Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868), cultivated under various conditions of intensive and semi-intensive cultivation. The studies have revealed that throughout the entire period of cultivation, individuals grown in ponds retained a high level of total protein, cholesterol and β-lipoproteins, in contrast to crayfish cultivated in pools. The values of these indicators as bioindicators indicate a high degree of compliance of the growing conditions with the needs of the studied object. Comparative assessment of fluctuations in the ratio of hemolymph shaped elements in the hemocyte composition between cancers grown under different conditions did not reveal significant differences. It was found that significantly higher growth rates are characteristic of crayfish grown in ponds, in contrast to the group of individuals cultivated in pools. The comparative analysis of bioindicators in different growing conditions presented by the authors of the article supplements information that is of significant interest for monitoring the growing conditions of this representative of warm water aquaculture, which will be valuable for specialists engaged in crustacean breeding.

High protein krill meal as a tool to optimize low cost formulas for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei diets farmed under semi-intensive conditions

ABSTRACT To investigate the potential of high-protein krill meal (HPK) to improve growth in low-cost diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), a commercial control and a 3% HPK diet were compared. To simulate a semi-intensive culture system, a total of 4,500 shrimp with a body weight (BW) of 3.07 ± 0.01 g were stocked with 25 animals/m2 in 20 cages in a 2.16-ha pond. After 60 days of rearing, the 3% HPK diet achieved a significantly higher yield (22,094.0 ± 130.35 g/cage) in comparison to the control diet (19,301.6 ± 272.28 g/cage) (P < 0.05). When the feed cost per kg shrimp produced was compared, it was significantly lower in the 3% HPK group (US$1.01/kg shrimp) when compared to the control group (US$1.11/kg shrimp). The results indicate that low feeding cost diets can profit from the partial replacement of fish meal by HPK to optimize shrimp growth performance without increasing formula cost.