Semi-industrial Scale Research Articles

Study of the Plasticization Effect of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate in TPS/PVA Biodegradable Blends Produced by Melt-Mixing.

The first step towards the production and marketing of bioplastics based on renewable and sustainable materials is to know their behavior at a semi-industrial scale. For this reason, in this work, the properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films plasticized by a green solvent, as the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim+][Ac-]) ionic liquid, produced by melt-mixing were studied. These blends were prepared with a different content of [Emim+][Ac-] (27.5-42.5 %wt.) as a unique plasticizer. According to the results, this ionic liquid is an excellent plasticizer due to the transformation of the crystalline structure of the starch to an amorphous state, the increase in flexibility, and the drop in Tg, as the [Emim+][Ac-] amount increases. These findings show that the properties of these biomaterials could be modified in the function of [Emim+][Ac-] content in the formulations of TPS, depending on their final use, thus becoming a functional alternative to conventional polymers.

Induced Pre-Saturation Tower: A Technological Innovation for Oily Water Treatment in Semi-Industrial Scale

In this work, an induced pre-saturation tower (IPST) for oil–water separation was built on a semi-industrial scale, based on experimental results obtained on a laboratory scale prototype. The main strategy for generating these criteria was to increase the efficiency of the bench scale prototype, which is limited by conditions of low levels of automation and control, with the use of a biosurfactant as an auxiliary collector. The validation of the developed criteria allowed the construction of an IPST with three stages, all fed with previously saturated effluents. The IPST was built in stainless steel, with multistage centrifugal pumps and adapted to generate microbubbles without the use of saturation tanks or compressors. The most relevant operational parameters were selected using a fractional factorial design, while a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) followed by the application of the desirability function allowed to optimize the conditions for partial and global variables, the latter with desirability of 95%. A nominal flow rate of approximately 1000 L·h−1, a recycle flow rate of 450 L·h−1, a scraper rotation speed of 80 rpm, an average pressure of the microbubble pumps of 11 bar, and an effluent temperature from IPST of about 38 °C ensured optimized operation for the proposed technological development.

A semi-industrial AnMBR plant for urban wastewater treatment at ambient temperature: Analysis of the filtration process, energy balance and quantification of GHG emissions

A semi-industrial scale AnMBR urban wastewater treatment plant was operated for 580 days at ambient temperature (ranging from 10 to 30 ○C) to assess its long-term filtration performance, energy balance and GHG emissions. The applied 20ºC-standardized transmembrane flux (J20) was varied between 15 and 25 LMH and the specific gas demand per m2 of membrane (SGDm) was modified between 0.10 and 0.40 Nm3·m−2·h−1 (corresponding to a specific gas demand per permeate volume (SGDP) between 10 and 20 Nm3·m−3). The filtration strategy allowed successful long-term operations without any chemical cleaning requirements and little fouling for 233 days. The plant operated as a net energy producer for more than 50 % of the experimental period, with an average net energy demand of − 0.169 ± 0.341, − 0.190 ± 0.376 and − 0.205 ± 0.447 kWh·m−3, considering 0 %, 50 % and 70 % of dissolved methane recovery, respectively. Finally, demethanization of AnMBR effluent is needed to achieve an environmentally sustainable operation of the technology. Therefore, the combination of AnMBR with degassing membranes appears as a suitable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.

Assessment of heavy metals removal in a wastewater using aquatic ferns

Aquatic ferns, which due to their rapid growth on the surface of the water in aquatic areas in many countries as an invasive species threaten the aquatic life and ecosystem of the regions, have the ability to remove heavy metals in wastewater. In this study, their use in removal of existing heavy metals in a domestic wastewater was experimented and the results proved their remarkable efficiency in treating such a wastewater. This research was conducted in two steps; laboratory and semi-industrial. Applying a jar testing apparatus was the first attempt in laboratory scale and optimization of the following four different factors by a routine procedure was the further goal: pH-value, reaction time, absorbent, pollutant concentration. Afterwards, it was scaled up by a real wastewater and removal efficiency was evaluated under optimum conditions designed by the basic experiments. In the second stage, the reactor was designed and constructed on a semi-industrial scale and the removal rate of contaminated metals was achieved. Focusing on the energy efficiency after the heavy metal removal in this method in comparison with another method (active sludge) can be considered to be suggested for treating domestic wastewaters which include considerable contents of heavy metals.

Clinique Vestimentaire

Today, the two techniques for designing and making clothes are generally opposed to each other: made-to-measure and ready-to-wear. While the latter imposes a size category and requires the individual to adapt, the former is adapted to the person. The research involved in Jeanne Vicerial's Clinique vestimentaire merges the two approaches, converging to form new systems for the design and making of clothes, creating a new paradigm: “ready-to-measure.” This model combines the speed of ready-to-wear with the unique, specific nature of made-to-measure, in which the clothing-object is connected to the body of the person who wears it. This system of designing and making clothes is based on a new approach to composing thread, partly “bio-inspired”: tricotissage, or “knitting-weaving,” between knitting—a single thread—and weaving, which enables the creation of a textile, assembled in a similar way to human muscular tissue. In collaboration with the mechatronics department at MINES ParisTech - PSL, led by Yvon Gaignebet, the Clinique vestimentaire research project has developed a prototype knitting-weaving machine. A tool for creation and production, the unit is a computer-driven mechanical system for knitting-weaving made-to measure clothing at a semi-industrial scale with no waste. Dialogue begins with the first encounter with the customer for taking measurements, through verbal communication (consciously expressed desires and sensations) but also non-verbal communication (postures and behavior). Measures that take into account not only anatomical considerations but also anthropological, physiological, and psycho-sociological elements. The production of the garment by the knitting-weaving table is then done according to the body's dimensions translated and interpreted digitally and electronically. During the production process, manual interactions remain possible for adjustments; the machine is also a tool and leaves room for interventions, reviving the classic interactions of the craft. A digital craft with the ultimate goal of designing a custom garment, without remnants, with a know-how focused on the precision of the "cut" and assembly, and delivering personalized clothing with and for the customer. More recently, Sculptures vestimentaires continues this research, aiming to give women their place and voice with regards to fashion, norms, and sizing. More recently, Quarantaine is a formal and visual response to the health crisis, at a time when closing and distancing are the order of the day. A work is being created every day for 40 days using the only body available—the confined body of its author.

Comparison of ultrasonic and other atomization methods in metal powder production

The results showed that the UA powder has a finer average particle size with a narrower statistical distribution of particles than those made by the GA method. Because the UA powder has a higher sphericity and lower porosity, Generally, UA offers better-quality powders in terms of properties such as higher tap density, better flowability and low oxygen content.Ultrasonic atomization (UA) with melting raw material by an electric arc. Characterisation of the powders: particle size distribution (PSD), density, and flowability were carried out. Other parameters, such as microstructure, deviation in the chemical composition and powder surface morphology, were also investigated.The results showed that the UA powder has a finer average particle size with a narrower statistical distribution of particles than those made by the GA method. Because the UA powder has a higher sphericity and lower porosity, Generally, UA offers better-quality powders in terms of properties such as higher tap density, better flowability and low oxygen content.As an example of semi-industrial scale application of the UA system, the Ti6Al4V and TiAl powders were produced after remelting the wire. The UA system is commercially available for processing any metallic material.The test campaign results showed that the Ti6Al4V powder produced by the ultrasonic atomisation has a similar or better quality as those available from large-scale gas atomisation plants.The new method of UA powder production was analysed in terms of key powder parameters. The properties of the titanium-based powder produced this way were analysed with a view to future applications.

Eulerian computational fluidisation modelling using OpenFOAM applied to a semi-industrial fluidised bed reactor and pilot plant application

Simulations of a fluidised bed reactor for gasification of municipal solid refuse-derived fuel were performed using OpenFOAM software. Firstly, evaluation was made of a simplified gas-solid two-phase model, considering sand and air as the components, according to a transient Eulerian-Eulerian approach. A scale-up study was also performed to obtain thermal-fluid dynamic parameters. Then, a real dimensions non-reacting model was developed, based on the experimental information from a semi-industrial gasification plant with capacity for processing 7.1 t day−1 of municipal refuse-derived fuel, producing 16.9 t day−1 of syngas. The fluidising regime was mapped for different inlet conditions, at 1,123 K, with air velocities ranging from 0.01 to 1.25 m s−1, and the continuous operation of the reactor was analysed, where in the solid particles packing remained at approximately 88% from maximum, with bed height of 2.05 m. The results were in good agreement with data available in the scientific literature, and the computational model was able to provide consistent results when compared to the experimental information for the semi-industrial reactor. The authors’ major remark was the hability of this computational model in obtaining consistent results from simulations of the semi-industrial scale reactor, with good prediction of the internal fluid dynamics characteristics.

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Seeds-A Valuable Byproduct for Further Processing.

The rational exploitation of byproducts is important from the point of view of their potential applicability in various fields. In this study, the possibility of further processing of blackcurrant seeds (BCs), which are a byproduct of fruit processing, was investigated. BCs were used as a material for the extraction of oil on a semi-industrial scale, and the residues were assessed in terms of their potential application in skin care products. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 at pressures of 230 and 330 bar and extraction temperature of 40 °C was exploited for isolation of oil, and the products were characterised taking into account lipophilic constituents. After 120 min, the oil yields were 19.67% and 20.94% using CO2 at 230 and 330 bar, respectively, which showed that SFE was an effective method on a semi-industrial scale, taking into account the extraction yield. The oils had similar fatty acid compositions with a high percentage of linoleic acid (ca. 43%); however, tocopherols and carotenoids were most abundant in the oil obtained at 230 bar. It was also found that the composition of the SFE oils was comparable with that of cold-pressed oil, which shows that supercritical fluid extraction provides a high-quality product; therefore, it can be an alternative to cold pressing. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of the extracts from the oil isolation residues were established using UPLC-MS, and the impact of the extracts on human skin fibroblasts was assessed using the MTT and NR assays. The quantitative analysis revealed that the residues contained high amounts of polyphenolic acids, including gallic, protocatechuic, and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, as well as flavonoids, especially quercetin and kaempferol glucoside. Moreover, it was found that the extracts were nontoxic and exerted a stimulatory effect on cell metabolism. Therefore, they can be a valuable additive to natural plant-based cosmetics. Our results showed that blackcurrant seeds, regarded as a byproduct, can be a valuable material for further use.

Development of evaporation technique for concentrating lead acid wastewater from the battery recycling plant, by nanocomposite ceramic substrates and solar/wind energy

Wastewater from car battery recycling plants contains lead ions. This acidic wastewater was treated by the solar steam generation method. In this research, a light porous ceramic substrate (PCS) was made based on clay, human hair, and nano-hydroxyapatite. The physical and chemical characteristics of this PCS were identified by SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, and TGA. The high porosity in PCSs was created due to the removal of human hair in the calcination process inside the furnace. Microchannels with capillarity and hydrophilicity of nano-hydroxyapatite quickly pump water molecules to the surface of PCSs. The wastewater treatment process was carried out on two laboratory and semi-industrial scales. The temperature of the surface of the PCSs reached 70 °C in less than 60 min with the radiant heat transfer mechanism, and the water molecules were evaporated with an evaporation rate and thermal conversion efficiency were 9.22 Kgm−2h−2 and 90%, respectively. The wind blew the vapor away from the system and the rate of evaporation increased. PCSs had the ability to regenerate after several consecutive cycles.

Optimization of ultrasound pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw: From lab to semi-industrial scale

In this paper, the dominance of the physical effects of ultrasound (US) pretreatment in improving the delignification of wheat straw at a 1:20 solid/liquid (biomass/water) ratio is reported showing low-frequency/high power (25 kHz, 2 or 3 kW) as preferred conditions. The sonochemical pretreatment with alkali was identified as an optimal method to make the cellulose more susceptible to further enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby increasing the yield of soluble sugars. Previous bench-scale studies have shown that US pretreatment has a positive effect on delignification, nevertheless this has not yet been demonstrated on a larger scale. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of US pretreatment for wheat straw delignification from lab to semi-industrial scale (40 kg biomass) in terms of sugar yield and energy efficiency. A 59.2% of lignin removal was recorded after the cavitational treatment of wheat straw with a subsequent 68 ± 5.7% yield in terms of enzymatic hydrolysis (52.6% glucose, 42.9% xylose and 4.5% arabinose).It was demonstrated that the positive effect of US alkali pretreatment of wheat straw on sugar yield was due to a combination of factors, including (i) an easier accessibility of the biomass carbohydrate network to enzymes due to the increased wheat straw porosity, (ii) the partial removal of lignin, which increases the relative proportion of carbohydrates in the treated biomass, and (iii) the disordering (amorphization) of the cellulose structure, which promotes carbohydrate hydrolysis as well as saponification of the acetyl groups in the hemicellulose. With respect to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Cost Benefit Analysis the US pretreatment process herein reported was compared to an alternative Steam Explosion pretreatment. The results of the LCA analysis showed, that for all five environmental categories (energy consumption, global warming potential, water and fossil depletion, and the land occupation) the US pretreatment has advantages in comparison with the standard industrial Steam Explosion pretreatment.

Biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil in blends with ultra-low sulphur diesel and its spray macroscopic properties under split injection strategy

There is a significant interest to evaluate alternative injection strategies in order to improve the performance of biofuels and its blends in internal combustion engines as a way to decarbonize the transport sector, particularly in high potence demand niche. Biodiesel is the renewable analogue for petroleum diesel but the performance assessment of its blends from related to their spray macroscopical properties is scarce in the literature. This article evaluates the effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel (WCO) produced at semi-industrial scale in blends (B05, B10, B20) with commercial Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) on the fuel spray macroscopic properties such as penetration, angle, and area when a split injection strategy is used in a constant volume chamber under non-reactive and evaporative conditions using an injection and back pressure of 120 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively. These results were analysed in conjunction with relevant physicochemical properties of the fuels to identify the optimum diesel-WCO biodiesel blend, that could be implemented in a conventional diesel engine. It was observed that the increase of density and viscosity directly influences spray tip penetration, whereas surface tension affects spray angle. The values of spray penetration and spray area of all fuels during the second injection were higher than those of the first injection. Accordingly, the first injection event provokes an improvement mixing process of the second injection event in all cases. The values of spray penetration and area corresponding to B10 and B20 were higher than those of B5 and ULSD in both injection events at all times. Therefore, the split injection could be an effective strategy to improve the mixing process of biodiesel blends as well as the efficiency and emission performance in conventional diesel engines.

Effects of combining high power ultrasound and enological enzymes on the composition of polysaccharides in red wine

In this work different oenological techniques, used at semi-industrial scale, were applied for their effect of deconstructing the polysaccharide network of the cells of the grape during the maceration: high-power ultrasound (US), a new technique recently introduced in the wine industry, and other conventional ones, such as the addition of pectolytic enzymes (E). The objective was to study if the combined effect of US and E, used at the moment of crushing, had a synergistic effect on the content of polysaccharides in red wines, compared to red wines made with the techniques applied separately. The timing of enzyme addition, maceration time and the ripening state of the grapes were the studied variables. Ultrasound treatment showed a greater effect than enological enzymes when used alone, especially when the ripest grapes were employed. The results also indicated that the combined treatment, regardless of the order of enzyme addition, did not improve the release of grape polysaccharides into the wine. Sonication maintained the same profile of polysaccharides than the control wine. The study demonstrated that sonication treatment increased the content of polysaccharides from the grapes into the wines, allowing a reduction of the maceration time.

Membrane Separation Used as Treatment of Alkaline Wastewater from a Maritime Scrubber Unit.

Since 1 January 2020, the sulfur content allowed in exhaust gas plume generated by marine vessels decreased to 0.5% m/m. To be compliant, a hybrid scrubber was installed on-board, working in closed loop and generating a high volume of alkaline wastewater. The alkaline water suspension was treated by a silicon carbide multitubular membrane to remove pollutants, and to allow the water discharge into the natural environment. In this paper, membrane filtration behavior was analyzed for the maritime scrubber wastewater. A range of operating parameters were obtained for several feedwater quality-respecting industrial constraints. The objective was an improvement of (I) the water recovery rate, (II) the filtration duration, and (III) the permeate quality. Thus, in high-fouling water, a low permeate flow (60 L h−1 m−2) with frequent backflushing (every 20 min) was used to maintain membrane performance over time. In terms of water quality, the suspended solids and heavy metals were retained at more than 99% and 90%, respectively. Other seawater discharge criteria in terms of suspended solids concentration, pH, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were validated. The recommended operating conditions from laboratory study at semi-industrial scale were then implemented on a vessel in real navigation conditions with results in agreement with expectations.

Solar drying Technologies: A review and future research directions with a focus on agroindustrial applications in medium and large scale

• Design, integration schemes, and economic analysis of Solar Dryer were discussed. • The most important works about industrial Solar Dryer were classified and tabulated. • The current state of the art and future development of Solar Dryers were presented. • Loads greater than 90 kg of fresh food or solar collection areas greater than 30 m 2 was analyzed. • Industrial drying literature was reviewed to identify opportunities for integrating solar thermal technologies. The food industry accounts for approximately 30% of global energy consumption. In addition, food-processing activities contribute almost 26% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Dehydration is an energy-intensive unit operation, and most foods require drying, at least partially, at some stage of processing. Solar food drying can help sustainable energy supply and contributes to the solution of environmental degradation problems. This review focuses on medium and large-capacity solar drying systems, some challenges for their implementation in the agro-industrial sector, and the analysis of the integration schemes of solar thermal systems to the most common drying processes in the agroindustry. A systematic information search was carried out by analyzing four reviews on industrial solar drying and more than 50 articles on medium to large scale solar food drying (i.e., fresh product load greater than 90 kg or solar collection area greater than 30 m 2 ); from 1991 to date. The solar technology with thermal convection systems is mature for industrial food drying on an industrial and semi-industrial scale. There is a niche opportunity to produce industrial size systems for small and medium producers, which can incorporate added value to their production.

Selection of the most productive nutrient media for the cultivation of predatory nematodes

Modes of mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from various habitats of Akmola and Pavlodar regions were tested. As a result of the selection of nutrient media and cultivation conditions of entomopathogenic nematodes, the largest populations of nematodes (more than 100,000 young individuals/ml) were obtained on medium C11 containing yeast extract (23 g/l), egg yolk (13.5 g/l), and corn extract (40 g/l). On the 20th day of cultivation, the maximum concentration of viable nematodes was reached (123 856, 127 572, and 122 469 nematodes/ml for isolates AF 29, AF 57, and KP 76, respectively), which was maintained until the end of the experiments. During the process, the initial concentration of nematodes increased by more than 2 orders of magnitude. When working out the modes of mass production of nematodes on a semi-industrial scale, the populations of isolates AF 29, AF 57, and KP 76 in media amounted to 122 754, 131 784, and 126 521 nematodes per ml. The total volume of the resulting preparation was 50 liters. The obtained results are applicable in crop production in the fight against potato pests. \

Production of a Novel Biomedical β-Type Titanium Alloy Ti-23.6Nb-5.1Mo-6.7Zr with Low Young’s Modulus

Metastable β titanium alloys are developed for biomedical applications due to their low Young’s moduli and functional properties. These alloys can be fitted to different parts of orthopedic implants through thermomechanical processing and chemical composition control. This study aimed to produce, process, and characterize a new metastable β titanium Ti-23.6Nb-5.1Mo-6.7Zr alloy on a semi-industrial scale for orthopedic implant manufacturing, and to discuss the influence of the cold rolling and transformed phases during aging in the microstructure and mechanical properties. This alloy was produced in a vacuum arc remelting furnace (VAR) and thermomechanically processed under different conditions. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, optical, and scanning electron microscopy, and Young’s modulus (YM) and Vickers Hardness (HV) tests. Among other processing conditions, the sample that was 50% cold rolled after solution treatment, which resulted in a microstructure with β and α″ phases, had the lowest YM (~57 GPa), and the sample aged at 300 °C for 2 h had the highest HV/YM ratio (5.42). The new alloy produced in this work, processed by different routes, showed better mechanical properties than most recently developed metastable Ti-β Alloys.

Closed die forging of a Mg–Al–Ca–Mn–Zn lean alloy

The intensifying search for light weighting possibilities in transportation have repeatedly brought attention on wrought Mg alloys. While various alloys have been investigated a trend in development towards heat treatable Mg alloys with low alloying content has been noticeable. Investigations on wrought alloys are done predominantly by extrusion or rolling, but not by forging. As forgings are an indispensable part in structural components used today, it is important to gain an in depth understanding of the interaction between material, forming process and heat treatments of forged parts.In this study, the forging process of a piston rod using an age-hardenable lean Mg alloy AXMZ1000 is investigated on a semi-industrial scale, comparing two different stock materials: cast and homogenized versus extruded forging material. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties during the production process are analyzed and assessed. Comparable microstructures are obtained with both starting materials. The mechanical properties achieved are slightly better with extruded feedstock than with the cast counterpart, but are at a satisfactory level comparable to extruded or rolled components made of similar alloys.

Performance of a percolation reactor integrated to solid-state anaerobic garage-type digesters with leachate recirculation for organic fraction of municipal solid waste treatment

Solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) systems have been used for the sustainable treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Unlike previous reports considering lab-scale SSAD systems as a unique system, the present study aims to deeper evaluate only the complementary percolation reactor (PR) integrated into the first semi-industrial scale SSAD system in Latin America. An innovative methodology was developed based on the probability function analysis of the monitoring data with target values reported in the literature and a linear correlation matrix to address the relation between different operating parameters. The results indicate that under a maximum organic loading rate of 1.9 kg VS.m−3.d−1, PR achieved a VS removal efficiency of 56 %, producing a highly stabilized inoculum (VS/TS ratio of 0.43). A maximum methane yield of 0.06 m3 CH4.kg VS−1removed and biogas CH4 content up to 76.5 % were reached during the long-term operation of 730 days.

Experimental study of the parametric impact on size growth of maltodextrin particles in counter-current spray dryer

Spray drying is closely related to the final product quality as it is mostly the last unit operation in the processing line. Counter-current spray drying experiments are relatively difficult to perform and due to this reason limited data is available. In this study, extensive experimental data is analyzed and results are presented. To better understand and optimize the performance of the spray dryer, an analysis of the final product received from 45 experimental runs of counter-current drying of maltodextrin solution was performed to check for the dependency of product properties on operating conditions. Effects of varying degrees of drying air swirl, atomizing nozzle gas-to-liquid ratios (GLR), the position of the nozzle with respect to drying air inlet, and power input for drying were analyzed. An optical measurement technique was used to measure the particle size distribution, velocity, and direction of motion. Samples were collected and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken to analyze the particle morphology. Hollow spherical particles with thin crust were generated. Puffing and agglomeration were observed to be the phenomena that contributed to the increase in particle size, however the impact of puffing was found to be marginal. The results proved a strong dependency of the counter-current spray drying process on nozzle spray parameters and its position in the tower. The moisture content of the product showed a strong negative correlation with the temperature of the drying medium. • 45 experiments carried out in semi-industrial scale counter-current spray dryers using maltodextrin. • Impact of each operational parameter on product properties was calculated using the Pearson correlation factor. • Gas-to-Liquid ratio of the slurry at the nozzle had the highest impact on the final product. • Smaller droplets dry quicker and do not agglomerate as often as larger droplets. • Larger particles obtained had lower sphericity, indicating the formation of agglomerates.

The effect of equipment design and process scale-up on supercritical CO2 extraction: Case study for Silybum marianum seeds

The present study was focused on improving the supercritical fluid extraction process dedicated to the recovery of highly valuable extract from Silybum marianum seeds. At first, the process was tested using supercritical CO2 at temperatures of 40 and 80 °C and pressures ranging from 100 to 300 bar. Obtained values were described using two literature models with acceptable agreement of experimental and calculated data. Further, the effect of the equipment design and process scale-up was investigated in four high-pressure units having volumes in the range from 280 mL to 40 L resulting in extraction yields up to 26 %. Based on the values of the parameters determined at the laboratory scale, the extraction process was successfully transferred to a semi-industrial scale. Finally, estimated costs for supercritical extract production in Poland for the year 2021 using a 1000 L high-pressure unit amounted to the price of 35.9 EUR per kg of extract.