Semi-fragile Watermarking Algorithm Research Articles

A Semi-Fragile, Inner-Outer Block-Based Watermarking Method Using Scrambling and Frequency Domain Algorithms

Image watermarking is most often used to prove that an image belongs to someone and to make sure that the image is the same as was originally produced. The type of watermarking used for the detection of originality and tampering is known as authentication-type watermarking. In this paper, a blind semi-fragile authentication watermarking method is introduced. Although the main concern in this paper is authenticating the image, watermarking for proving ownership is additionally implemented. The method considers the image as two main parts: an inner part and an outer part. The inner and outer parts are divided into non-overlapping blocks. The block size of the inner and outer part are different. The outer blocks have a greater area than the inner blocks so that their watermark-holding capacity is greater, providing enough robustness for semi-fragility. The method is semi-fragile and the watermarked image is authenticated despite the JPEG being compressed to 75% quality. The embedded watermark also survives innocent types of image operations, such as intensity adjustment, histogram equalization and gamma correction. Semi-fragile and selectively fragile authentication is valuable and in high demand specifically because it survives these innocent image operations while detecting ill-intentioned tampering. In this work, we embed a binary watermark into the inner and outer parts of images using a scrambling algorithm, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) in the blocks. The proposed methodology has high image quality after watermarking, with a PSNR value of 40.577, and high quality is also achieved after JPEG compression. The embedding process provides acceptable image quality after tamper attacks, including JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, average filtering, and scaling attacks with PSNR values greater than 29. Experimental results obtained show that the proposed semi-fragile watermarking algorithm is more robust, secure and resistant than other algorithms in the literature.

A semi fragile watermarking algorithm based on compressed sensing applied for audio tampering detection and recovery

A semi fragile watermarking algorithm based on compressed sensing applied for audio tampering detection and recovery

Review on Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithms for Content Authentication of Digital Images

With the popularity of network and the continuous development of multimedia technology, saving of network bandwidth and copyright protection of multimedia content have gradually attracted people’s attention. The fragile watermark for integrity authentication of image data and protection of copyright has become a hotspot. In the storage and transmission process, image data must be compressed to save network bandwidth. As a result, semi-fragile watermarking techniques, which can be used to distinguish common image processing operations from malicious tampering, are emerging. In this paper, semi-fragile watermarking algorithms for image authentication are surveyed. The basic principles and characteristics about semi-fragile watermarking algorithms are introduced, and several kinds of attack behaviors are also included. Aiming at several typical image-authentication algorithms, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and evaluation indexes of various algorithms are compared. Finally, we analyze the key points and difficulties in the study on semi-fragile watermarking algorithms, and the direction about future development is prospected.

A Semi-Fragile Reversible Watermarking for 2D CAD Engineering Graphics with Accurate Tampering Localization

A semi-fragile reversible watermarking algorithm for 2D CAD engineering graphics with accurate tampering localization is proposed. Firstly, all vertices in the 2D CAD engineering graphics are extracted and partitioned into groups. After that, the relative distance of these vertices are calculated, and the assigned group number is used as watermark. Finally, the watermark is embedded into the factor of relative distance by using an improved difference expansion. Experimental results and analysis show that the proposed algorithm can obtain a large capacity, good invisibility, and robust against translation, rotation, and uniform scaling. At the same time, it can detect malicious attacks such as entity modification, addition and deletion, and can locate the tampering areas with a high precision. As for the watermarked 2D CAD engineering graphics passing authentication, the original 2D CAD engineering graphics can be completely recovered. It has great potential in the application of integrity protection and content authentication of 2D CAD engineering graphics.

Semi-fragile self-recoverable watermarking algorithm based on wavelet group quantization and double authentication

Semi-fragile self-recoverable watermarking algorithms are important to meet various requirements such as security, robustness, localization, and image recovery. However, current approaches are not adequate for this importance. Thus, we propose a novel semi-fragile and self-recoverable watermarking algorithm based on a group quantization and double authentication method. In the proposed algorithm, a target image is first split into 16 ×16 image blocks. For each image block, a five-bit authentication watermark is generated from the first-order statistical moment of the block and then is embedded into the mid-frequency band of another image block by a novel group-based wavelet quantization method. With the generated watermarks, image security is enhanced by randomly permuting coefficients among a group and image robustness is improved by embedding the watermark in the largest coefficient inside a sub-group by significant difference parity quantization. The proposed double authentication ring structure effectively improves the image localization accuracy. Recovered image is a better approximate to the original image. Experimental comparisons of ours with other algorithms shows the effectiveness of the proposed self-recoverable and semi-fragile watermarking algorithm.

Adaptive Semi-Fragile Watermarking Based on Complete Quantization and Image Contents

Complete quantization principle is proposed in this paper, based on which, an adaptive semi-fragile watermarking algorithm based on image contents is proposed. The algorithm uses the low frequency sub-band to construct watermarking related to the content of image, and then uses just noticeable difference of wavelet domain to embed watermarking by means of complete quantitative principle. Experiments show this algorithm can classify malicious and non-malicious manipulations accurately.

Watermarking 3D CAPD models for topology verification

The Computer-Aided Plant Design (CAPD) model characterizes its peculiar complex topology among a tremendous number of plant components under complex constraints rather than just geometrical shapes. Lots of watermarking schemes for CAD models have been proposed for geometrical information protection or authentication. However, in the literature, none of them has mentioned the problem of topology authentication for CAPD models yet. In this paper, a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for topology authentication of CAPD models is presented. We first discuss the problem of topology authentication of CAPD models. Then a subset of the model’s connection points are selected as mark points, also called watermark carriers, according to the mark point selecting principle. We encode the topological relation among components into watermarks. Afterwards, the topology based watermarks are embedded in mark points to keep them in a predefined relationship with neighboring connection points so that any changes will ruin the relationship between marked connection points and neighboring connection points. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first semi-fragile and blind scheme that can authenticate and verify the topology of CAPD models. Experimental results show that our approach not only can detect and locate malicious topology attacks such as components modification and joint ends modification, but also is robust against various non-malicious attacks such as similarity transformations and simplification.

基于SVD和分块DCT的半脆弱图像水印算法<br>Semi-Fragile Image Watermarking Method Based on SVD and Block DCT

随着多媒体内容的完整性认证，尤其是图像的完整性验证，解决方案主要集中在脆弱数字水印技术。本文提出基于SVD和分块DCT的半脆弱水印算法。算法将水印信号嵌入图像第二大奇异值中，并利用Watson模型控制嵌入强度。实验表明算法达到了不可见性、盲检测性、区分合理与不合理失真等半脆弱水印的基本要求，并能较准确识别篡改区域，具有一定实用性。 With the certification of the integrity of the multimedia content, the solutions are mainly concentrated on fragile digital watermarking technology. This paper present a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm based on SVD and sub-block DCT. The watermarking signals are embedded into the second biggest singular values of the image. Watson model is used to control the robustness of embedding. Experiments demonstrate that the algorithm meets the basic goals of semi-fragile watermarking: imperceptible, blind detection, distinguishing legitimate distortions from illegitimate ones, and the algorithm has some practical use.

Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithms Based on SVD Decomposition and Hadamard Transform

Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithms Based on SVD Decomposition and Hadamard Transform

FPGA Based Implementation of Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithm

This paper presents an FPGA implementation of a semi-fragile watermarking-based algorithm for a digital camera. The architecture of digital authentication camera is discussed and a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm based the invariant property of DCT coefficients quantization is designed which can survive a certain amount of compression. The components of a digital camera and the watermarking algorithm are described in Verilog HDL and implemented on the DE2-70 board. The results shown that the hardware implementation can provide real time performance and resist off-line attacks compare with the software-assisted solution.

Semifragile Watermarking Schemes for Image Authentication- A Survey

Digital images are very easy to manipulate, store, publish and secondary creation this juggle will lead to serious consequence in some applications such as military image, medical image. So, integrity of digital image must be authenticated. Tools that help us establish the authenticity and integrity of digital media are thus essential and can prove vital whenever questions are raised about the origin of an image and its content. To project authenticity of images semi fragile watermarking is very concerned by researchers because of its important function in content authentication. Semifragile watermarking aim to monitor contents of images not its representations. In present paper various semi fragile water marking algorithm are studied using some image quality matrices, insertion methods used, verification method . Finally some observations are given based on literature survey of algorithms and techniques of semifragile watermarking techniques

Comparative Evaluation of Semi Fragile Watermarking Algorithms for Image Authentication

Technology has no limits today; we have lots of software available in the market by which we can alter any image. People usually copies image from the internet and after some changes they claim that these are their own properties. Insuring digital image integrity has therefore become a major issue. Over the past few years, watermarking has emerged as the leading candidate to solve problems of ownership and content authentications for digital multimedia documents. To protect authenticity of images semi fragile watermarking is very concerned by researchers because of its important function in multimedia content authentication. The aim of this paper is to present a survey and a comparison of emerging techniques for image authentication using semifragile watermarking. In present paper comprehensive overview of insertion and extraction methods used in different semi fragile water marking algorithm are studied using image parameters, potential application, different algorithms are described and focus is on their comparison according to the properties cited above and future directions for developing a better image authentication algorithm are suggested.

A semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for authenticating 2D CAD engineering graphics based on log-polar transformation

Copyright violation and illegal manipulation of digital data have been acute challenges for many sectors since the very same set of enabling techniques for generating and processing digital data started to emerge. Although traditional protective methods, such as encryption and digital signatures, have been in use for decades, their inability to provide protection after decryption and locating tampering has prompted the development of digital watermarking. In this paper, a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for authenticating 2D CAD engineering graphics based on log-polar coordinate mapping is proposed. Firstly, the vertices are divided into groups, and for each group, the vertices for carrying a watermark are mapped to the log-polar coordinate system. Then the watermark is embedded in the mantissa of the real-valued log-polar coordinates via bit substitution. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is not only robust against incidental global operations such as rotation, translation and scaling, but can also detect and locate malicious attacks such as entity modification and entity addition/deletion.

Semi-Fragile Zernike Moment-Based Image Watermarking for Authentication

We propose a content-based semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for image authentication. In content-based watermarking scheme for authentication, one of the most challenging issues is to define a computable feature vector that can capture the major content characteristics. We identify Zernike moments of the image to generate feature vector and demonstrate its good robustness and discriminative capability for authentication. The watermark is generated by quantizing Zernikemoments magnitudes (ZMMs) of the image and embedded into DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) subband. It is usually hard to locate the tampered area by using global feature in the content-based watermarking scheme. We propose a structural embedding method to locate the tampered areas by using the separability of Zernike moments-based feature vector. The authentication process does not need the original feature vector. By using the semi-fragilities of the feature vector and the watermark, the proposed authentication scheme is robust to content-preserved processing, while being fragile to malicious attacks. As an application of our algorithm, we apply it on Chinese digital seals and the results show that it works well. Compared with some existing algorithms, the proposed scheme achieves better performance in discriminating high-quality JPEG compression from malicious attacks.

The Research of Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithm Based on Dynamic Segmentation

Based on human eye visual characteristics of brightness and texture, a new region segmentation method and quantitative formulas in transform domain were put forward. By dynamic quantization, the transparency of carrier images and the anti-attack capability of watermarking images were improved. And a new kind of adjustment operator was brought up, which adjusted the pixel value after inverse discrete wavelet transform.

A New Watermarking Method for 3D Models Based on Integral Invariants

In this paper, we propose a new semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for the authentication of 3D models based on integral invariants. A watermark image is embedded by modifying the integral invariants of some of the vertices. In order to modify the integral invariants, the positions of a vertex and its neighbors are shifted. To extract the watermark, all the vertices are tested for the embedded information, and this information is combined to recover the watermark image. The number of parts of the watermark image that can be recovered will determine the authentication decision. Experimental tests show that this method is robust against normal use modifications introduced by rigid transformations, format conversions, rounding errors, etc., and can be used to test for malicious attacks such as mesh editing and cropping. An additional contribution of this paper is a new algorithm for computing two kinds of integral invariants.

Semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for image tampers localization and recovery

Two watermarks are embedded into the original image. One is the authentication watermark generated by secret key, which is embedded into the sub-LSB (Least Significant Bit) of the original image for tamper localization; the other is the recovery watermark for tamper recovering. The original image is divided into 8×8 blocks and each block is transformed by Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). For each block, some lower frequency DCT coefficients are chosen to be quantized and binary encoded so as to gain the recovery watermark of each block, and the recovery watermark is embedded into the LSB of another block by chaos encryption and authentication chain technology. After the two watermarks being detected, the location of any minute changes in image can be detected, and the tampered image data can be recovered effectively. In the paper, the number of coefficients and their bit lengths are carefully chosen in order to satisfy with the payload of each block and gain the capability of self-recovering. The proposed algorithm can well resist against possible forged attacks. Experimental results show that the watermark generated by the proposed algorithm is sensitive to tiny changes in images, and it has higher accuracy of tamper localization and good capability of the tamper recovery.

Multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm

To make audio watermarking accomplish both copyright protection and content authentication with localization, a novel multipurpose audio watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper. The zero-watermarking idea is introduced into the design of robust watermarking algorithm to ensure the transparency and to avoid the interference between the robust watermark and the semi-fragile watermark. The property of natural audio that the VQ indices of DWT-DCT coefficients among neighboring frames tend to be very similar is utilized to extract essential feature from the host audio, which is then used for watermark extraction. And, the chaotic mapping based semi-fragile watermark is embedded in the detail wavelet coefficients based on the instantaneous mixing model of the independent component analysis (ICA) system. Both the robust and semi-fragile watermarks can be extracted blindly and the semi-fragile watermarking algorithm can localize the tampering accurately. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of transparency, security, robustness and tampering localization ability.

A Semi-Fragile Image Watermarking Resisting to JPEG

Semi-Fragile watermark has attracted attention due to its important role in content authentication for multimedia. In order to differentiate incidental attacks and malicious attacks, semi-fragile watermark must be robust against content-protection image processing. Semi-fragile watermark resisting to JPEG compression while maintaining high detection ability to tamper has been the emphasis in this area. In this paper, a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm to resist JPEG is proposed based on the fact that most of the coefficients of high frequency have the same relative energy relations after JPEG compression. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has the advantages such as simple computation complexity, big embedding capability, good robustness to JPEG, and exact location for tamper.

Comparative evaluation of semifragile watermarking algorithms

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.