Semantics Of Verbs Research Articles

Nominations of the Speaking Process of Finniс Origin in Russian Colloquialisms of Karelia and Neighbouring Regions (Semantic Aspect)

This article examines the level of content of dialect nominations of the process of speaking with a Finnic basis. The Russian dialects of Karelia and neighbouring regions testify to the long process of mutual relations between Russians and Vepsians and Karelians, first in centres with a mixed ethnic structure of society, and then in regions considered as Russian, where the processes of language interference were quite active both at the structural and semantic levels. The peculiarity of the studied nominations is their integration along with the native Russian lexemes in the semantic field of “Speaking Person”. It is relevant to consider the specifics of semantic and motivational transformation of borrowed words in the lexical and semantic system of Russian dialects, which serves as the purpose of this study. The article focuses on verb nominations found in Russian lexicographic sources. They are compared with the data revealed in the Vepsian, Karelian, and Finnish languages. In the first stage, based on L. G. Babenko's ideographic description of Russian verbs, the author identifies groups and subgroups of verbs representing different acts of speech activity. Then the author determines methods of semantic transfer of words with Finnic base into the lexical system of Russian dialects. The analysis of the semantics of verbs from the point of view of anthropocentrism show that onomatopoetic lexemes motivated by zoological and natural codes, key in understanding the sounding picture of the human world, were of particular importance.

Event structure, force dynamics and verb semantics

This article presents a cognitive model of event structure that can be used to explain several features of the semantics of verbs. The model consists of four basic components: agent, patient, force vector and result vector. Each component is described in terms of the theory of conceptual spaces. The force vector is the cause of the result vector. Unlike other event models both the cause and the effect are included in the representation of a single event.The model is used for two central topics. Firstly, to provide a force dynamic representation of causation. Secondly, to give a unified analysis of Aktionsart in terms of different forms of vectors, using force diagrams that are extensions of those used by Croft and others. It is then shown that the event model can be used to derive a variety of semantic features of verbs. In particular, I analyze manner-result complementarity, the ambiguity of the passive participle, and the role of goals (telicity).

Typology of Substantives Motivating Denominal Verbs

The article addresses substantives, from which denominal verbs are derived. The research focuses on derivational patterns of denominal verbs. The phenomenon under analysis has been approached in a variety of comparative, contrastive, and typological studies. While most of the works deal with denominal
 verbs structure and semantics, the dependence of the verbs meaning on their motivating substantives’ semantics remains understudied, which makes the present research relevant.
 The research objective is to identify correlations between the denominal verb meaning and its motivating substantive, and to infer the verb meaning on the basis of the motivating substantive semantics.
 The analysis of a number of substanive lexical features such as concrete / abstract / animate / inanimate, nomination by profession, instrument, time interval, etc., enables to suggest the nature of denominal verb and the motivating substantive meaning dependence.
 The conclusion can be made that the meaning of denominal verbs is likely to depend on the semantics of the motivating substantives. The probabilistic nature of this dependence is due to both extralinguistic factors, which influence the choice of a
 nomination feature (i.e. an action associated with a motivating substantive), and linguistic causes, among which are a set of word-formation patterns, their productivity, availability of potential derivatives’ synonyms and homonyms.

Функционирование разных типов сказуемых тувинского языка в нарративном дискурсе

The article examines the use of finite and infinite predicates, specifically simple and analytical ones, in Tuvan prose. Our attention is on narrative sentences that present a sequential order of events. The analysis reveals that the discourse under study is predominantly characterized by infinite forms in the finite function, such as participles (non-analytical predicates) and gerunds as the initial component of analytical predicates. The finite design of the predicate implies a sequential presentation of events unfolding in time and space. Non-analytic and analytical structures of the predicate can be distinguished based on the presence of the adverbial first component and the participial first component. The infinite organization of the predicate presupposes the possibility of a causal link between consecutive events, although this assumption is not obligatory. Analytical constructions with different semantics, such as modal, aspectual, phase, and temporal, involve the use of the participles “on = p” and “on = a.” Auxiliary verbs modify the semantics of the main verb, adding additional characteristics to the mode of action. Analytical constructions with the semantics of “almost” are regarded as a special aspectual form. It indicates that the temporal phase of the situation denoted by the auxiliary verb is very close to the initial boundary of the situation described by the semantic verb on the time axis. However, despite being on the verge of realization in the past, such a situation failed to materialize.

Периферийные глаголы в значении движения в хакасском языке: семантика и функционирование

The article analyses the functionality and semantics of the Khakass expressive verbs being on the periphery of the lexico-semantic group of movement. These verbs are common for native speakers’ everyday speech and acquire the meaning of movement when used in a particular context. Their semantics is complex, with emotional, evaluative and figurative elements intersecting and overlapping with each other. The meaning of movement can be acquired in different ways. Firstly, verbs with the meaning of behavior can combine with verbs of movement. Secondly, polysemous verbs can be combined with dependent lexemes of locative semantics. Lastly, onomatopoeic verbs in secondary lexical and semantic versions can be formed by adding the forced voice affix -t-. All these functionalsemantic and grammatical properties contribute to the transition to the category of expressives denoting the subject’s figurative movement. Almost all verbs expressing the subject’s movement in their secondary lexical and semantic versions originate from verbs with neutral semantics. The expressiveness in certain word-formation and combinational models is lexically motivated, with a significant focus on imagery. Despite being frequently used, many of these verbs are missing in lexicographical sources, and for those that are listed, no information on their seme of “movement” is provided. The situation is complicated by contextual ambiguity of expressive words. Given that the abundance of expressive vocabulary in everyday conversation indicates a reliable native language proficiency and guarantees the preservation and development of the Khakass language, further lexicographic projects should take into account all the semantic and expressive nuances.

The Present Participle with Wērden and Wēsen in Middle Low German: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Structure and Meaning

A comprehensive description of the combination of the finite auxiliary verbs wērden ‘become’/wēsen ‘be’ and a present participle in Middle Low German is still a strong desideratum. This study presents a corpus-based analysis of the aforementioned phenomenon with a special focus on its grammatical structure and its different meanings. In particular, it focuses on a wide range of temporal and aspectual meanings, depending on the auxiliary verb, its tense and mood. Moreover, the relationship between the semantics of the main verb and the meaning of the whole construction is investigated. Finally, the competition with alternative verbal complex constructions expressing the same meaning is also explored. The analysis is carried out on the basis of Middle Low German texts from different times, language areas, and genres.

Семантический потенциал немецких девербативов сквозь призму таксиса

This article describes the semantic potential of German deverbatives that perform various taxis functions in utterances with prepositions having adverbial semantics. The material of this study includes German utterances containing deverbatives with prepositions, obtained by purposive sampling using the databases of the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache) and Leipzig Corpora Collection (Wortschatz Leipzig). The author applied the following methods: descriptive, inductive, and hypothetical-deductive, as well as generalization and interpretation of linguistic material and contextual analysis. Taking on the lexical meanings of the source verbs, deverbatives demonstrate semantic correlation with them. Along with verbal semantics, they inherit “taxisness”, i.e. an ability to actualize categorial taxis meanings. In addition to the semantics of the source verb, “taxisness” is associated with the way of word formation of the corresponding deverbative. In this regard, the purpose of the article was to describe German deverbatives with various lexical and derivational semantics acting as a means of actualizing categorial taxis meanings in utterances with prepositional constructions. In the course of the study, the author found that stative deverbatives, which have the maximum degree of “taxisness”, actualize primary taxis meanings. The implemented taxis functions of processual deverbatives include primary and conditional taxis functions. Stative and processual nouns include nominalized infinitives and nouns ending in -ung. Actional deverbatives with various derivational semantics (nominalized infinitives, suffixal derivatives ending in -ung, -e, -t and non-affixal nouns) perform the maximum number of taxis functions (primary and secondary taxis functions). Some processual and actional deverbatives ending in -ung are characterized by “objectified” meanings of stativeness and result of an action and are, therefore, limited in their taxis realizations.

Синонимические отношения в сфере глагольной лексики смоленского диалекта ХVII–ХVIII веков

The article deals with the problems of synonymy in verbal dialect lexis based on the material of Smolensk business writing of the 17 th – 18 th centuries, the time of buoyant lexical norms formation in the Russian literary language. The author draws attention to the fact that some of the dialect verbs do not enter synonymic relations and researches into the reasons for the absence of their synonyms. Extensive lexicographic material of the Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish languages was involved, as well as data from monographic studies on the topic. It has been proved that this is often not only the original dialectal lexemes, but also the lexis borrowed from Western European languages through the Polish transmitter language, which can be considered a specific feature of Smolensk verbal synonymy in the period of the 16 th – 18 th centuries. The causes for restricted inclusion of dialect verbs into synonymic relations are the following: the semantics of dialect verbs contains some additional shades of meaning, which are not represented in the lexis of the literary language, they are expressed with the help of descriptive means, for instance, particularizing words; words viewed as potential synonyms, are noted to demonstrate hyponymic relations; the semantics of dialect lexis reveals diffusive character. The cases are described, when unclear meaning of the dialect verb in the limited context prevents it from the inclusion into a particular synonymic row. The dynamics of dialect lexis is characterized. It is represented in the loss or preserving some lexical units in the lexis of modern Smolensk dialects.

SYNTACTIC-SEMANTIC REALIZATION OF CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES

The article deals with the syntactic-semantic expression of causative structures in English and Karakalpak languages. Causative structures in comparatively studied languages have their own characteristics, and the semantics of causative verbs in English and Karakalpak languages are presented in a certain classification. In the Karakalpak language, causation is formed under the influence of the lexical meaning of the verb, certain morphological forms and context while in English it is formed by analytical and lexical means. Moreover, it is represented that if the causative structure is used together with the main predicate, it acts as a complex participle.

Lexico-Semantic Group of Verbs of Interpersonal Relations in Russian and Chinese: based on the Translation of F.M. Dostoevsky’s Novel “Crime and Punishment”

This study is devoted to the analysis of lexico-semantic group of verbs, which express attitude to someone in Russian and the ways of their translation into Chinese. A group of emotional and evaluative verbs included in the lexico-semantic field of interpersonal relations is analyzed. The choice of the study material is determined by the fact that this group of verbs is one of the most frequent in the use and widely represented in the novel “Crime and punishment” by F.M. Dostoyevsky, occurring 561 times. The significance of this research lies in the absence of a special systematic study of this lexico-semantic group on the material of literature in Russian and Chinese languages, as well as in the need to develop a comprehensive research methodology, methods of comparative and contextual analyses. The study reveals the semantic features of verbs in the Russian and Chinese languages. It is established that the lexico-semantic group under study consists of verbs that are perceived as categorical-lexical semes “relation” and can have both positive and negative semantic meaning. The semes ‘positive attitude’, ‘love’, ‘faith’, ‘respect’, ‘compassion’, ‘pity’ and ‘negative attitude’, ‘suffering’, ‘doubt’, ‘fear’ are subjected to study. These features determine the structure of the group in question in the lexical and semantic system of the Russian and Chinese languages, are expanding the understanding of the content and structure of the group of verbs. The result of the study is that the analysis of interlingual gaps reveals the presence of incomplete lexical correspondence to a foreign language word. The analyzed linguistic material made it possible to identify similarities and differences in the semantics of verbs when translating the text of the novel into Chinese.

The right superior temporal gyrus plays a role in semantic-rule learning: Evidence supporting a reinforcement learning model

In real-life communication, individuals use language that carries evident rewarding and punishing elements, such as praise and criticism. A common trend is to seek more praise while avoiding criticism. Furthermore, semantics is crucial for conveying information, but such semantic access to native and foreign languages is subtly distinct. To investigate how rule learning occurs in different languages and to highlight the importance of semantics in this process, we investigated both verbal and non-verbal rule learning in first (L1) and second (L2) languages using a reinforcement learning framework, including a semantic rule and a color rule. Our computational modeling on behavioral and brain imaging data revealed that individuals may be more motivated to learn and adhere to rules in an L1 compared to L2, with greater striatum activation during the outcome phase in the L1. Additionally, results on the learning rates and inverse temperature in the two rule learning tasks showed that individuals tend to be conservative and are reluctant to change their judgments regarding rule learning of semantic information. Moreover, the greater the prediction errors, the greater activation of the right superior temporal gyrus in the semantic-rule learning condition, demonstrating that such learning has differential neural correlates than symbolic rule learning. Overall, the findings provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying rule learning in different languages, and indicate that rule learning involving verbal semantics is not a general symbolic learning that resembles a conditioned stimulus-response, but rather has its own specific characteristics.

Semantic Interpretations of Ditransitive Constructions in English

This study addresses claims made by two theories—the Alternative Projection and Verb Sensitive approaches—regarding an interpretation of possession attributed to certain ditransitive constructions. The Alternative Projection approach argues that an interpretation of possession is only available in the double object (DO) pattern expressed by English ditransitive verbs (1a) and is not available in the prepositional (PP) pattern (1b). The Verb Sensitive approach argues that this possession interpretation is either available for both the DO and PP patterns, or for neither pattern, depending on the class of ditransitive verb with which the patterns occur. (1a) The salesperson gave the young farmer the grain mixture. (1b) The salesperson gave the grain mixture to the young farmer. Both approaches posit a possession interpretation of the DO pattern across all ditransitive verbs. This study tests to what degree native English speakers interpret a meaning of possession from the DO and PP patterns through an online survey with 88 participants. Ditransitive verbs from five semantic classes are analyzed to determine if the interpretation of possession varies based on use of the DO or PP pattern (Alternative Projection) or by the semantic class of the verb (Verb Sensitive). The results do not support the Alternative Projection approach. The results suggest partial support for the Verb Sensitive approach, as semantic classes do not entirely follow the pattern predicted by this approach. Further, judgements reported in this study contradict some judgements reported in the literature, highlighting the importance of quantitative studies in evaluating theoretical claims. KEYWORDS: Ditransitives in English; Ditransitive Verbs; Survey; the Dative Alternation; Semantics; Verb Semantics; Alternative Projection approach; Verb Sensitive approach

СОСТАВ И СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ РЕЛЯЦИОННЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ ПРИ СЛОВАХ С КОРНЕМ -ДОМ- В ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ 1950–1960 ГГ. Ф. А. ВИГДОРОВОЙ

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of relational verbs in words with the root -house- in the works of 1950–1960 by F. A. Vigdorova. The article analyzes relational verbs with words with a root -house- in literary texts of 1950-1960 by F. A. Vigdorova, characterizing an important fragment of the picture of the world “House” for the writer. It has been established that relational verbs with words with the root -house- are used in texts to indicate the relationship of characters in the interpersonal and social spheres, to the ways of their manifestation, express the pragmatic, pedagogical views of the writer. In the works, as well as in the usage, these verbs are presented to a lesser extent (14) compared to actional ones (83), but they are stylistically significant in the mental-lingual complex of F. A. Vigdorova’s linguistic personality. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the analysis of the semantics of relational verbs with words with the root -house- in the prose of 1950–1960 was carried out. F. A. Vigdorova, which made it possible to expand the idea of the specifics of the writer’s idiostyle, which consists in describing the spiritual, social life of the country in 1920–1950, in particular, by examining the lexical-semantic groups of verbs with the semantics of 'relationship': verbs of social relations, verbs of interpersonal relations, verbs of possession, verbs of relationship, including those used in a figurative sense. The results of the work make a significant contribution to the developed methodology for the linguistic analysis of the Vigdorova’s text.

Semantic roles arguments verb in the kurdish language accordind to the model of van valin (2005 ad)

The semantics roles are considered one of the important linguistic topics. This research aims at shedding light on the semantic roles that Van Valin (2005 AD) has included, since his model is distinguished from other models of semantic roles, whether in terms of the number of semantic roles or in terms of naming each semantic role. This study has applied this model to the local dialect of Bahdin Kurdish, as it has showed verb arguments according to Van Valin model, because this semantic role is assigned to the argument. The most important questions that have been raised by this study: How many semantic roles are there according to (Van) Valin‌s model (2005 AD) In what case is the word an argument and in what case is it complementary? At the end, the relevant findings have been discussed in terms of Van Valin‌s (2005 AD) models. Moreover, the semantic roles have been divided into three levels, each level contains as aspect of the semantic roles, and it has been able to display 40 thematic relationships. The current study has succeeded to distinguish between arguments and compliments.

Research on the Semantic Orientation and Verb Restrictions of ‘NP+好+V’

Research on the Semantic Orientation and Verb Restrictions of ‘NP+好+V’

Container Scheme-Image and Its Types: English Phrasal Verbs of Cognitive Activity

The article features the compositional semantics of phrasal verbs that denote a cognitive activity, as well as the interaction between their conceptual structure and the particle. The conceptual structures of these components can be described as mental schemes, e.g., a container with a certain vector of cognitive projection, and a number of subtypes. The compositional semantics of phrasal verbs of cognitive activity revealed that the interaction between the conceptual structure of the verb and the particle is a cognitive mechanism that develops its semantics. The container metaphor is based on the semantic potential of the verbal component and such particles as in, out, and through. These particles are usually combined with verbs of movement, physical activity, and perception. As part of phrasal verbs of mental activity, they realize the following prototypical concepts: the subject / object of the action gets into / penetrates into the container, is out / outside of the container, or crosses the border of the container, respectively. The role of the container belongs not to real objects, but to abstract entities, e.g., memory, consciousness, attention, feelings, thoughts, etc., as well as various physical and mental states or situations in which objects are immersed.

Difficulties in Comprehending Japanese Fukugoudoushi of the Japanese Language Learners from Indonesia

Compound verbs, or Fukugoudoushi in Japanese, are unique verbs formed by combining two or more verbs or free morphemes. The Japanese language has around 2,700 compound verbs used daily. According to Morita (1991)'s survey in "Reikai Kokugo Jiten," 11.4% of the documented words are verbs, with compound verbs accounting for 39.29%. Compound verb proficiency presents three hurdles, according to Matsuda (2004). These problems include comprehending the variables that control compound verb combination, distinguishing the nuanced meaning differences between single and compound verbs, and designing effective learning strategies to help achieve compound verb acquisition. In this study, researchers used written assessments, questionnaires, and interviews to determine the factors that affect Fukugoudoushi comprehension and how to remedy them. According to test results, students' difficulty understanding compound verb semantics can be categorized into the following categories:1) Compound verbs encompassing acquired and unacquired information. 2) Verb compounds with different frequency in spoken and written language. 3. Compound verbs for physical or intangible notions. The methods for understanding compound verbs are: Three compound verb interpretation strategies exist. First, understand each verb individually, starting with 1 and then 2. The noun nearest to a compound verb might also indicate its meaning. The second way to interpret compound verbs is to look at the sentence as a whole. Finally, the third method infers compound verb meanings from known verbs.

Diachronic Evolution and Synchronic Distribution of the Words Meaning “Paste” Semantic Verbs in Chinese

Diachronic Evolution and Synchronic Distribution of the Words Meaning “Paste” Semantic Verbs in Chinese

Effects of referential structure on pronoun interpretation

ABSTRACTPronoun interpretation is guided by various factors. While most previously-investigated factors involve properties occurring before the pronoun, less attention has been paid to properties of the pronoun-containing clause. We investigate whether pronoun interpretation is influenced by the referential structure of the pronoun-containing clause (i.e. whether another referent from the preceding clause is mentioned), which contributes to discourse coherence. We report three experiments showing referential structure effects: whether subject-position pronouns are ultimately interpreted as referring to the preceding subject or object depends on whether the clause contains another pronoun (e.g. she called Lisa vs. she called her). More specifically, subject-position pronouns exhibit a stronger object preference when only one of the prior antecedents is mentioned, compared to when both are mentioned. We show that this effect is separate from effects of verb semantics and cannot be reduced to semantic or syntactic parallelism effects. Implications for models of pronoun resolution are discussed.

Healthy ageing has divergent effects on verbal and non-verbal semantic cognition.

Semantic cognition refers to the storage and appropriate use of knowledge acquired over the lifespan and underpins our everyday verbal and non-verbal behaviours. Successful semantic cognition requires representation of knowledge and control processes which ensure that currently relevant aspects of knowledge are retrieved and selected. Although these abilities have been widely studied in healthy young populations and semantically impaired patients, it is unclear how they change as a function of healthy ageing, especially for non-verbal semantic processing. Here, we addressed this issue by comparing the performance profiles of young and older people on a semantic knowledge task and a semantic control task, across verbal (word) and non-verbal (picture) versions. The results revealed distinct patterns of change during adulthood for semantic knowledge and semantic control. Older people performed better in both verbal and non-verbal knowledge tasks than young people. However, although the older group showed preserved controlled retrieval for verbal semantics, they demonstrated a specific impairment for non-verbal semantic control. These findings indicate that the effects of ageing on semantic cognition are more complex than previously assumed, and that input modality plays an important role in the shifting cognitive architecture of semantics in later life.