Semantic Transfer Research Articles

The complex of the reception of the theatre (and) of the oppressed

The article focuses on the theatre technique and methodology of Augusto Boal in the difference between the theory and the application practice, in the semantic transfer from its original context to the environment of today's Slovenia.It investigates the relation between the influence or effects of his theatre innovations on the one hand and the social commitment on the other (therapeutic, intervention, pedagogical, activist practices of theatre). Based on the diversity of the mentioned aspects, it examines the intention and the meaning of translation and other approaches to acquaint the interested public in Slovenia of today with Augusto Boal. The article also addresses the issue of how this space implements Boal's technique (in reverse), and, last but not least, which aspects still render it revolutionary, innovative or, even better, inspiring.

Ontology-based Semantic Similarity Transfer Algorithm

Most current network resources recommendation systems are used in a decision-making environment with low user participation, which can not effectively meet user expectations. The main reason is that the collection of user preferences is extremely difficult, which leads to the lack of information acquisition, and the lack of effective semantic similarity metric. Accordingly, this paper uses ontology for resource description to build a multiple inheritance hierarchical ontology model, and uses user preference model to generate attribute nodes, and construct a multiple inheritance graph model on account of the user personalization. Simultaneously, it construct preference transfer vector by user preference model, and then uses single-step transfer and multi-step transfer of SSTA to effectively extend evaluation from evaluated resources to the unevaluated resources. Experiment proves that SSTA has excellent recommendation effect compared with mature recommendation systems.

English

The authors completed a narrative review of studies of mathematics interventions from 1996 to 2010 for helping elementary school students with difficulties in mathematics solve word problems. Key instructional components supported by research are teaching cognitive and metacognitive skills; schema-based instruction focusing on semantic analysis, transfer, or algebra readiness; and conceptual model based instruction. Interventions designed to help students store, organize, and think critically about mathematical information may address the needs of many struggling students while working with word problems.

Visual spatial constancy and modularity: Does intention penetrate vision?

Is vision informationally encapsulated from cognition or is it cognitively penetrated? I shall argue that intentions penetrate vision in the experience of visual spatial constancy: the world appears to be spatially stable despite our frequent eye movements. I explicate the nature of this experience and critically examine and extend current neurobiological accounts of spatial constancy, emphasizing the central role of motor signals in computing such constancy. I then provide a stringent condition for failure of informational encapsulation that emphasizes a computational condition for cognitive penetration: cognition must serve as an informational resource for visual computation. This requires proposals regarding semantic information transfer, a crucial issue in any model of informational encapsulation. I then argue that intention provides an informational resource for computation of visual spatial constancy. Hence, intention penetrates vision.

Focus marking and semantic transfer in Indian English

Focus marking in Indian English (IndE) with adverbs such as only, also, and too has been investigated recently by several authors. Based on the Indian and British sections of the International Corpus of English, this article argues that usage of also in IndE differs significantly from British English (BrE). Also often follows its focus immediately, has developed a presentational use, and is often used in negative contexts, corresponding to either. All these innovations are shown to be more frequent in spoken and informal than in written and formal language, respectively. Finally, evidence for substrate influence from Indo-European and Dravidian languages is presented.

A review of long-term memory in natural and synthetic systems

Memory may be broadly regarded as information gained from past experience that is available in the service of ongoing and future adaptive behavior. The biological implementation of memory shares little with memory in synthetic cognitive systems where it is typically regarded as a passive storage structure. Neurophysiological evidence indicates that memory is neither passive nor centralized. A review of the relevant literature in the biological and computer sciences is conducted and a novel methodology is applied that incorporates neuroethological approaches with general biological inspiration in the design of synthetic cognitive systems: a case study regarding episodic memory provides an illustration of the utility of this methodology. As a consequence of applying this approach to the reinterpretation of the implementation of memory in synthetic systems, four fundamental functional principles are derived that are in accordance with neuroscientific theory, and which may be applied to the design of more adaptive and robust synthetic cognitive systems: priming, cross-modal associations, cross-modal coordination without semantic information transfer, and global system behavior resulting from activation dynamics within the memory system.

Assessing the influence of stereotypes on the comprehension of UML sequence diagrams: A family of experiments

Context The conventional wisdom states that stereotypes are used to clarify or extend the meaning of model elements and consequently should be helpful in comprehending the diagram semantics. Objective The main goal of this work is to present a family of experiments that we have carried out to investigate whether the use of stereotypes improves the comprehension of UML sequence diagrams. Method The family of experiments consists of an experiment and two replications carried out with 78, 29 and 36 undergraduate Computer Science students, respectively. The comprehension of UML sequence diagrams with and without stereotypes was analyzed from three different perspectives borrowed from the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML): semantic comprehension, retention and transfer. In addition, we carried out a meta-analysis study to integrate the different data samples. Results The statistical analysis and meta-analysis of the data obtained from each experiment separately indicates that the use of the proposed stereotypes helps improving the comprehension of the diagrams, especially when the subjects are not familiar with the domain. Conclusions The set of stereotypes presented in this work seem to be helpful for a better comprehension of UML sequence diagrams, especially with not well-known domains. Although further research is necessary for strengthening these results, introducing these stereotypes both in academia and industry could be an interesting practice for checking the validity of the results.

Deep open-source machine translation

This paper summarizes ongoing efforts to provide software infrastructure (and methodology) for open-source machine translation that combines a deep semantic transfer approach with advanced stochastic models. The resulting infrastructure combines precise grammars for parsing and generation, a semantic-transfer based translation engine and stochastic controllers. We provide both a qualitative and quantitative experience report from instantiating our general architecture for Japanese---English MT using only open-source components, including HPSG-based grammars of English and Japanese.

Perspektiva naratora i problem etničke određenosti u prevodima Andrićevih romana Na Drini ćuprija i Travnička hronika na engleski

In historical novels The Bridge on the Drina and Bosnian Chronicle Ivo Andric describes notable events in the region populated by ethnically and religiously diverse population. Using incidental remarks and direct and indirect speech which largely determine the ethnicity of its characters, Andric’s narrator often uses this aspect to determine his own nationality. Ethnic and religious characteristics like these can cause many problems to translators of these novels into English. In this paper author examines various ways in which interpreters have to look for semantic equivalents in other elements of the language than those that exist in the original work. Since it was impossible with a high degree of certainty to determine whether the translators made a complete semantic and stylistic transfer, author of this paper can only express some observations using the cases in which one can accurately locate and explain possible errors in the transfer of the opposition true/ false.

Context-sensitive analysis without calling-context

Since Sharir and Pnueli, algorithms for context-sensitivity have been defined in terms of `valid' paths in an interprocedural flow graph. The definition of valid paths requires atomic call and ret statements, and encapsulated procedures. Thus, the resulting algorithms are not directly applicable when behavior similar to call and ret instructions may be realized using non-atomic statements, or when procedures do not have rigid boundaries, such as with programs in low level languages like assembly or RTL. We present a framework for context-sensitive analysis that requires neither atomic call and ret instructions, nor encapsulated procedures. The framework presented decouples the transfer of control semantics and the context manipulation semantics of statements. A new definition of context-sensitivity, called stack contexts, is developed. A stack context, which is defined using trace semantics, is more general than Sharir and Pnueli's interprocedural path based calling-context. An abstract interpretation based framework is developed to reason about stack-contexts and to derive analogues of calling-context based algorithms using stack-context. The framework presented is suitable for deriving algorithms for analyzing binary programs, such as malware, that employ obfuscations with the deliberate intent of defeating automated analysis. The framework is used to create a context-sensitive version of Venable et al.'s algorithm for analyzing x86 binaries without requiring that a binary conforms to a standard compilation model for maintaining procedures, calls, and returns. Experimental results show that a context-sensitive analysis using stack-context performs just as well for programs where the use of Sharir and Pnueli's calling-context produces correct approximations. However, if those programs are transformed to use call obfuscations, a context-sensitive analysis using stack-context still provides the same, correct results and without any additional overhead.

The “Natural Order” of Morpheme Acquisition: A Historical Survey and Discussion of Three Putative Determinants

The paper discusses the history and implications of the so-called “morpheme” studies. A brief overview of L1 research in this regard is followed by a more detailed discussion of L2 research. Thereafter, the paper explores the impact of three putative determinants of acquisition order: semantic complexity, input frequency, and native language transfer. The possible role of these determinants in accounting for perceived differences in L1 and L2 acquisition orders is also discussed, along with their implications for various theoretical perspectives on language acquisition. The paper concludes with both practical applications and criticism of the existing natural (morpheme) order studies as well as suggestions for future work in this field, such as investigating target languages other than English and developing a multi-determinant approach to acquisition order. (Dongguk University)

A definition of cultural heritage: From the tangible to the intangible

Abstract The aim of this work is to analyse the evolution of the concept of cultural heritage in West European states. In the last decades of the 20th century, the term “heritage” was characterised by expansion and semantic transfer, resulting in a generalisation of the use of this word, frequently used in the place of another, such as, monument and cultural property. However, all these terms are not able to cover the same semantic field. Starting by the reflection on the semantic evolution of the notion of cultural heritage in France, we approach to the international definition of heritage given by the directives, charters and international resolutions in order to define a global outline of the meaning of heritage that is not just limited to a particular national dimension. From a purely normative approach, one went to a less restrictive approach, one based on the capacity of the object to arouse certain values that led the society in question to consider it as heritage and therefore, to a further step in which heritage is no longer defined on the basis of its material aspect. This development has also made it possible to recognise intangible cultural heritage, which was ignored for a long time, as heritage to be protected and safeguarded.

Systemic and cybernetic knowingness: relating “(a)symmetry” and “subtleness”?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present research work on systemic and cybernetic knowingness: relating according to classical and original concepts: “(a)symmetry” and “subtleness”. There is an entire project focused on contemporary complexity versus the information‐knowledge dynamics.Design/methodology/approachThe starting point is related to the denominations: “perverse effects” and “asymmetric conflicts”. The paper supports innovative (a)symmetric approaches on human beings, ITC and community: shrinking the gap between humanist and technologist perspectives; promoting an anthropocentric perspective with stimuli from the real world expressed by (old and new) ideas regarding the (re)construction of a world/e‐world balance through/within the triad: production, intelligence and morality; and illustrating a positive e‐world response by sketching innovative, synergy‐based, experimental ITC models, considering metaphors linked to the idea of an open definition of subtleness.FindingsThe paper finds a shrinking gap between our world and our e‐world, able to integrate biased perspectives and realising a composition of (a)symmetric matter within information/knowledge economy/society. Based on semantic transfer, there is a promising path to a creative partnership between humanists and technologists within the interactive modelling: connectedness‐communication versus incursion‐anticipation. From a knowledge engineering perspective, a solution can be reached more effectively by: a Wienerian view on the information and knowledge as (a)symmetric concepts/constructs – and a dually Göedelian view on the observability and controllability of a subtle entity/system toward a wisdom and/or consciousness society.Originality/valueThis paper provides information and knowledge on “information‐knowledge dynamics” research.

Semantic deformation transfer

Transferring existing mesh deformation from one character to another is a simple way to accelerate the laborious process of mesh animation. In many cases, it is useful to preserve the semantic characteristics of the motion instead of its literal deformation. For example, when applying the walking motion of a human to a flamingo, the knees should bend in the opposite direction. Semantic deformation transfer accomplishes this task with a shape space that enables interpolation and projection with standard linear algebra. Given several example mesh pairs, semantic deformation transfer infers a correspondence between the shape spaces of the two characters. This enables automatic transfer of new poses and animations.

Systemic and Cybernetic Knowingness: Relating '(A)Symmetry' and 'Subtleness'? Project Onto the Contemporary Complexity Versus the Information-Knowledge Dynamics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present research work on systemic and cybernetic knowingness: relating according to classical and original concepts: (a)symmetry and subtleness. There is an entire project focused on contemporary complexity versus the information-knowledge dynamics.Design/methodology/approach – The starting point is related to the denominations: perverse effects and asymmetric conflicts. The paper supports innovative (a)symmetric approaches on human beings, ITC and community: shrinking the gap between humanist and technologist perspectives; promoting an anthropocentric perspective with stimuli from the real world expressed by (old and new) ideas regarding the (re)construction of a world/e-world balance through/within the triad: production, intelligence andmorality; illustrating a positive e-world response by sketching innovative, synergy-based, experimental ITC models, considering metaphors linked to the idea of an open definition of subtleness.Findings – The paper finds a shrinking gap between our world and our e-world, able to integrate biased perspectives and realising a composition of (a)symmetric matter within information/knowledge economy/society. Based on semantic transfer, there is a promising path to a creative partnership between humanists and technologists within the interactive modeling: connectedness-communication versus incursion-anticipation. From a knowledge engineering perspective, a solution can be reached more effectively by: a Wienerian view on the information and knowledge as (a)symmetric concepts/constructs – and a dually Goedelian view on the observability and controllability of a subtle entity/system toward a wisdom and/or consciousness society.Originality/value – This paper provides information and knowledge on “information-knowledge dynamics” research.

Aggregation and Desaggregation of Information as an Adaptive Task

(Received January 19, 2007; In final form January 28, 2008) Purpose - The paper aims at supporting innovation into Philosophy of Science approach on the humankind long-termtask of aggregation and desaggregation of information. This is a systemic task, involving human ideas and ITC by boosting synergy, non-entropy, and ephemeral efficiency properties at multiple echelons. The paper is dedicated to a deeper understanding on the Information Fusion – as part of a dual universal task; into this context the paper proposes a Philosophy of Science approach on Dempster Sheffer Theory (DST ), Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT ), Interactive Modeling (IM), Structural-Phenomenological Modeling (S-PM ). Basic sub-goals: a) Shrinking the gap between the humanist perspective and the technologist one. b) Promoting an equilibrated anthropocentric & technocentric perspective by starting with stimuli fromthe real world expressed by (old and new) ideas regarding the (re)construction of a World/e-World balance. c) Illustrating a positive e-World response by sketching innovative, synergy-based, interactive models, considering metaphors linked to those ideas. Design/methodology/approach - A general framework is suggested and an instance model is presented, that of Interactive Modeling approach. To maximise synergy, to minimise entropy, and to prolong the ephemeral efficiency - all their sources are considered. The approach is based on real-world “stimulus-ideas” (here, the shift from algorithmic towards sub-symbolic reasoning) and “metaphor-prompted e-world (IT-)responses”. Findings - A) Regarding the framework : a) Based on semantic transfer, metaphors are an encouraging path to get closer humanists and technologists, i.e., real world and e-world. b) Corollary: heavily metaphor-based research domains – as artificial life and intelligence – are valuable interdisciplinary “[John von Neumann & Nicholas Georgescu Roegen & John K. Galbraith, and Mihailo Mesarovic & Herbert Simon]’s niches”. c) Even if the approach proposed does not ensure, transdisciplinarity, it provides a workable framework and pays tribute to “systems thinking”. B) Regarding the model: the 2005 research stage of DSmT is described in (Smarandache, and Dezert, 2005); while this paper type of approach in (Bulz, 2005) – but, here, co-referring DST , DSmT , IM , S-PM.. Research limitations/implications - Since no undertaking – particularly when it involves a rather general framework – can be commented upon in an apodictic manner after its first application, the assertions stated above have a variable degree of plausibility and should be amended after more applications. Keywords : (e-)World, Metaphor, Human-machine systems, Synergy, Non-entropy, Ephemeral efficiency

Russian Emotion Vocabulary in American Learners’ Narratives

This study compared the uses of emotion vocabulary in narratives elicited from monolingual speakers of Russian and English and advanced American learners of Russian. Monolingual speakers differed significantly in the distribution of emotion terms across morphosyntactic categories: English speakers favored an adjectival pattern of emotion description, and Russian speakers a verbal one. Advanced American learners of Russian shifted from the adjectival to the verbal pattern in Russian and thus began approximating the usage of native speakers of Russian. At the same time, the data revealed 6 areas where learner usage differed from the monolingual Russian corpus: morphosyntactic transfer from the first language (L1), semantic transfer from the L1, greater use of adverbial constructions, absence of a language‐specific verb frequently used by native Russian speakers, violations of appropriateness of sociolinguistic register, and a significantly lower proportion of emotion word tokens.

Searle y el significado literal

In his analysis of literal meaning Searle has deployed the principle that in carrying out an speech act the literal meaning of its words leaves undetermined the speech act’s content. It is argued that this principle not only goes against certain basic linguistic intuitions, but it also leads to unnecessary convoluted analysis of phenomena like the existence of non-articulated constituents and semantic transference. Lastly, it is shown that by putting together ideas of Wittgenstein and Dretske better explanations of those phenomena can be obtained.

From Linear to Branching-Time Temporal Logics: Transfer of Semantics and Definability

This paper investigates logical aspects of combining linear orders as semantics for modal and temporal logics, with modalities for possible paths, resulting in a variety of branching time logics over classes of trees. Here we adopt a unified approach to the Priorean, Peircean and Ockhamist semantics for branching time logics, by considering them all as fragments of the latter, obtained as combinations, in various degrees, of languages and semantics for linear time with a modality for possible paths. We then consider a hierarchy of natural classes of trees and bundled trees arising from a given class of linear orders and show that in general they provide different semantics. We also discuss transfer of definability from linear orders to trees and introduce a uniform translation from Priorean to Peircean formulae which transfers definability of properties of linear orders to definability of properties of all paths in trees.

Metaphor, Literal, Literalism

Abstract: This paper examines the place of metaphorical interpretation in the current Contextualist-Literalist controversy over the role of context in the determination of truth-conditions in general. Although there has been considerable discussion of ‘non-literal’ language by both sides of this dispute, the language analyzed involves either so-called implicit indexicality, loose or loosened use, enriched interpretations, or semantic transfer, not metaphor itself. In the first half of the paper, I critically evaluate Recanati’s (2004) recent Contextualist account and show that it cannot account for the metaphorical-literal dependence characteristic of metaphor. I then turn to Carston’s (2002), and Bezuidenhout’s (2001) Contextualist accounts and show that they place no constraints on metaphorical interpretations. In the second half of the paper I sketch a Literalist theory of metaphor elaborated in Stern (2000) and respond to two kinds of Contextualist criticisms of that account by Camp (2005) and Stanley (2005).