Semantic Nature Research Articles

Особенности личностно-смысловой сферы студентов с разным индексом склонности к когнитивным ошибкам

Introduction. Cognitive errors (distortions) are of a semantic nature; they are based on distortions in the semantic sphere of personality, first of all, at its deep levels related to beliefs, semantic attitudes, life orientations, and metacognitive characteristics. However, there is currently a shortage of studies that would set a goal to prove this statement. The purpose of the work: to identify the peculiarities of the personal and semantic sphere of students with different indexes of propensity to cognitive errors. The materials and methods. The study was conducted using the Google Forms platform for creating and administering surveys and online forms. The sample size was 485 respondents, including 433 men and 52 women aged 17-25 years. The Cognitive Mistakes Questionnaire (CMQ − CMQ) (A. Freeman, R. Devulf, adapted by A.E. Bobrov and E.V. Faizrakhmanova) was used to study the propensity of personality to cognitive errors. The following methods were used to study the personal and semantic sphere of the respondents: the method of diagnostics of socio-psychological adaptation (SPA) (C. Rogers, R. Diamond, adapted by A.K. Osnitsky), “Big Five” (BFI) (R. McCrae, P. Costa, adapted by A.B. Khromov), Irrational Attitudes Diagnostic Methodology (A. Ellis), Basic Beliefs Scale (WASWorld assumptions scale) (R. Janov-Bulman, adapted by O. Kravtsova), Biographical Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Behavioural Disorders (BIVBiographisches Inventar zur Diagnose von Verhaltensstoerungen) (Bottscher, Jager, Lischer), Life Orientations Questionnaire (LOQ) (E. Yu. Kravtsova), The Questionnaire to determine the content of the system of life meanings (V.Y. Kotlyakov), the method of diagnostics of coping mechanisms (E. Heim). Kruskal-Wallis H-criterion was used as a method of statistical data processing. The results of the research. It was revealed that there are statistically significant differences in the following indicators of the personal and semantic sphere of students with different indexes of propensity to cognitive errors: in adaptability in interpersonal relations; in the indicators of extraversion, emotional instability and expressiveness; in the expression of irrational attitudes and such basic beliefs as the benevolence of the world, the kindness of people, the value of one's own self, the degree of luck, the conviction in one's own value; in the indicators of family deficit syndrome; in such life orientation as transsituational mobility; in communicative life meanings and dominant coping mechanisms. The conclusion. The study revealed differences in the indicators of the personal and semantic sphere in students with different indexes of propensity to cognitive errors.

Hierarchical neural processing in γ oscillations for syntactic and semantic operations accounts for first- and second-language epistemology.

We discuss event-related power differences (ERPDs) in low- and broadband-γ oscillations as the embedded-clause edge is processed in wh-dependencies such as Which decision regarding/about him/her did Paul say that Lydie rejected without hesitation? in first (L1) and second language (L2) French speakers. The experimental conditions manipulated whether pronouns appeared in modifiers (Mods; regarding him/her) or in noun complements (Comps; about him/her) and whether they matched or mismatched a matrix-clause subject in gender. Across L1 and L2 speakers, we found that anaphora-linked ERPDs for Mods vs. Comps in evoked power first arose in low γ and then in broadband γ. Referential elements first seem to be retrieved from working memory by narrowband processes in low γ and then referential identification seems to be computed in broadband-γ output. Interactions between discourse- and syntax-based referential processes for the Mods vs. Comps in these ERPDs furthermore suggest that multidomain γ-band processing enables a range of elementary operations for discourse and semantic interpretation. We argue that a multidomain mechanism enabling operations conditioned by the syntactic and semantic nature of the elements processed interacts with local brain microcircuits representing features and feature sets that have been established in L1 or L2 acquisition, accounting for a single language epistemology across learning contexts.

Semantic Features of Phraseological Units in English and Uzbek Languages

This article examines the semantic features of phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages, focusing on their classification and distinct characteristics. While phraseological semantics shares similarities with lexical semantics, it exhibits unique traits. The study addresses the knowledge gap in the classification of phraseological units by exploring their broader semantic structure, which transcends denotative and connotative meanings. The research employs a comparative linguistic methodology, analyzing the semantic components of phraseological units in both languages. Findings reveal that phraseological units in English and Uzbek have different types of semantic structures, yet share common elements. Sh. Rakhmatullayev's classification of Uzbek phraseological units into integrity, mixing, and introduction provides a foundational framework. The study identifies three main types of phraseological meanings: idiomatic, idiophraseomatic, and phraseomatic. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex nature of phraseological semantics. The implications of this research extend to language teaching and cross-cultural communication, providing a valuable reference for linguists, educators, and translators working with phraseological units in both languages. The study highlights the need for further exploration into the classification and interpretation of phraseological units, encouraging future research in this underexplored area.

GADTs are not (Even partial) functors

Abstract Generalized Algebraic Data Types (GADTs) are a syntactic generalization of the usual algebraic data types (ADTs), such as lists, trees, etc. ADTs’ standard initial algebra semantics (IAS) in the category $\mathit{Set}$ of sets justify critical syntactic constructs – such as recursion, pattern matching, and fold – for programming with them. In this paper, we show that semantics for GADTs that specialize to the IAS for ADTs are necessarily unsatisfactory. First, we show that the functorial nature of such semantics for GADTs in $\mathit{Set}$ introduces ghost elements, i.e., elements not writable in syntax. Next, we show how such ghost elements break parametricity. We observe that the situation for GADTs contrasts dramatically with that for ADTs, whose IAS coincides with the parametric model constructed via their Church encodings in System F. Our analysis reveals that the fundamental obstacle to giving a functorial IAS for GADTs is the inherently partial nature of their map functions. We show that this obstacle cannot be overcome by replacing $\mathit{Set}$ with other categories that account for this partiality.

SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC MANIFESTATION OF MODALEM AND SPECIFICS OF DIALOGIC DISCOURSE TRANSLATION (based on the parallel corpus)

The article centers on the description of the category of subjective modality of dialogic discourse in terms of its semantic and pragmatic nature, exemplify the concept of modalem as a semantic marker of a verbal message, a means of expressing the subjective modality and a semantic quantum of the speaker’s remarks in a literary discourse. It alsо provides a semantic typology of modalems and illustrates the role of modalems with equivalent verbal content. The structure of dialogic discourse includes: producer – reference situation – remark – recipient. These are the components of communicative situation. The semantic load of such a communication conveys an obligatory modal aspect which is formed by the superposition of semantic and pragmatic coordinates. The process of subjectification (modalization) of the speaker’s remark in fictional discourse begins with the subjective view and perspective one of objective reality, described through a selected subjective mode of comprehension which represents the subjective modality of discourse. In other words, the subjective modal marking of discourse implies the speaker’s intention. Modalization is a complex process of including additional meanings onto the verbal information of a remark, determined by the author-producer’s intentions and their attitude towards the referential meaning. It serves as a pragmatic and axiological quantum of information that the producer embeds in their verbal message. The deciphering of modalem in the context of direct communicative interaction, as exemplified by the dialogic discourse of fictional prose, represents the semantic link that binds together “what the speaker said” and “what they meant to say” into a single semantic whole. For beginner translators, working with corpora for identifying the ways to convey modalems in different languages serves both a reliable basis for successful translation activities and an essential source for practicing interpreting and simultaneous translating.

Participles as a functional-speech unit of Russian language: stylistic aspect (based on the material of lyrical and prose works by M.Yu. Lermontov)

INTRODUCTION. The work is devoted to the study of participles use in M.Yu. Lermontov’s works. The relevance and scientific novelty lies in the study of the participle in the functionalspeech aspect. The aim is to analyze different literary genres of one author within the framework of a systematic description of the functional plan of participles and the formation of a generalizing theory of functional participle studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study aims to analyze the artistic (poetic and prose) contexts in which different types of participles are used. It focuses on the functional and syntactic features of participles based on the novel “The Hero of Our Time” and the poem “Sad Demon, Spirit of Exile”. Using the selective sampling method, contexts containing participles were extracted from the Russian National Corpus. The analysis of these contexts was conducted using observation, description, and analysis methods.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The classification of participles functioning in M.Yu. Lermontov’s literary texts of different genres, which has three bases, is presented: 1) by type of units: participles-phraseological units, participles-metaphors; 2) by type of functions: predicative (with a verbal bundle, with a verbal bundle in inversion order), attributive participles; 3) by semantic nature: non-objectified, adjectivated, substantive participles. CONCLUSION. The study of M.Yu. Lermontov’s usage of different types of participles in his novel and poem aids in determining the origins of features that have since become traditional in Russian poetry and prose across various genres. This study aims to conduct a purposeful comparative analysis of functional variations within different styles, genres, and artistic trends.

Necessary and sufficient conditions of the enforcement problem for various argumentation semantics

Abstract In the research on dynamics of argumentation frameworks (AFs), the enforcement problem deals with changing an AF for the purpose of ensuring that a certain set of desired arguments becomes (part of) an extension. In this paper we focus on expansions of an AF where solely the addition of new arguments and attacks is allowed and the original framework remains unchanged. Existing results about the enforcement problem are all sufficient conditions, and we argue that necessary and sufficient conditions are essential concerning the solvability of the enforcement problem. A suite of jointly necessary and sufficient conditions are identified for the enforcement problem under normal expansion. These conditions are presented from multiple perspectives including the sub-strict versus non-strict problem, constructive versus eliminative conditions and arbitrary AFs versus even(odd)-length cycle free AFs, determined by the nature of various argumentation semantics. Such necessary and sufficient conditions are of the essence to the enforcement problem by defining requirements that are both minimum and absolute, which can be used to determine when the enforcement problem is (un)solvable. We further infer solely sufficient and solely necessary conditions based on the partial order relation (w.r.t. set-inclusion) among various types of AF extensions.

Gender asymmetries of the category “appearance” in the English language (based on the analysis of attributive-nominal word combinations with the core lexemes “man” and “woman”)

The relevance of this article is determined by the increasing interest in the asymmetries of gender-sensitive categories like “appearance” or “beauty”. The history of the issue and detailed results of contemporary studies in this field have been outlined in the article. The category of appearance has long been considered gender-biased and asymmetric, being related more to women than to men. Present-day studies offer support for the idea that notions of appearance and beauty are unevenly linked to women, resulting in a multitude of societal and individual difficulties. Certain modern linguists even argue that the concept of beauty is employed as a narrative to perpetuate women’s feelings of discontent and self-criticism. Our work presents an attempt to measure the relevance of this supposition against practical data of the semantic analysis of collocations with the core lexemes “man” and “woman”. A total of 2,814 noun phrases relevant to the category of appearance have been extracted from the texts of the British National Corpus of the English language. Three subcategories have been distinguished in the process of continuous sampling: parametric characteristics of appearance, general characteristics, and assessments. The method of comparative analysis allowed us to make conclusions regarding the degree of validity of assumptions about the asymmetry of the category of appearance in the English language. The analysis was carried out in two stages: the first stage required a general comparison of the amount and semantic nature of attribute-nominal word combinations with the core lexemes “man” and “woman”. The second stage of analysis was based on connotational analysis of nominal constructions semantics in the context of positive and negative characteristics of females’ and males’ appearance. The summary data of the study allowed us to present reliable evidence-based conclusions about the objective characteristics of the category of appearance. The study questions the widespread belief that the category of appearance is gender-biased and suggests considering it as a significant androgenic characteristic relevant to both men and women.

Language Reflection: Metatextual Analysis.

The article deals with language reflection, verbalization through metatexts, and interpretation. The expression of language reflection is defined in the works of writers and poets. The research is directed at investigating the text, realizing the process of interpreting the works of great poet A. Kunanbayev from the point of linguistic consciousness, and determining the results. The poet conveys information by utilizing various language tools and constructs that prompt self-questioning. The definitions of concepts, classifications, and characteristics related to language reflection are given. The authors aimed to identify language reflection in A. Kunanbayev's works, classify reflexives marking the language reflection of the author, modeling them using the G. Gibbs' model, and comparing them with the psycholinguistic survey materials within the framework of reflexive linguistics. The authors agree that there are two classifications of reflexives, such as metatextual commentary and metalanguage interpretation. As a result of the study, the poet's self-reflection consisted of 6 elements (Gibbs' cycle), through the lexico-semantic analysis of the reflexives the poet's language units were classified as metatextual commentary and the respondents' answers as metalanguage interpretation. The syntactic structures of the language reflexives were determined, and it was found that they are often in interrogative and negative forms. According to the purpose of the article, the reflexives in the poet's poem were identified and classified into four groups (Describing the poet or providing additional information; Working on yourself; Working with character; Positive assessment) by the semantic nature of the respondents' interpretation of the work as a result of the psycholinguistic experiment.

Реализация диминутивных значений глаголами с суффиксом -el(n) в современном немецком языке

The paper describes unprefixed diminutive verbs with the suffix -el(n) in modern German from the perspective of the interconnection between their semantics and pragmatics. The aim of the research is to identify the primary actualizations of diminutive meanings by the analyzed units. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the first attempt to thoroughly analyze the influence of a derivational affix (the German suffix -el(n)) on the development of diminutive semantics within the semantic structure of a verb. Additionally, the authors expand the understanding of the diminutiveness category by considering notions such as intensity and iterativity. As a result of conducting a corpus analysis of German verbs with the suffix -el(n) that manifest diminutive meanings, it was found that affixational means of expressing diminutiveness primarily possess a semantic nature and mainly mark the category of intentionality of verbs. It was also found that the meanings of diminutiveness in some derivatives ending in -el(n) are explicit only through various shades of attenuation, derived solely from the pragmatic content of verbal lexemes, simultaneously conveying implicit evaluative information about the action.

Investigating the Impact of Semantic Operations on PersianSpeaking Aphasics: Further Evidence on the Localization View

Introduction: Broca and Wernicke’s patients perform satisfactorily regarding the processing of canonical syntactic structures, as maintained by previous studies; however, there has been a gap in the literature because no particular research has yet investigated the performance of these patients in the Persian circumstances once they were required to analyze sentences which would demand extra-semantic processing. This study clarifies the role of two critical semantic operations demanding extra-semantic processing at the sentential level: Aspectual coercion. It complements to provide some evidence on the localist view of the brain. Our rationale for selecting these operations was their pure semantic nature, not relying on morphosyntactic properties.
 Materials and Methods: Having recruited two age- and education-matched Broca, two Wernicke, and four healthy controls, we conducted a semantic judgment task in which the participants were asked to express their correct semantic judgment in the two coercion and two normal conditions.
 Results: Our results showed an approximately above-chance performance of the Broca group for all conditions; however, in the Wernicke group, the same result was not observed due to their poor performance in coercion conditions, though in ordinary sentences, they performed much better.
 Conclusion: Our findings, along with similar off-line and imaging studies, corroborate the view of localism, based on which Wernicke’s area is mainly responsible for the primary semantic operations while Broca’s area predominantly takes over syntactic parsing.

Four Dialectal Uses of the Adverb Siempre and Their Grammatical Properties

This article analyzes four interpretations of the adverb siempre ‘always’ that do not belong to general Spanish. The continuative and the progressive-comparative interpretations are argued to be calques of Italian, often attested in Rioplatense Spanish. In the first one, siempre is equivalent to Eng. still or ‘continue to + infinitive’, while in the second one it admits paraphrases with more and more, less and less, and the adverbs gradually and progressively. The third interpretation, in which siempre is roughly equivalent to after all, finally, and ‘end up + gerund’, will be argued to be concessive-adversative. This reading is more frequent in Mexico and Central America, but it is also attested in other American countries. The fourth reading is the attenuated interpretation, registered in part of the Andean area. In this meaning, siempre is equivalent to roughly or so so. It is argued that, with the possible exception of the last reading (whose origin is insecure), these different meanings of siempre coincide in the interpretation of this adverb as a universal quantifier, while they differ in the semantic nature of the quantified variable.

Idioms of the Kyrgyz and Arabic Languages, Conveying Negative Human Qualities

Phraseological expressions in the Kyrgyz and Arabic languages, expressing the internal qualities of a person and his negative qualities from the inside — belonging only to his personal inner world, which cannot be felt or seen from the outside: anger, stinginess, greed, laziness, cunning, etc. are reflected here. Phraseological means expressing the negative qualities of a person, his positive character, his numerical abundance of phraseological units expressing their quality, the diversity of their semantic nature, the abundance of their stylistic evaluative properties and their originality are reflected in this article.

Conceptual Foundations of the Ideographic Dictionaries of the Ural Semantic School

The purpose of the article is to examine the ideographic dictionaries created by the lexicographers of the Ural Semantic School from the dynamic aspect, according to which the Ural ideographic lexicography was formed as an independent direction. In total, the group has published 26 ideographic dictionaries of different semantic and grammatical nature of words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, synonyms of the Russian language and Russian speech, synonymic-antonymic complexes, Russian verb sentences, Russian key concepts. The methodological basis of such dictionaries were the basic provisions of the main scholarly paradigms of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: structural-semantic, functional-semantic, denotative-ideographic, cognitive-discursive. In turn, a new type of active ideographic dictionaries contributed to the formation of a system of basic theoretical positions that formed the conceptual lexicographic base of ideographic dictionaries. The universal theoretical foundations of linguistic construction represent the following fundamental principles: consistency, hierarchy, invariance/variability, the presence of standard semantics, representativeness of identifiers, etc., the implementation of which is modified and corrected in the structure of various ideographic dictionaries and supplemented with new relevant lexicographic parameters of their construction, which determines the conceptual uniqueness of each individual dictionary. The peculiarities of such dictionaries and their ideographic sets are determined by the semantic-grammatical and linguo-cognitive nature of the units that make up their composition and the specifics of their constituent sets of units: lexical-semantic, functional-semantic and functional-syntactic, cognitive-discursive. As a result of the study, the authors identify the main types of lexical sets in the composition of ideographic dictionaries of different types.

Adjective comparison in African varieties of English

Adjectives in English can express the comparative in two ways, either synthetically, with the addition of the suffix -er (e.g. nicer), or analytically, with the adverb more preceding the adjective (e.g. more outstanding). With some adjectives, the two forms coexist (e.g. cleverer and more clever). While traditional grammars state that length (measured in number of syllables) is the main determinant for comparative variation (Quirk et al. 1985; Biber et al. 1999; Huddleston and Pullum 2002), more recent and focused studies (Mondorf 2003, 2007, 2009; Hilpert 2008) show that the distribution of English comparative forms is conditioned by more than the number of syllables, establishing a more complex set of factors to account for this alternation. The aim of the current paper is to assess the main factors that underlie comparative alternation through an in-depth analysis of the presence of synthetic and analytic forms in a set of adjectives taken from five African varieties of English (South African, Nigerian, Ghanaian, Kenyan, and Tanzanian English). In line with contemporary studies (Mondorf 2003), the results ascertain that comparative alternation is primarily governed by intra-linguistic factors, predominantly of morphosyntactic, semantic and phonological nature. Additionally, the impact of other commonly-cited factors, such as learner effects and L1 influence, which are expected to reinforce the observed tendency towards analyticization, is also explored.

Lived Experience of Kidney Transplant Recipients with Kidney Graft Failure

The study aimed to understand the semantic structure and nature of the disease experience of kidney transplant recipients with kidney graft failure by applying phenomenological research methods. Data were collected between February and September 2021 through individual in-depth interviews with 12 kidney transplant recipients with kidney graft failure. Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the meaning of the participants' illness experiences. 5 theme clusters and 15 themes were derived. The five theme clusters are as follows: (1) First transplant giving me a second life; (2) Body and mind becoming sick again; (3) Waiting for a re-transplant with hope and worry; (4) Life supported by gratefulness; (5) Having control over my own life. This study shows that kidney transplant recipients with kidney graft failure experience physical and psychological difficulties during the long disease period and require help from many people, including family members, friends, colleagues, and health care providers, to overcome their difficulties.

A semantic analysis of bilingual compound verbs in two contact Spanish communities

Although previous work has contributed to our knowledge of bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) in different code-switching varieties, there is scant research on the semantic nature of these innovative constructions. To fill this gap, the present study examines semantic aspects of BCVs in Northern Belize and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, two sociohistorically connected communities where Spanish hacer ‘do’ BCVs have been attested. Drawing on two datasets, we analyzed the semantic domains that are most open to other-language lexical verbs as well as the potential use of these structures as identity markers. The analysis of 1,140 BCVs (903 in Northern Belize and 237 in Yucatan) revealed that whereas ‘education’ particularly favored English lexical verbs in Northern Belize, ‘nourishment’ was the semantic sub-category most open to Yucatec Maya lexical verbs in the Yucatan Peninsula. Notably, only hacer BCVs from Yucatan evince the incorporation of cultural elements and linguistic practices such as albur ‘word play’ to index a Yucatec Maya ethnolinguistic identity. Our findings highlight the importance that the nature of bilingualism and community linguistic norms have on the semantic use of BCVs.

КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛИНДЕГИ ПСИХОЛОГИЯЛЫК АБАЛДЫ ТУЮНДУРГАН ЭТИШ СӨЗДӨР

The article examines the verbs of the psychological state of a person in the modern Kyrgyz language and the semantic nature of the verb group expressing the mental state in it. The psychological state of a person as an integral mental process is a physiological reaction and an external expression of internal subjective content through verbal predicates, which is the essence of our scientific work. A person as a subject of mental activity not only causes certain changes in life, but also affects other people, and also feels and perceives what is happening in the environment. Positive and negative emotions, pleasant and unpleasant feelings in a person's character are expressed through a language function, in our work we use semantic predicates, which are analyzed in this article.

Hate Speech Detection in Low-Resource Bodo and Assamese Texts with ML-DL and BERT Models

Hate speech detection research is a recent sizzling topic in natural language processing (NLP). Unburdened uses of social media platforms make people over-opinionative, which crosses the limit of leaving comments and posts toxic. A toxic outlook increases violence towards the neighbour, state, country, and continent. Several laws have been introduced in different countries to end the emergency problem. Now, all the media platforms have started working on restricting hate posts or comments. Hate speech detection is generally a text classification problem if considered a supervised observation. To tackle text in terms of computation perspective is challenging because of its semantic and complex grammatical nature. Resource-rich languages leverage their richness, whereas resource scarce language suffers significantly from a lack of dataset. This paper makes a multifaceted contribution encompassing resource generation, experimentation with Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL) and state-of-the-art transformer-based models, and a comprehensive evaluation of model performance, including thorough error analysis. In the realm of resource generation, it adds to the North-East Indian Hate Speech tagged dataset (NEIHS version 1), which encompasses two languages: Assamese and Bodo.

Coding splits in the adnominal possessive construction and alienability: the case of Mandinka (West Mande)

Abstract In the adnominal possessive construction of Mandinka (a West Mande language spoken in Gambia, Senegal, and Guinea Bissau), the possessor NP may be simply juxtaposed to the possessee or flagged by the postposition lá. This coding split shows unusual properties in comparison with most of the languages having formally similar coding splits. Crucially, any noun can be modified by an unflagged possessor, depending on the semantic nature of the possessor and of its relation to the possessee. The present-day distribution of the two constructions cannot be analyzed as reflecting an alienability contrast, nor can the alienability contrast account for the emergence of this coding split. The data analyzed in this study suggest that the lá-construction initially referred to situations where the possessor determines the location of the possessee, but is grammaticalized differently depending on the grammatical nature of the head noun and the semantic nature of the modifier. The Mandinka data also show the limits of explanations in terms of discourse frequency, and the need to admit that semantic features such as animacy and control may play a crucial role in the genesis of coding splits in the adnominal possession construction.