Semantic Links Research Articles

A semi-automated approach to data harmonization across environmental health studies

The NIEHS-supported Human Health and Exposure Analysis Resource (HHEAR) Data Center maintains a public-use data repository to promote reuse of environmental health data generated by the HHEAR program. The creation and maintenance of this repository requires the integration of information from a wide variety of epidemiologic studies. We have developed the Human Aware Data Acquisition Framework to enable this complex integration, supporting harmonization across multiple studies, and enabling meaningful search and access of the data deposited in the HHEAR Data Repository. To integrate data from a new study, investigators engage in an initial, time-consuming effort to link study data to the HHEAR ontology, a controlled vocabulary of environmental and public health terms. This is accomplished by generating a semantic data dictionary (SDD) from the data dictionaries and codebooks provided by HHEAR study investigators. Originally, this had been done manually by an expert in both epidemiological terminology and ontological modeling. To increase the accessibility of these tools for environmental health scientists who lack formal ontologic training, we have developed an SDD-Editor that simplifies the ontology modeling process. The SDD-Editor reuses elements common to epidemiologic data dictionaries and spreadsheet software, while integrating features needed to form semantic links between public health concepts and existing ontologies. The SDD-Editor suggests potential concept matches for study variables within the SDD using natural language processing to capture the semantic similarity between data dictionary and ontology class descriptions. If no suitable suggestion exists, investigators can search for ontology terms using a search engine powered by Bioportal. Once finished, a validator is run to check that the SDD has the correct format and all classes are valid. By automating parts of the ontology modeling process, the SDD-Editor greatly facilitates the dynamic integration of HHEAR environmental health studies into a single repository, benefiting the scientific community.

Translation of Non-Equivalent Idioms (using English and Russian examples)

The author analyses possibilities of translating idioms that do not have corresponding equivalents in the target language. In addition to existing methods described in literature, he proposes translation by means of compensation within a narrow context. The substitute idiom should be chosen from the same phraseosemantic field, and thus, both semantic link to the original text and important stylistic level typical of idioms are preserved in the target text. The theory is demonstrated by examples of translation from English into Russian and vice versa.

To the question on consequences of staging political reality on the Internet

The subject of this research is the sociopolitical consequences of staging reality on the Internet. The object of this research is the coverage of the international political agenda by modern online media. Methodological frameworks for this study is comprised of polyparadigmatic approach that allows juxtaposing macro-and micro- approaches towards examination of reality staging and its consequences. The term “staging of reality” reflects the process of creating a certain image, situation, or genuine semantic link by analogy with the hyperbolized fictional reality “presented” on stage. Despite the fact that this phenomenon exist for a long time, transformation of the character of communication processes, as a result of advancement of information technologies, led to acquisition of enormous influence by online media upon the political processes in society, as well as creation of worldview by a modern person. The article describes the consequences and risks caused by staging political reality on the Internet on several levels. Analysis is conducted on correlation of this phenomenon with the formation of political identity, institutionalization, political communication, and staging political risks of local and global scale. The conclusion is made that negative effect from staging political reality exceeds the boundaries of just the news field, and manifests as a problem that requires comprehensive and cross-disciplinary approach. Attention is given to such consequence of staging political reality as the reconstruction of staged risks in mass media, as it plays one of the determinant roles in the process of devaluation of democratic principles. Along with creation of the distorted worldview due to escalation of uncertainty, loss of confidence in political sources, political anomia and, altered understanding of the freedom of speech and criteria for appropriate information, the staging of risks sidetracks an individual from the ideals of lawful society.

МОТИВ ОДИНОЧЕСТВА В РАННИХ ЦИКЛАХ ЭПОСА «ДЖАНГАР»

Статья посвящена изучению комплекса эпических мотивов, восходящих к образу мифологического героя-первопредка и выявлению архаической основы калмыцкого эпоса «Джангар». Цель настоящей статьи – выявить ядерный мотив архаического эпоса – мотив одиночества эпического героя и дать его семантическое описание. Новизна работы заключается в том, что впервые рассматривается весь комплекс мотивов, восходящих к образу героя-первопредка. Материалом для исследования являются ранние циклы калмыцкого эпоса «Джангар» – Багацохуровский 1853-1862 гг. и Малодербетовский 1862 г. При анализе применены структурно-семантический, структурно-типологический и сопоставительный методы. Проведен сравнительно-типологический анализ мотива одиночества эпического героя, представленный в нарративе ранних циклов калмыцкого героического эпоса «Джангар» с эпическими системами тюрко-монгольских народов Сибири. Анализ подтверждает, что ранние циклы образованы на ядерных мотивах архаического эпоса предшествовавших традиций. Выявлены типологические параллели с наиболее ранним типом эпического героя как якутский Эр Соготох. Эпические нарративы ранних циклов «Джангара» свидетельствуют, что образ героя-воина Джангара восходит к образу героя-первопредка. Установлены общие ядерные образования как одиночество героя, мифологический фон ранних циклов «Джангара», его брачные коллизии и оружие как первопредмет – говорящие о несомненной архаичности образа богатыря Джангара. Выявлены как семантические, так и структурные связи. Выявление семантического инварианта мотива и всего комплекса архаического ядерного фонда мотивов ранних циклов эпоса «Джангар» даст возможность для дальнейшего сравнительно-типологического изучения тюрко-монгольского эпического пласта. Систематизация и описание мотивного фонда ранних циклов эпоса «Джангар» позволит включить его в международную систему указателей мотивов. Перспектива изучения архаического мотивного фонда калмыцкого эпоса «Джангар» видится в том, что это позволит проследить развитие эпического жанра. Эволюция древних сказаний о Джангаре как о герое-первопредке, пришедшаяся на пору кочевого скотоводческого быта, военных столкновений, привела к переходу от первоначального образа к герою-воину циклизованного героического эпоса. The article is devoted to the study of a complex of epic motifs that go back to the image of the mythological hero-first ancestor and the identification of the archaic basis of the Kalmyk epic Jangar. The purpose of this article is to identify the nuclear motif of the archaic epic – the motif of the loneliness of the epic hero and to give its semantic description. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the whole complex of motifs that go back to the image of the hero-ancestor is considered. The material for the research is the early cycles of the Kalmyk epic Jangar – Bagatsokhurovsky (1853-1862) and Maloderbetovsky (1862). The analysis applied structural-semantic, structural-typological and comparative methods. A comparative typological analysis of the loneliness motif of the epic hero presented in the narrative of the early cycles of the Kalmyk heroic epic Jangar with the epic systems of the Turkic-Mongol peoples of Siberia is carried out. The analysis confirms that the early cycles were formed on the nuclear motifs of the archaic epic of the preceding traditions. Identified typological parallels with the earliest type of epic hero, the Yakut Er Sogotokh. The epic narratives of the early Jangar cycles indicate that the image of Jangar as a warrior hero goes back to the image of the ancestor hero. Common nuclear formations have been established, such as the loneliness of the hero, the mythological background of the early cycles of Jangar, his marriage collisions and weapons, as the primary subject – talking about the undoubted archaism of the image of the hero Jangar. We revealed both semantic and structural links. Revealing the semantic invariant of the motif and the whole complex of the archaic nuclear fund of motifs of the early cycles of the epic Jangar will provide an opportunity for further comparative typological study of the Turkic-Mongolian epic layer. Systematization and description of the motif fund of the early cycles of the epic Jangarwill allow it to be included in the international system of indicators of motifs. Prospects for studying the archaic motif fund of the Kalmyk epic Jangar are that it will allow tracing the development of the epic genre. The evolution of ancient legends about Jangar as a hero-ancestor, which fell at the time of nomadic cattle-breeding life, military conflicts, led to the transition from the original image to the hero-warrior of the cyclized heroic epic.

Abstract 279: Long non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma tumor recurrence and therapy resistance

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating disease which invariably recurs and is often resistant to standard therapies. GBM patient-derived xenoline (PDX) models of tumor recurrence and radiation resistance were created using serial in vivo selection against radiation therapy (6 × 2Gy fractions over 2 weeks for 6+ rounds). This produced 8 isogenic pairs of patient matched radiation-sensitive, primary GBM PDX to radiation-resistant, recurrent GBM PDX. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) represent novel regulatory mechanisms for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence in GBM. An in silico informatics pipeline employing differential expression, differential gene correlation, machine learning, and semantic networking was devised to identify coding and non-coding transcripts related to radiation resistance from deep total RNA sequencing. This analysis revealed 269 lncRNA and 947 coding transcripts that are associated with adaptive radiation resistance. LncRNA:RNA and lncRNA:DNA interaction prediction software was employed to further uncover mechanisms of epigenetic regulation by lncRNAs. A subset of the lncRNA transcripts were predicted to interact directly with other coding transcripts while other lncRNAs have predicted interactions with DNA in regulatory regions of the human genome. We are further validating lncRNA:DNA interactions through in silico methods to determine if genes proximal to these interaction sites are related to tumorigenesis or therapy response. Semantic linkages have been predicted from references in the current literature for lncRNAs and key molecular processes such as DNA damage response, extracellular matrix, and chromatin remodeling. Modules of highly correlated genes, including lncRNAs, have been identified that are differentially regulated between radiation sensitive and resistant tumors. Cross-validation between our in silico approaches have confirmed high-confidence associations of a subset of lncRNAs with acquired radiation resistance. Subsequently, we will validate the expression and phenotypic relevance of high-confidence transcripts in our cohort of PDX models derived from recurrent GBM tumors. In conclusion, recurrence of therapy resistant GBM is responsible for patient mortality. Not all patients qualify for surgical resection or for chemotherapy, but radiation is almost a universally tolerated therapy. We have generated a novel model of tumor recurrence and radiation resistance that recapitulates recurrent tumor physiology. We have discovered 269 lncRNAs associated with radiation resistance that suggests potential regulatory mechanisms through nucleic acid binding. Evidence suggests that lncRNAs most likely contribute to acquired resistance through epigenetic regulation of transcription and chromatin state. These transcripts may provide novel, druggable targets for treating therapy resistant, recurrent GBM. Citation Format: Christian Tyler Stackhouse, James R. Rowland, Jelai Wang, Thanh Nguyen, Zongliang Yue, Jake Y. Chen, Lara Ianov, G. Yancey Gillespie, Christopher D. Willey. Long non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma tumor recurrence and therapy resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 279.

Об истоках и специфике одного мотива. К 110-летию со дня выхода книги В.В. Розанова «Когда начальство ушло…»

For the first time, the book by V. V. Rozanov «When the Bosses Are Gone ...» (1910) is the subject to analyze. The article notes the specificity of the book (a collection of articles), which received a genre status in the Russian culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: the book contains both previously published articles and the ones, which were rejected by editors. In addition to the genre affiliation, other features of this book are revealed; the article summarizes and defines the development of the author’s political views on contemporary events in the country, which he welcomed and encouraged in his literary word; Rozanov’s historiosophy is analyzed. The author of the article commented on the compositional structure of the collection, revealed the semantic links between the articles, as well as the basis that unites them – the essence of «authorities» as a specific phenomenon of Russian life. The synonymous series of «bosses» is suggested: «bureaucracy», «government», «power». The article identifies the sources of the problems of the «bosses»: these are the works of N.A. Lyubimov and Vl.S. Soloviev, with which V.V. Rozanov conducts internal dialogue, representing the «bosses» as a part of the political life in the country of 1901 1906 and noting the weakening of the authoritarian position. The book’s artistic layout is analyzed, the sources of replica drawings on the cover and at the end of the collection are established, and the relationship between these drawings and the book’s content is revealed. It is particularly noted that already in 1914 V.V. Rozanov felt remorse about the publication of this book, and in 1917 he came to realize the catastrophic consequences of the events that he had once been so happy about.

Judicial Decisions in Russian Criminal Proceedings: Current Theoretical and Practical Problems

Introduction. The importance of judicial decisions in criminal proceedings is determined by their observance of the established stages of such criminal proceedings. The quality of judicial decisions determines the fairness of justice, and the ability of the state to effectively protect the rights and freedoms of the individual. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the legal relationship arising, changing and resolving, in connection with the adoption of court decision. The methodological basis of the research is the universal dialectical method of cognition, including observation, methods of analysis and synthesis, structural and functional method. Results. The authors came to the conclusion that the main institutional features of judicial decisions (procedural form, requirements to the content regulated by the law, the procedure for making, binding, special procedure for their verification and review) are determined by their nature, as well as by the specifics of the epistemological activity of the court when making them. Judicial decision making is a complex mechanism consisting of a set of various structural elements that correspond with one another in various multiple direct and indirect relationships. Discussion and Conclusion. Judicial decision as an act of judicial power should reflect its basic properties: independence, regulation and law enforcement, decisiveness and objectivity. Judicial decisions taken together must meet the full requirements of the judiciary. The most important property of a court decision is its compliance with the requirements of legal norms. Among the features of the legal nature of the judgment should include: the relevance of the hierarchy of legal regulations governing its form, its content and procedure, and the proper interpretation of the rules of law applied in making this decision. The validity of the court decision is based on an objective semantic link between the results of the evidence, which are reflected in the descriptive and motivational part of the decision, and the direct conclusions of the court on the merits of the issue under consideration in the operative part. The higher the level of proof required in making a decision and the more clearly regulated the procedure of proof and decision-making – the higher the degree of fairness of the court decision.

Support from a TMS/MEP study for a direct link between positive/negative stimuli and approach/avoidance tendencies

Previous behavioral studies using stimulus-response compatibility tasks have shown that people are faster to carry out instructed approach/avoidance responses to positive/negative stimuli. This result has been taken as evidence that positive/negative stimulus valence directly activates a tendency to approach/avoid, which in turn, facilitates execution of instructed approach/avoidance behavior. In these studies, however, it cannot be excluded that the results reflect a purely semantic link between stimulus valence and instructed responses. According to this alternative interpretation, positive/negative stimuli do not elicit an approach/avoidance tendency, but instead they interact with the positive/negative valence of the instructed responses, and in this way, produce the observed compatibility effect. To circumvent this possible disadvantage of compatibility tasks, we used a novel method for the measurement of early action tendencies: TMS induced MEPs. In two experiments, participants were first trained to abduct the index finger to approach and the thumb to avoid. Then, they observed a series of positive and negative stimuli. Each stimulus was followed by a TMS pulse (at 400 ms post-stimulus onset) and MEPs were measured continuously on the muscles of both fingers. These observation trials were randomly intermixed with response trials, in which neutral stimuli were presented and participants were instructed to approach/avoid the stimuli. In Experiment 1, participants received clear visual feedback on the outcome of their response in the response trials. In Experiment 2, we omitted this feedback to test whether it was necessary for the effect to occur. The results indicated higher MEPs for the approach/avoidance finger after positive/negative stimuli in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. Analyses on the data aggregated over both experiments suggest that the visual feedback was necessary for stimulus valence to elicit action tendencies. Taken together, the results are in line with the results of behavioral studies with compatibility tasks, suggesting that stimulus valence directly elicits specific action tendencies already at 400 ms but they indicate that clear visual feedback is necessary for this effect to occur.

Grouping sentences as better language unit for extractive text summarization

Most existing methods for extractive text summarization aim to extract important sentences with statistical or linguistic techniques and concatenate these sentences as a summary. However, the extracted sentences are usually incoherent. The problem becomes worse when the source text and the summary are long and based on logical reasoning. The motivation of this paper is to answer the following two related questions: What is the best language unit for constructing a summary that is coherent and understandable? How is the extractive summarization process based on the language unit? Extracting larger language units such as a group of sentences or a paragraph is a natural way to improve the readability of summary as it is rational to assume that the original sentences within a larger language unit are coherent. This paper proposes a framework for group-based text summarization that clusters semantically related sentences into groups based on Semantic Link Network (SLN) and then ranks the groups and concatenates the top-ranked ones into a summary. A two-layer SLN model is used to generate and rank groups with semantic links including the is-part-of link, sequential link, similar-to link, and cause–effect link. The experimental results show that summaries composed by group or paragraph tend to contain more key words or phrases than summaries composed by sentences and summaries composed by groups contain more key words or phrases than those composed by paragraphs especially when the average length of source texts is from 7000 words to 17,000 words which is the usual length of scientific papers. Further, we compare seven clustering algorithms for generating groups and propose five strategies for generating groups with the four types of semantic links.

Lexical-Semantic and Syntactic Peculiarities of the American Photographic Discourse of the Great Depression (as exemplified by the titles of the American photographs during the period of 1929-1942)

The present article describes the analysis of the peculiarities of such a cognitive-communicative phenomenon as American photographic discourse. It contains sociolinguistic and cultural-semiotic particular features. The present complex discourse is analyzed in the context of linguistic synchrony during the period of the Great Depression, the economic crisis that influenced not only the American discursive space but also all the spheres of the American society from 1929 till 1942. The authors typify the photographic discourse as a synthesis of linguistic forms comparing it with the utterance (act of speech) by virtue of its peculiar structural components – persuasion, cognition and purposefulness. The authors conclude that the American photographic discourse combines the inner qualities of the visual, author and critical art (the arts) discourses because of its complex essence. Besides, the lexical representatives of the American photographic discourse of the times of the Depression are defined by a certain semantic peculiarity – absence of the words with the abstract meaning. According to the authors, such a consistency may be explained not only due to the presence of the semantic links with the main “Depression” macro-concept and also due to the certain socio-historical events. The majority of the representatives materializing the micro-concepts possess the negative evaluative connotation as evidenced by the commemoration of the “crisis” integral seme peculiar both for the macro Depression concept and all the micro-concepts (“Poverty”, “Manual Labor”, “Racism”, “Migration”, “Death”, “Disease” and “Protest”). However, the important characteristic of the “Manual Labor” micro-concept is a high frequency rate of the words denoting professions in the sphere of farming and mining. Such a tendency proclaims the US individualistic culture that is focused on the personal initiative and the active combating the difficulties. The analysis of the syntactic means objectified within the framework of the American photographic discourse has demonstrated that the titles of the photographs presented in the form of phrases (word clusters) have a sentence-like essence. Such a characteristic presupposes the presence of the predication and modality features specifically attributed to a sentence. As the result, there has been acknowledged the special complex syntactic status of the titles of the American photographs.

A Semantic Collaboration Method Based on Uniform Knowledge Graph

The Semantic Internet of Things (SIoT) is the extension of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Semantic Web, which aims to build an interoperable collaborative system to solve the heterogeneous problems in the IoT. However, the SIoT has the characteristics of both the IoT and the Semantic Web environment, and the corresponding semantic data present many new data features. In this article, we analyze the characteristics of semantic data and propose the concept of a uniform knowledge graph (UKG), allowing us to be applied to the environment of the SIoT better. Here, we design a semantic collaboration method based on a UKG. It can take the UKG as the form of knowledge organization and representation, and provide a useful data basis for semantic collaboration by constructing the semantic links to complete semantic relation between different data sets, to achieve the semantic collaboration in the SIoT. Our experiments show that the proposed method can analyze and understand the semantics of user requirements better and provide more satisfactory outcomes.

Construction of Empirical Care Pathways Process Models From Multiple Real-World Datasets.

Care pathways (CPWs) are "multidisciplinary care plans that detail essential care steps for patients with specific clinical problems." While CPWs impact on health or cost outcomes is vastly studied, an in-depth analysis of the real-world implementation of the CPWs is an area that still remains underexplored. The present work describes how to apply an existing process mining methodology to construct the empirical CPW process models. These process models are a unique piece of information for health services research: for example to evaluate their conformance against the theoretical CPW described on clinical guidelines or to evaluate the impact of the process in health outcomes. To this purpose, this work relies on the design and implementation of a solution that a) synthesizes the expert knowledge on how health care is delivered within and across providers as an activity log, and b) constructs the CPW process model from that activity log using process mining techniques. Unlike previous research based on ad hoc data captures, current approach is built on the linkage of various heterogeneous real-world data (RWD) sets that share a minimum semantic linkage. RWD, defined as secondary use of routinely collected data as opposite to ad hoc data extractions, is a unique source of information for the CPW analysis due to its coverage of the caregiving activities and its wide availability. The viability of the solution is demonstrated by constructing the CPW process model of Code Stroke (Acute Stroke CPW) in the Aragon region (Spain).

The influence of semantic link network on the ability of question-answering system

Semantic Link Network plays an important role in representing and understanding text. This paper investigates the influence of semantic links on the basic abilities of a type of QA system that extracts answers from a range of texts (answer range). Research concerns how semantic links influence the answer range and the performance of this type of QA system. Research also concerns the ability to answering different types of questions and supporting different patterns of answering questions. Based on the semantic link network extracted from Wikipedia, an experimental QA system is developed to answer questions according to a range of pages in Wikipedia. Research reached the following results: (1) the answer range and the semantic link network influence each other: keeping a certain range of performance, increase one can decrease the request of the other; and, (2) the semantic link network can enhance the ability of QA system in answering questions and supporting patterns of answering questions covered by semantic link network.

A compact firefly algorithm for matching biomedical ontologies

Biomedical ontologies have gained particular relevance in the life science domain due to its prominent role in representing knowledge in this domain. However, the existing biomedical ontologies could define the same biomedical concept in different ways, which yields the biomedical ontology heterogeneous problem. To implement the inter-operability among the biomedical ontologies, it is critical to establish the semantic links between heterogenous biomedical concepts, so-called biomedical ontology matching. Since modeling the ontology matching problem is a complex and time-consuming task, swarm intelligent algorithm (SIA) becomes a state-of-the-art methodology for solving this problem. However, when addressing the biomedical ontology matching problem, the existing SIA-based matchers tend to be inefficient due to biomedical ontology’s large-scale concepts and complex semantic relationships. In this work, we propose a compact firefly algorithm (CFA), where the explicit representation of the population is replaced by a probability distribution and two compact movement operators are presented to save the memory consumption and runtime of the population-based SIAs. We exploit the anatomy track, disease and phenotype track and biodiversity and ecology track from the ontology alignment evaluation initiative (OAEI) to test CFA-based matcher’s performance. The experimental results show that CFA can improve the FA-based matcher’s memory consumption and runtime by, respectively, 68.92% and 38.97% on average, and its results significantly outperform other SIA-based matchers and OAEI’s participants.

Music and Prosody: Suprasegmental Features of Reggaeton Songs

The processing of reggaeton songs demands an active engagement from the listener due to the high level of fragmentation in the lyrics, which stems from the variability in word stress and prosodic segmentation. Changes in word stress challenge the listener’s ability to parse the lyrics and often render the passage semantically and grammatically opaque. Long, deliberate pauses and rhythmic variations within grammatical units can be a hindrance to the perception of certain passages, and hence, to the overall comprehension of the text. However, the prosodic disjointedness is compensated by semantic and grammatical links between the parts of separated structures.

Особливості полікомпонентних економічних термінів у структурному, семантичному і перекладацькому аспектах

The features of structure, semantics and translation of polycomponent economic terms from English into Ukrainian are analyzed in the article. The study found that English polycomponent economic terms are formed by two-, three- and four-component models, characterized by different degrees of usage in language, depending on extralinguistic factors, namely the need for the specified type of terminological phrases. The most productive model of the syntactic method of term formation is „adjective + noun”, which accounts for about 57% of selected terms. The semantic links between the components of terminological phrases are different – absolutely stable or relatively stable. A relatively stable link between components means that the components retain their direct meaning in English polycomponent economic terms. The meaning of terms with absolute stability is not (or almost not) derived from the meaning of their constituents. The terminology of economics is characterized by terms with a relatively stable relationship. Their share is 68% of the sample. The complexity of translating English multicomponent economic terms into Ukrainian is that some terms are ambiguous. When translating English polycomponent economic terms into Ukrainian, methods of literal translation, permutations, descriptive translation are used. The two-component terms are translated using the following constructions: „adjective + noun”, „noun + noun in the genitive case”, as well as a phrase of two nouns with a preposition. Three-component terms can be translated by a corresponding phrase, the components of which fully or partially coincide with the original English polycomponent economic term in form and meaning. We see further research prospects in the study of the structure, semantics and features of translation of these terminological units in other contexts.

„Tu wszystko ma insze imię”, czyli o zmianach semantycznych w polszczyźnie potomków polskich imigrantów w Brazylii

The object of this research are lexical semantic changes in Polish language spoken by descendants of Polish immigrants who live in a rural community in southern Brazil. The aim is to analyze the semantic changes which emerged as a result of language contact with Brazilian Portuguese and to state if there is a semantical motivation between the primary meaning (brought by the immigrants) and the new meaning of the lexemes. The data used for the research was extracted from interviews conducted with nineteen Polish descendants. In the data there were found 64 lexemes which underwent a contact-induced semantic change. In 83% of cases there is a semantic link between the primary and the new meaning, which proves that the contact-induced semantic change can be subject to similar mechanisms that result in semantic change within one language only. The mechanisms observed most frequently in the data are generalization and metaphorization.

Extending the GLOBDEF framework with support for semantic enhancement of various data formats

Semantic enhancement links sections of data files with well-described concepts from some knowledge domain. This allows for further automated reasoning about that data and can be especially useful for extracting value from Big Data. Most of the available enhancement tools focus on specific enhancement needs and data types. In this paper we present our efforts to expand the GLOBDEF framework, introduced in an earlier work, which aims to find a way for processing of large amounts of data and enhancing the data automatically. The framework is designed to leverage a variety of external enhancement tools and has no limitations on the format of the enhanced data. We demonstrate how the framework behaves on a mixed data set of texts and images and explain how an image can be semantically enhanced with a simple automated combination of an object recogniser and a text-based automated enhancer.

К вопросу о приемах развития смыслового восприятия переводчика

Translator’s professional skills development occurs in many respects due to cognitive processes development. The study of their formation within professional tasks performance caters to the needs of its effectiveness enhancement. The existing research of human perception and text processing skills can provide a framework for translation guidelines and translation-oriented text analysis guidelines, but is rarely employed for the sake of text analysis techniques development. The aim of this study is to work out a set of techniques which simultaneously addresses text processing skills and development of translator’s competencies, connected with source text comprehension. The resulting set of techniques was motivated by postmodernist approach to translation and its idea of text semantics instability. A few techniques employed the design of Münsterberg experiment on attention and Schulte tables which are used to identify the attention selectiveness, concentration and performance capacity. The succession of techniques in a set is built according to the three-step strategy of foreign language reading skills development that comprises before-reading, while-reading and after-reading phases. The paper presents an example set of tasks for one text; they include author’s communicative aims identification, anticipation, predicative structures and multilevel semantic links eliciting, textual semantic field identifying, analysis of alternative and invariant structural elements as imposed by the conventions of the genre.

О разработке типологии программ дошкольного образования

All-round development of a child in kindergarten is possible only when using educational programs that perform the function of structuring the entire volume of developmental influences on a child in kindergarten. Currently, this requirement is not fully observed, which leads to the loss or, on the contrary, unproductive duplication of part of the content of preschool education. This state of affairs necessitates the development of a typology of programs. Also, the typology of the program is the basis for building objective links between the goals of educational activities and its actual results. But, at present, connections of this kind can be built only through individual psychodiagnostic examinations, which is unacceptable for real pedagogical practice for a number of reasons. In this article, the authors, relying on the psychological and pedagogical concept of N.A. Korotkova, designing the structure of the educational program, which considering the whole variety of possible events occurring in the preschool educational organization and allowing, without using additional semantic links, to determine the course of children's development based on the manifestation of various types of initiative in their activities.