Semantic Web Service Description Research Articles

Req-WSComposer: a novel platform for requirements-driven composition of semantic web services

Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) describes a specific paradigm of computing that utilizes Web services as reusable components in order to develop new software applications. SOC allows distributed applications to work together via the Internet without direct human intervention. In this work, we propose a new SOC-based approach to ensure application development. This approach ensures the discovery, selection, and composition of the most appropriate Web services. With this approach, various requirements (both functional and non-functional) are specified by the developer to satisfy QoS, QoE, and QoBiz parameters and Web services are selected and composed to meet these requirements. Our approach is implemented using the Req-WSComposer (Requirements-based Web Services Composer) platform, whose functionalities are tested using an extended and enriched version of the OWLS-TC dataset, which includes around 10,830 semantic Web services descriptions. The results of our experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach enables users to extract the most appropriate composition solution that satisfies the developer's pre-determined requirements.

Multi-Intentional Description of Learning Semantic Web Services

E-learning systems use web service technology to develop distributed applications. Therefore, with the tremendous growth in the number of web services, finding the proper services while ensuring the independence and reusability of the learning objects in a different context has become an important issue and has attracted much interest. This article first proposes an extension of the Ontology Web Language for Services Learning Object (OWLS-LO) model to describe a multi-intentional learning object. This description ensures accessibility to learning objects. This research then presents a service discovery mechanism that uses the new semantic model for service matching. Experimental results show that the proposed semantic discovery mechanism using multi-intention model performs better than discovery mechanism based on single intention.

A micro-task model for user-oriented semantic service description

SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) has become a popular technology for developing network application. However, the current problem is new service cannot be quickly discovered, orchestrated and composed to match customer needs for insufficient capacity of semantic description of Web services. There is thus a need for an efficient way to describe services from users’ perspective, instead of only realization-oriented description, to make web service the most widely used. This paper proposes a user-oriented semantic service description method which combines task model with semantic service to find a novel way that is suitable and intuitive for a service consumer. A micro-task model is proposed to enhance the capacity of semantic service description from four dimensions: user goal, context, displayed variable, activity; simultaneously, a services description framework based on micro-task model is proposed to accurately map user task into services.

A SEMANTIC MODEL FOR WEB SEARCH AND DATA MATCHING USING LDA

An abstract architecture for semantic web services is requisite to present a conceptual model to assist in the principled design and implementation of semantic web service applications. The architectural structure we portray stands on the shoulders of two promising technical conceptions: Web Services and the Semantic Web. Automatic discovery is acknowledged as a key task and semantic description is the foundation for automatic service discovery. We portray a novel approach for automatic discovery of semantic Web services which utilize LDA to match a user request, articulated in service discovery language, with a semantic Web service description. Our approach to semantic based web service discovery entails semantic-based service categorization and semantic enhancement of the service request. We intend a solution for accomplishing functional level service categorization based on an ontology framework. Furthermore, we exploit clustering for precisely categorizing the web services based on service functionality.

Quality model and metrics of ontology for semantic descriptions of web services

An ontology is a conceptualisation of domain knowledge. It is employed in semantic web services technologies to describe the meanings of services so that they can be dynamically searched for and composed according to their meanings. It is essential for dynamic service discovery, composition, and invocation. Whether an ontology is well constructed has a tremendous impact on the accuracy of the semantic description of a web service, the complexity of the semantic definitions, the efficiency of processing messages passed between services, and the precision and recall rates of service retrieval from service registrations. However, measuring the quality of an ontology remains an open problem. Works on the evaluation of ontologies do exist, but they are not in the context of semantic web services. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a quality model of ontology and defining a set of metrics that enables the quality of an ontology to be measured objectively and quantitatively in the context of semantic descriptions of web services. These metrics cover the contents, presentation, and usage aspects of ontologies. The paper also presents a tool that implements these metrics and reports a case study on five real-life examples of web services.

Goal-based testing of semantic web services

Context: Recent years have witnessed growing interests in semantic web and its related technologies. While various frameworks have been proposed for designing semantic web services (SWS), few of them aim at testing.Objective: This paper investigates into the technologies for automatically deriving test cases from semantic web service descriptions based on the Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) framework.Method: WSMO goal specifications were translated into B abstract machines. Test cases were generated via model checking with calculated trap properties from coverage criteria. Furthermore, we employed mutation analysis to evaluate the test suite. In this approach, the model-based test case generation and code-based evaluation techniques are independent of each other, which provides much more accurate measures of the testing results.Results: We applied our approach to a real-world case study of the Amazon E-Commerce Service (ECS). The experimental results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed solution.Conclusion: It is concluded that our approach is capable of automatically generating an effective set of test cases from the WSMO goal descriptions for SWS testing. The quality of test cases was measured in terms of their abilities to discover the injected faults at the code level. We implemented a tool to automate the steps for the mutation-based evaluation.

Semantic Web service and pervasive information system conceptual adaptation

PurposeOne of the open questions is how to ensure the conceptual adaptation in the pervasive system. To answer this question, the authors needed to propose a generic model and a mechanism to describe this system and also need generic and semantic rules to ensure the adaptation. This paper aims to propose a model to describe the pervasive information system. Second, the authors suggest an approach to divide this model so as to describe each category of contextual information separately and ensure the adaptation in the pervasive system. Finally, the authors present examples of semantic rules executed in the pervasive system.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes an approach to ensure the conceptual adaptation in the pervasive system. To do it, the authors proposed a model to design the pervasive system and used semantic Web services. They proposed to divide the model to six descriptions related to the pervasive system categories information.FindingsPervasive information system, conceptual adaptation, semantic Web services and OWL-S are presented in this paper.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is presented in the purpose of the pervasive information system conceptual adaption in the pervasive system. In this, later, semantic Web services were used to ensure the adaptation by the adding of contextual information in the semantic Web service description.

An Overview of Semantic Web Service Description based on Model Driven Approaches

In this study, formal MDA approaches for describing Semantic Web Services (SWS) are discussed. Although syntactic approach is used for fulfill the web service task, the main concentration of this study is on SWS. Basically, MDA approaches for SWS are divided into four categories such as software methodology based, UML formalist based, formal-based and query-based. Each of these SWS approaches uses OWL-S, SAWSDL, or WSMO to construct the SWS description. Therefore, each MDA approach is fully discussed to provide comprehensive overview on SWS technology.

A QoS-aware approach for runtime discovery, selection and composition of semantic web services

Purpose Web services play vital role in the development of emerging technologies such as Cloud computing and Internet of Things. Although, there is a close relationship among the discovery, selection and composition tasks of Web services, research community has treated these challenges at individual level rather to focus on them collectively for developing efficient solution, which is the purpose of this work. This paper aims to propose an approach to integrate the service discovery, selection and composition of Semantic Web services on runtime basis. Design/methodology/approach The proposed approach defined as a quality of service (QoS)-aware approach is based on QoS model to perform discovery, selection and composition tasks at runtime to enhance the user satisfaction and quality guarantee by incorporating non-functional parameters such as response time and throughput with the Web services and user request. In this paper, the proposed approach is based on ontology for semantic description of Web services, which provides interoperability and automation in the Web services tasks. Findings This work proposed an integrated framework of Web service discovery, selection and composition which supports end user to search, select and compose the Web services at runtime using semantic description and non-functional requirements. The proposed approach is evaluated by various data sets from the Web Service Challenge 2009 (WSC-2009) to show the efficiency of this work. A use case scenario of Healthcare Information System is implemented using proposed work to demonstrate the usability and requirement the proposed approach. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is to develop an integrated approach of Semantic Web services discovery, selection and composition by using the non-functional requirements.

ODA Based Framework for Description and Composition of Semantic Web Services (FODAS - WS)

ODA Based Framework for Description and Composition of Semantic Web Services (FODAS - WS)

Planning-based semantic web service composition in factory automation

The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm enables production systems to be composed of web services. In an SOA-based production system, the individual production devices provide web service interfaces that encapsulate the behavior of the devices and abstract the implementation details. Such a service-oriented approach makes it possible to apply web service orchestration technologies in the development of production workflow descriptions. While manual formulation of production workflows tends to require considerable effort from domain experts, semantic web service descriptions enable computer algorithms to automatically generate the appropriate web service orchestrations. Such algorithms realize AI planning and employ semantic web service descriptions in determining the workflows required to achieve the production goals desired. In addition, the algorithms can automatically adapt the workflows to unexpected changes in the goals pursued and the production devices available.

Semantically Aware Web Service Composition Through AI Planning

Web service composition is a significant problem as the number of available web services increases; however, manual composition is not an efficient option. Automated web service composition can be performed using AI Planning techniques, utilizing descriptions of available atomic web services, enhanced with semantic awareness and relaxation. This paper discusses a unified, semantically aware approach, handling both semantic (OWL-S & SAWSDL) and non-semantic (WSDL) web service descriptions. In the first case, ontology analysis is adopted to semantically enhance the planning domains and problems, in order to deal with cases where exact syntactic input-to-output matching is not feasible. In the non-semantic descriptions case, semantic information is acquired utilizing alternative sources such as lexical thesauri. Concept similarity measures are applied and utilized to achieve the desired degree of semantic relaxation. The solution to a web service composition problem is a plan describing the desired composite service. To support the proposed approach, the PORSCE framework has been implemented. The framework is modular, integrating discrete web service description languages and semantic relaxation techniques. Based on the similarity measures suggested in the paper, performance issues are also explored.

Cross-Language Semantic Web Service Discovery to Improve the Selection Mechanism by using Data Mining Techniques

Web service became one of the important methods for communication through the internet and its usage increased in the levels of users and developers. Semantic web service represents the second generation of web services that contains more description and information about its contents. Searching and dealing with web service is done through process called web service discovery which returns a Semantic Web Service Description Language file (SWSDL) for each web service. This research aims to expand the semantic web service usage through adding the multilanguage capability to the web service’s discovery process and through recommending other web services to the user based on his history in using web services. These aims were achieved by modifying the web service discovery model through adding two important techniques the Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) technique and the data mining association rules technique. This research proposed two sub models, the first sub model proposed the application of CLIR techniques and information retrieval method to support Bilingual Web service discovery process the second language that proposed here is Arabic. Text mining techniques were applied on SWSDL content and user’s query to be ready for CLIR methods, this sub model was tested on a curated catalogue of Life Science Web Services http://www.biocatalogue.org/ and achieving 99.38 % accuracy and 87.23 precision of the effectiveness of the monolingual system. The second sub model proposed a process of web service recommendation by applying the data mining techniques to suggest another web service beside the one he got from the discovery process based on the user’s history. This sub model was tested on the mention curated web services site and the results were 65 % of users chose services from the services that recommended by the proposed sub model.

A Multi-Agent System for the Composition of Semantic Web Services Based on Complexity Functions and Learning Algorithms

Semantic web services represent an important and actual research area in computer science. A very popular topic in this area is the composition of semantic web services, which can be used for obtaining new semantic web services from existing ones. Based on a representation method for the semantic descriptions of semantic web services, that we had previously proposed, we propose a multi-agent system for the composition of semantic web services based on complexity functions and learning algorithms. Our system starts as a semi-automatic composition system, but after it gathers (using learning algorithms) sufficient information about the knowledge domain in which it is used, the system is able to perform compositions of semantic web services automatically. Based on the previously proposed representation method, this paper describes the structure and the main algorithms of the proposed system. The paper also presents an example of using the proposed system and some experimental results.Keywords: Semantic Web Service, Composition Of Semantic Web Services, Multi-Agent System, Complexity Functions, Learning Algorithms(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionThese days, semantic web services represent an important and actual research area in computer science. One of the main topics in this area is the composition of semantic web services, the main goal being to obtain new semantic web services by composing existing ones.In [1] the we propose the following classes of semantic web services composition methods: semi-automatic composition (see [2]), AI planning (see [3][4][5]), agents and multiagent systems (see [6][7]), logic languages and rules (see [8][9]), and bio-inspired methods (see [10][11]). One of the main conclusions of our analysis presented in [1] is that most of the semantic web services composition methods are automatic methods.In [12] we propose a method for representing the semantic description of a semantic web service using complexity functions; for information related to complexity functions, see, for example [13][14]. This new representation method is presented in [12] in a formal way, by proposing several definitions and theorems.In this paper we propose a multi-agent system for the composition of semantic web services based on the semantic descriptions representation method proposed in [12]. At the beginning, our method is semi-automatic, since it gathers information about the knowledge domain in which it is used. Later, after several uses of the method for the same knowledge domain, the method becomes automatic and it doesn't ask new information from the user. The main idea is that our method starts by being semi-automatic, learns the knowledge domain in which it works by using several learning algorithms and then it becomes automatic and doesn't need new information from the user for solving the semantic web services composition problem. Consequently, given a knowledge domain to work with, and a period of training, our method can be considered an automatic composition method.Taking into account the analysis made in [1], we can say that our automatic method belongs to the class 'agents and multi-agent systems'. An important element of originality of our composition method is that it uses a new representation method for the semantic descriptions, the one proposed in [12].The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents some concepts proposed in [12] that are necessary for this paper. Section 3 proposes a way to enrich the semantic description of a semantic web service (represented using the method proposed in [12]). Section 4 describes the proposed multi- agent system for the composition of semantic web services. In Section 5 we present the main algorithms used by our system. Section 6 contains an example of using the proposed system. In Section 7 we present some experimental results. Finally, Section 8 contains the conclusions of the paper. …

OntoUji–Ontology to Evaluate Domain Ontology for Semantic Web Services Description

Ontology evaluation has become an important aspect for selecting suitable ontology to be used within a system. User such as services provider has been proposed with variety of methodology to help in selecting ontology from the Web. Ontology has been used by service providers to describe the semantic part of their web services profile. Evaluating domain ontology for semantic Web services descriptions is currently in its early phase. Moreover the building of domain ontology itself requires greater attention because the ontological element for semantic web services description is not standardized in the current knowledge and thus requiring further refinement. There are studies conducted on transforming Web Services Description Language (WSDL) format into Ontology Web Language for Services (OWL-S) types of ontology to improve the services discovery. But since then, the ontologies were stored and retrieve locally, as well as ranked based on its history of selection or popularity. Criteria for ontology evaluation were then proposed to help users to select the suitable ontology to describe their web services description by achieving certain criteria measurement. By far, the users have problems because the current WSDL description does not signify the services profile. Hence, our study proposes an ontology called OntoUji, which will be used within the process of domain ontology evaluation to suit the required description of semantic web services.

A provenance-based approach to semantic web service description and discovery

Web services have become common, if not essential, in the areas of business-to-business integration, distributed computing, and enterprise application integration. Yet the XML-based standards for web service descriptions encode only a syntactic representation of the service input and output. The actual meaning of these terms, their formal definitions, and their relationships to other concepts are not represented. This poses challenges for leveraging web services in the development of software capabilities. As the number of services grows and the specificity of users' needs increases, the ability to find an appropriate service for a specific application is strained. In order to overcome this challenge, semantic web services were proposed. For the discovery of web services, semantic web services use ontologies to find matches between user requirements and service capabilities. The computational reasoning afforded by ontologies enables users to find categorizations that weren't explicitly defined. However, there are a number of methodological variants on semantic web service discovery. Based on e-Science, an analog to e-Business, one methodology advocates deep and detailed semantic description of a web service's inputs and outputs. Yet, this methodology predates recent advances in semantic web and provenance research, and it is unclear the extent to which it applies outside of e-Science. We explore this question through a within-subjects experiment and we extend this methodology with current research in provenance, semantic web, and web service standards, developing and empirically evaluating an integrated approach to web service description and discovery. Implications for more advanced web service discovery algorithms and user interfaces are also presented.

SDWS

This paper introduces SDWS (Semantic Description of Web Services), a Web tool which generates semantic descriptions from collections of Web services. The fundamental approach of SDWS consists of the integration of a set of ontological models for the representation of different Web service description languages and models. The main contributions of this proposal are (i) a general ontological model for the representation of Web services, (ii) a set of language-specific ontological models for the representation of different Web service descriptions implementations, and (iii) a set of software modules that automatically parse Web service descriptions and produce their respective ontological representation. The design of the generic service model incorporates the common elements that all service descriptions share: a service name, a set of operations, and input and output parameters; together with other important elements that semantic models define: preconditions and effects. Experimental results show that the automatic generation of semantic descriptions from public Web services is feasible and represents an important step towards the integration of a general semantic service registry.

On the Updating of Domain OWL Models at Runtime in Factory Automation Systems

Software agents controlling production devices must maintain an up-to-date view of the physical world state in order to efficiently reason and plan their actions. Especially in a factory automation system, the world state undergoes rapid evolution. To enable accurate decision-making, the world view must constantly be synchronized with the changes. This paper discusses two approaches to updating the world view based on event notifications sent by web services representing production devices in a manufacturing system. One approach requires that a set of update rules is separately specified, whereas the other involves automatically deriving the update rules from the semantic web service descriptions. While this paper specifically focuses on the factory automation domain, both of the approaches presented are applicable to other domains as well. The main assumptions are that the domain is composed of world-altering web services, which provide adequate service interfaces to detect changes in their state, and that all relevant changes in the overall domain state can be directly derived from the service state changes.

Semantics-Based Composition of Factory Automation Processes Encapsulated by Web Services

This paper presents an approach to using semantic web services in managing production processes. In particular, the devices in the production systems considered expose web service interfaces through which they can then be controlled, while semantic web service descriptions formulated in web ontology language for services (OWL-S) make it possible to determine the conditions and effects of invoking the web services. The approach involves three web services that cooperate to achieve production goals using the domain web services. In particular, one of the three services maintains a semantic model of the current state of the system, while another uses the model to compose the domain web services so that they jointly achieve the desired goals. The semantic model of the system is automatically updated based on event notifications sent by the domain services.

Applying CBR Over an AI Planner for Dynamic Web Service Composition

Web services have emerged as a major technology for deploying automated interactions between distributed and heterogeneous applications. The main advantage of Web services composition is the possibility of creating value-added services by combining existing ones to achieve customized tasks. How to combine these services efficiently into an arrangement that is both functionally sound and architecturally realizable is a very challenging topic that has founded a significant research area within computer science. A great deal of recent Web-related research has concentrated on dynamic Web service composition. Most of proposed models for dynamic composition use semantic descriptions of Web services through the construction of domain ontology. In this paper, we present our approach to dynamically produce composite services. It is based on the use of two Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques: Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and AI planning. Our motivating scenario concerns a national system for the monitoring of childhood immunization.