Semantic Depth Research Articles

End-to-End Autonomous Driving With Semantic Depth Cloud Mapping and Multi-Agent

Focusing on the task of point-to-point navigation for an autonomous driving vehicle, we propose a novel deep learning model trained with end-to-end and multi-task learning manners to perform both perception and control tasks simultaneously. The model is used to drive the ego vehicle safely by following a sequence of routes defined by the global planner. The perception part of the model is used to encode high-dimensional observation data provided by an RGBD camera while performing semantic segmentation, semantic depth cloud (SDC) mapping, and traffic light state and stop sign prediction. Then, the control part decodes the encoded features along with additional information provided by GPS and speedometer to predict waypoints that come with a latent feature space. Furthermore, two agents are employed to process these outputs and make a control policy that determines the level of steering, throttle, and brake as the final action. The model is evaluated on CARLA simulator with various scenarios made of normal-adversarial situations and different weathers to mimic real-world conditions. In addition, we do a comparative study with some recent models to justify the performance in multiple aspects of driving. Moreover, we also conduct an ablation study on SDC mapping and multi-agent to understand their roles and behavior. As a result, our model achieves the highest driving score even with fewer parameters and computation load. To support future studies, we share our codes at https://github.com/oskarnatan/end-to-end-driving.

Գունային մակդիրները Եղ. Չարենցի չափածոյի լեզվում

In this publication, we aim at presenting the features of the depiction of colour epithets in the language of Yeghishe Charents verse, the landmark figure of the latest period of Armenian literature, emphasizing the semantic depth and diversity of the epithets used by the writer, the ability to express the characteristic aspects of the described phenomenon. Within the framework of the research, we referred to such epithets used by Yeghishe Charents, which match the given verbal environment, the original conditions. The topic discussed is actual and interesting both from the point of view of discussing the stylistic possibilities of the great poet Yeghishe Charents as an individual creator and the artistic version of the literary language. The use of colour epithets as a means of depicting the artistic nature of speech occupies a large place in Y. Charents' system of illustration.

Hybrid Method for Semantic Similarity Computation Using Weighted Components in Ontology

In this paper, the researchers propose an approach to measure the semantic similarity between two concepts in an ontology like WordNet and DBpedia. Some earlier semantic similarity approaches proposed concentrated on the ontology structure between concepts and some concentrated only on the information content of concepts. This paper proposes a semantic similarity approach with path length, information content, and semantic depth (i.e., PLICD) to combine both path length as well as information content-based approaches. This proposed approach uses weighted shortest path length and information content calculated using semantic depth and hyponyms of the concepts to measure semantic similarity between two concepts. Through experimentations performed on WordNet and DBpedia, the researchers note that the PLICD semantic similarity approach has delivered a statistically meaningful enhancement as compared to the other semantic similarity approaches concerning accuracy and F score.

Against well-being: A critique of positive psychology

More than two decades after his seminal paper ‘Subjective Well-Being’, Ed Diener wrote that he substituted happiness with well-being to obtain scientific credibility. Are the arguments echoed in positive psychology rigorous enough to justify this substitution? This article focuses on the historical examination of the word happiness, covering the lexical universes of ancient Greek, Latin, and English, seeking to identify the connections between them. We found that arguments for such substitution are sustained by a fragile appreciation of the semantic depth of happiness. Although it favors quantification, the current understanding of well-being obliterates the plurality of the debate about happiness and the recognition of other ideals of life. Thus, we conclude that well-being and happiness are semantically close, but conceptually, metaphysically, and empirically distinct, demanding, as objects, particular investigations.

Rüya Tâbirnâmesi Üzerine Düş Metaforu Temelinde Göstergebilimsel Bir Değerlendirme

Eski harfli eserler güncel Türk edebiyatının temelini oluşturan önemli metinlerdir. Bu eserler yazıldığı dönemin dil özelliklerini yansıttığı gibi anlam açısından da derinliği olan yapılar barındırmaktadır. Yazım imkânlarının da gelişmemiş olması az sözle çok şey anlatma ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bu durum eski eserlerin anlamsal derinliğini arttırmıştır. Rüya tabirnâmeleri ise Türkiye genelinde yazma eserler kütüphanelerinde birçok nüshası bulunan yaygın eserlerdir. Bu nüshaların birçoğu İbni Sîrîn’e ait olan Tâbirnâme’den tercüme yoluyla oluşturulmuş eserlerdir. Bu eserler yazarlarının da katkılarıyla telif hâlini almıştır. Tâbirnâmeler genellikle bab veya fasıl şeklinde bölümlere ayrılmış ve her bölümde rüya ile ilgili farklı konulara değinilmiştir. Temel metafor rüyadır. Dil ustaca kullanılarak rüya-düş metaforu etrafında eserler oluşturulmuştur. Göstergebilimsel bakış ise eserlerin anlam katmanlarını ortaya çıkararak asıl anlama ulaşmayı amaçlar. Metin göstergebilimi kullanılarak okurun okuma deneyimine odaklanılır. Çalışmamızda “Rüya Tâbirnâmesi” isimli eserin Kayseri Raşit Efendi Yazma Eser Kütüphanesi’nde 1374 demirbaş numarasıyla kayıtlı bulunan nüshası esas alınmıştır. Metin incelenirken “örnek okur” kavramı kullanılarak düş metaforu temel alınmış ve anlamsal yapı ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır.

«Пес Барбос и необычный кросс» в контексте советской культуры, фольклора и «игрового фантастического»

The article is devoted to the comedy by the Soviet film director Leonid Gaidai. The relevance of the topic is due to the approaching the 100th anniversary of the director’s birth (2023) and his high popularity throughout the post-Soviet years. At the Soviet time, however, criticism and film studies often denied that Gaidai’s films had semantic depth. The novelty of the author’s approaches consists in a detailed unbiased semantic analysis of the visual imagery of the 10-minute film Dog Barbos and Unusual Cross (1961), which previously was considered exclusively as a trick eccentric comedy. The author of the article proceeds from the culturological definition of Gaidai as a director who more explicitly than others rejected the serious and heroic discourse in the popular Soviet cinema of the 1960s and 1970s. The analysis of the images of the natural universe and their interaction with the characters reveals a hidden plot in the film — a journey into the depths of the unconscious and into a transitional zone, an otherworldly reality. The screen life of the characters is only partly a satire on the individual vices of ordinary citizens and an ironic view on the incapacity of the officialdom. The film creates a fantastic reality, which is a kind of privilege of the Coward, the Fool and the Pro. The author comes to the conclusion that Gaidai’s film extends beyond the genre of eccentric comedy and that its aesthetics has deep connections with myth and folklore.

Neuroanatomical Correlates of Semantic Features of Narrative Speech in Semantic and Logopenic Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia.

The semantic variant of a primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) is characterized by progressive disruption of semantic knowledge. This study aimed to compare the semantic features of words produced during a narrative speech in svPPA and the logopenic variant of PPA (lvPPA) and to explore their neuroanatomical correlates. Six patients with svPPA and sixteen with lvPPA underwent narrative speech tasks. For all the content words, a semantic depth index (SDI) was determined based on the taxonomic structure of a large lexical database. Study participants underwent an MRI examination. Cortical thickness measures were extracted according to the Desikan atlas. Correlations were computed between SDI and the thickness of cortical regions. Mean SDI was lower for svPPA than for lvPPA. Correlation analyses showed a positive association between the SDI and the cortical thickness of the bilateral temporal pole, parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices, and left middle and superior temporal cortices. Disruption of semantic knowledge observed in svPPA leads to the production of generic terms in narrative speech, and the SDI may be useful for quantifying the level of semantic impairment. The measure was associated with the cortical thickness of brain regions associated with semantic memory.

Semantic Depth Data Transmission Reduction Techniques Based on Interpolated 3D Plane Reconstruction for Light-Weighted LiDAR Signal Processing Platform

In vehicles for autonomous driving, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is one of the most used sensors, along with cameras. LiDAR sensors that produce a large amount of data in one scan make it difficult to transmit and calculate data in real-time in the vehicle’s embedded system. In this paper, we propose a platform based on semantic depth data-based data reduction and reconstruction algorithms that reduce the amount of data transmission and minimize the errors between original and restored data in a vehicle system using four LiDAR sensors. The proposed platform consists of four LiDAR sensors, an integrated processing unit (IPU) that reduces the data of the LiDAR sensors, and the main processor that reconstructs the reduced data and processes the image. In the proposed platform, the 58,000 bytes of data constituting one frame detected by the VL-AS16 LiDAR sensor were reduced by an average of 87.4% to 7295 bytes by the data reduction algorithm. In the IPU placed near the LiDAR sensor, the memory usage increased by the data reduction algorithm, but the data transmission time decreased by an average of 40.3%. The transmission time where the vehicle’s processor received one frame of data decreased from an average of 1.79 to 0.28 ms. Compared with the original LiDAR sensor data, the reconstructed data showed an average error of 4.39% in the region of interest (ROI). The proposed platform increased the time required for image processing in the vehicle’s main processor by an average of 6.73% but reduced the amount of data by 87.4% with a decrease in data accuracy of 4.39%.

Role of the Architectural Application of Nature in Improving the Quality of Semantic Depth in Iranian Urban Housing

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the architectural application of nature’s (AAN) components in improving the quality of semantic depth in Iranian urban housing to determine the most effective architectural indicators in this context. This research uses a mixed methodology in terms of the data’s nature, and the research method is descriptive-analytical (causal and comparative). The components and indicators related to the AAN have been collected through the study of theoretical foundations and literature review. To determine the relationship between these components and the semantic depth variable in housing design, the method of logical reasoning has been employed. Data were collected through a questionnaire with the participation of 96 occupants of Phase 1 of Ekbatan residential town, to determine the perceived quality of research variables. The results of regression analysis on quantitative data confirm the research hypothesis regarding the key role of maintaining the principle of spatial hierarchy in increasing the possibility of understanding the semantic layers in housing that most of them exist due to the presence of various manifestations of nature.

ESD-SLAM: An efficient semantic visual SLAM towards dynamic environments

Traditional visual SLAM algorithms run robustly under the assumption of a static environment, but always fail in dynamic scenes, since moving objects will impair camera pose tracking. Given this, this paper presents an efficient semantic dynamic SLAM (ESD-SLAM), which is suitable for dynamic scenarios. Based on the ORB-SLAM2 framework, the ESD-SLAM we proposed employs lightweight semantic segmentation network FcHarDNet to extract semantic information, and uses the region growing algorithm to optimize the semantic segmentation boundary. Then dynamic objects are removed by combining semantic information with multi-view geometry, and it further improves the localization accuracy. Combining semantic information and depth information, a dense point cloud map of static scene is constructed to serve the planning task of mobile robot. We conduct the experiments on the public TUM RGB-D dataset and in the real-world environment. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the performance of the ORB-SLAM2 system in dynamic scenes, and significantly improve the real-time performance compared with other same type dynamic SLAM algorithms.

The effect of spiritual dimensions in creating the epistemological sublime of the products

The products, with their different sources, search for excellence and intellectual and formal differences from other products. As a result, many theories, strategies and mechanisms have emerged that attempt to describe or give an intellectual model for the creative, distinguished and immortal product. However, there are products that transcend others, elevating their material and moral sides to be more like global models with strength. Rhetorical and impactful that transcends borders and is unique in time within its context. This power comes from the philosophical, intellectual and conceptual depth of these products and their acquisition of the epistemological transcendence, which means their connection to an integrated knowledge system whose organization depends on the existence of an epistemological base that works to transform the thought inherent in the self and find its semantic depth within a set of rules and mechanisms Evidence for sublime products carry methodological and applied force and explain the reasons for the strength of these products and analyze their ideas to create a realistic, transcendent intellectual system with absolute and selective concepts within which ideas move within a reference system that controls these concepts and gives them the frameworks interpreting them. An applied model for a specific intellectual concept, and the dimensions are represented Spirituality is one of the most important dimensions that contribute to the creation of ideological transcendence related to religious beliefs and laws to create products of high sanctity bearing the character of epistemological transcendence. The role of the spiritual dimensions as a philosophical source in creating the epistemology of the doctrinal transcendence of the products” and by relying on a main hypothesis, which is “the spiritual dimensions represent a basic philosophical source in provoking the endless sacred and ideological values in the system of epistemological transcendence.”

SemAttNet: Toward Attention-Based Semantic Aware Guided Depth Completion

Depth completion involves recovering a dense depth map from a sparse map and an RGB image. Recent approaches focus on utilizing color images as guidance images to recover depth at invalid pixels. However, color images alone are not enough to provide the necessary semantic understanding of the scene. Consequently, the depth completion task suffers from sudden illumination changes in RGB images (e.g., shadows). In this paper, we propose a novel three-branch backbone comprising color-guided, semantic-guided, and depth-guided branches. Specifically, the color-guided branch takes a sparse depth map and RGB image as an input and generates color depth which includes color cues (e.g., object boundaries) of the scene. The predicted dense depth map of color-guided branch along-with semantic image and sparse depth map is passed as input to semantic-guided branch for estimating semantic depth. The depth-guided branch takes sparse, color, and semantic depths to generate the dense depth map. The color depth, semantic depth, and guided depth are adaptively fused to produce the output of our proposed three-branch backbone. In addition, we also propose to apply semantic-aware multi-modal attention-based fusion block (SAMMAFB) to fuse features between all three branches. We further use CSPN++ with Atrous convolutions to refine the dense depth map produced by our three-branch backbone. Extensive experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance in the KITTI depth completion benchmark at the time of submission.

Семиотика символа по данным российского научного дискурса

Based on the publications of Russian scientists, the notions of the symbol in the humanities are studied. The problem of the nature, essence and purpose of a symbol, raised back in Antiquity, remains quite relevant at the present time. In Russian linguistics, the "symbolic" theme occupies one of the leading places, but a clear and unambiguous definition of the symbol is still missing. It is established that a symbol is an umbrella semantic formation, covering the subject areas of several scientific disciplines, outside the context of a specific scientific field or theory; it is a pro-term and can act as a generic name for any semiotic unit. The symbolism of the exact sciences and most of the linguistic signs falls into the category of conventional signs, in which the correspondence of the plans of expression and content is arbitrary, the symbolism of the exact sciences and most of the linguistic signs, while the symbolism of all other areas of knowledge falls into the category of motivated semiotic units, in which the plan of expression is one way or another connected with the content plan, and this connection is conditioned by similarity, contiguity, or in some other way. Endowing a motivated sign with a name leads to a ―doubling‖ of the semantic structure of a new formation, when the signifier of this sign – an image or a generalized representation – turns into a signified, sending to another signified, in relation to which it acts as a signifier. A symbol in its most general form is a sign in which the primary content is used as an exponent of another, more abstract and culturally valuable content. The list of specific characteristics of a symbol, both obligatory and optional, compiled according to scientific discourse, includes: ―vector‖ – the direction of symbolization from the concrete to the abstract; transcendence – going beyond the limits of real existence; vagueness and fragility of semantic boundaries, layering and depth; interpretation – the need for active work of thought and imagination to comprehend the symbolized meaning; coded deep meaning, mystery and mysticism; ―passwordness‖, intended for the initiated; intuitiveness; emotiogenicity, mobilizing force; axiology and ideology. The optional properties of a symbol are aesthetic appeal, emphasizing its socio-cultural significance, and, for ancient symbols, ―archetypeness‖ as belonging to the number of primary ideas and images. The functions of the symbol include: generally semiotic – informative and communicative; specific – epistemological, axiological, emotive-affective, social, cultural-unifying, representative, and in some of the symbols – aesthetic and mobilizing.

Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI) of Lexical Breadth and Depth in the Vocabulary of Bilingual Kindergarten Children - A Bilingual Intervention Study.

Introduction: Research in recent years has explored the vocabulary size (lexical breadth) of bilingual children, but less is known about the richness of bilingual word knowledge (lexical depth), and about how knowledge of words in the two languages interact. This study explores how bilingual narrative intervention with vocabulary instruction in each language may modulate crosslinguistic influence (CLI) between the languages of bilingual kindergarten children, focusing on CLI of lexical knowledge, and which factors modulate performance.Methods: Forty-one typically developing English-Hebrew bilingual children (M = 64.63 months) participated. A bilingual adaptation of Story Champs narrative intervention program (Spencer and Petersen, 2012) was used to deliver vocabulary instruction in separate blocks of home language (HL) and school language (SL) sessions. Different intervention words were targeted in each language, but the children were tested on all target words in both languages. Lexical knowledge was assessed with a definition task four times throughout the study: prior to intervention, after each intervention block, and 4–6 weeks later. Learner characteristics (chronological age, age of onset of bilingualism and length of exposure) and proficiency in each language (standardized tests, familiarity with the vocabulary introduced in the intervention at baseline) were examined as possible modulators of performance.Results: Children showed growth in lexical breadth and depth in their HL/English after HL intervention and in lexical breadth in the SL/Hebrew following SL intervention, with CLI for semantic depth observed via a qualitative analysis, but not quantitatively. Better HL/English performance was correlated with later AoB (and shorter SL exposure) and higher HL language proficiency scores. Children with higher HL/English proficiency responded better to the SL/Hebrew intervention, gaining more than those with lower English proficiency. Children with SL/Hebrew vocabulary dominance at the outset of the study also gained more from the HL/English intervention. No correlations were found between learner characteristics and SL performance.Discussion: The current study indicates that bilingual narrative intervention with vocabulary instruction may be efficacious for improving the lexical breadth and depth of bilingual kindergarten children. It suggests that CLI may enhance bilingual children’s language learning success, and points to the importance of strengthening both languages of bilingual children.

Shulpyakov, G. (2020). The West toward the East. Moscow: Eksmo. (In Russ.)

Shulpyakov’s book of essays invites the reader to give another thought to the age-old conflict: Where does the West end and the East begin? Is Russia an Asian country, even halfway? Russia serves as the point of attraction and the author’s self-reflection. Ensuring the book’s thematic diversity, the author covers the perennial topics of history, culture, and literature, all considered in a global context; whereas the semantic depth is achieved by more private motifs. A pivotal switching of the focus occurs at the end of the book, when Russia is presented as part of the Western world, geographically (and culturally), with regard to Turkey. Emphasised is the notional character of the world’s division into two parts. Contrasting one with the other merely helps the author to start a conversation, while The West toward the East [Zapad na Vostok] looks like a philological experiment: the author is trying to come to terms with his cultural inheritance, resolve the conflict between the tradition and fluidity, and discover a fitting place for himself and his country in a global context.

A semantic similarity computation method for virtual resources in cloud manufacturing environment based on information content

To ensure the effective and reasonable classification of virtual resources and provide support for the search and matching of required resources that accomplish tasks in cloud manufacturing (CMfg) environments, the semantic similarity computation of virtual resources needs to be promoted for that it is difficult to ensure that a large number of effective features participate in the calculation of semantic similarity and it is difficult to practically apply to efficient classification. However, to promote semantic similarity calculations still have problems such as difficulty in unifying the virtual resource pool and lagging in updating semantic depth calculations. In this paper, we propose a creative approach that can compute the semantic similarity of virtual resources described by video semantic description (VSD) based on information content (IC). In this approach, first, a multi-level progression semantics description framework for virtual resources is proposed with the help of VSD that can provide a new solution because of its explicit description and dynamic update to obtain real and reliable data; second, an event cloud (EC) that serves as the computing scope for semantics similarity calculation of virtual resources is constructed to settle the problem of substantial data growth caused by real-time resource updates on top of the resource manufacturing processes; third, based on an effective solution of corpus dependency and data sparseness, an extended semantic computing model is developed to calculate quantificationally the semantic similarities of virtual resources based on semantic relationships. The results show that compared with classifying virtual resources qualitatively, the semantic similarity computing method that starts from the manufacturing result and considers the comprehensive relationship is more reliable and effective.

CONSTANTS OF ACADEMICIAN V.M. RUSANIVSKYI’S SCIENTIFIC STYLE

Rusanivskyi’s scientific works on grammar, lexicology, lexicography, spelling, history of Ukrainian literary language, sociolinguistics, as well as philosophy of language, theoretical and practical issues of Slavic studies represent the level of development of Ukrainian linguistics of the second half of XX – early XXI century. The overarching idea of the author’s research is the search for new aspects of language cognition due to the ontological and epistemological nature of this object. The first studies are devoted to the history of the Ukrainian language, namely the study of grammatical categories of type and time in the Ukrainian language of the XVI – XVII centuries. In the landmark work “Structure of the Ukrainian verb” on a large factual material, the researcher traced the structural changes (variance of the morpheme composition) of verbs in different time sections of the Ukrainian language. The most expressive among the constants of the linguist’s scientific style is attention and constant reference to lexical semantics, to the meaning of a word in a dictionary and in specific texts. The author traces and theoretically substantiates the tendencies of movement in the immanent semantic structure of the vocabulary of each natural language. It is this tendency that explains V.M. Rusanivskyi’s constant appeal to the structural-semantic analysis of T. Shevchenko’s dictionary of language, to the disclosure of the semantic depth of the word in his texts. Without claiming a comprehensive analysis of the constants of Rusanivskyi’s scientific style, we emphasize the heuristic value of the following authorial concepts: a) representation of grammatical categories of verbs as the unity of form and meaning of a language unit; b) the interaction of lexical and grammatical semantics at all levels of language structure; c) constructive interaction of functional and expressive styles in the history of literary language; d) the history of the formation of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language; e) development of the Ukrainian literary language in the context of system-structural, functional-communicative and extralingual factors.

СЕМАНТИКА МУЗИЧНОЇ МОВИ ДУХОВНИХ КАНТАТ Й. С. БАХА ПАСІОННОГО ТИПУ

Мета статті – проаналізувати семантичні аспекти духовних кантат Й. С. Баха пасіонного типу, виявити й розкрити їхню смислову глибину та філософсько-релігійні інспірації. Методологія дослідження базується на застосуванні фундаментальних загальнонаукових методів пізнання, а також спеціальних музикознавчих методів, зокрема аналітичного у вивченні наукової літератури; жанрово-стильового й історико-культурологічного, які сприяють встановленню закономірностей розвитку та специфіки жанру кантати як цілісного художнього об’єкта; герменевтичного методу, що допоміг осягнути філософську глибину бахівських кантат. Семантичний аналіз постає як один із головних та найбільш перспективних методів розшифрування смислових структур духовних кантат Баха пасіонного характеру. Наукова новизна полягає в розкритті семантичних аспектів духовних кантат Й. С. Баха пасіонного типу як носіїв сотеріологічної теорії, що проявляються музично-риторичними фігурами та символікою, у розширенні уявлень про символіко-риторичні принципи мислення композитора. Висновки. Завдяки семантичному аналізу музичної мови духовних кантат Й. С. Баха виявлено, що в кантатах пасіонного типу найбільш повно відобразилася бахівська інтерпретація лютеранства, а саме сотеріологічна теорія, яка розкриває вчення про спасіння. Доведено, що кантати пасіонного типу композитор будує за драматургічним принципом «від страждання до благодаті». Бах застосовує комплекс символіки пасіонності; для відтворення болю і мук Христа він часто використовує риторичну фігуру passus duriusculus як символ страждання. З’ясовано, що занурення в смислову глибину духовних кантат Й. С. Баха пасіонного типу дає підстави по-новому розкрити багатовимірність комплексу одвічних проблем, які сприяють народженню нового сенсу.

Using a word association task to investigate semantic depth in swedish-speaking children with developmental language disorder

We examined word associations in Swedish children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) compared to their typically developing (TD) peers. Furthermore, the study aimed to explore the dimensions of vocabulary knowledge (breadth, depth, and fluency) in these children. Fifty children (15 DLD and 35 TD) participated in the study, aged six to nine years. This age span is commonly associated with substantial lexical reorganisation, by some referred to as the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift. Fifty items from the Kent-Rosanoff list were used to elicit word associations (say the first word that comes to mind). Word associations were coded as paradigmatic (lion-tiger), syntagmatic (chair-sit), phonological (moon-poon), and other/no answer (foot-hello/bed- -). A semantic depth score (paradigmatic and syntagmatic associations) was calculated and analysed. The children with DLD showed significantly lower semantic depth scores than their TD peers, in line with previous research in English-speaking children. However, the vocabulary dimensions were uniformly affected for the DLD group, contradicting previous findings of semantic depth as a particular area of weakness in this group.

Uno strano oggetto: la selva in Dante e in Cesare Pavese

The essay investigates the value that the identification of implicit ontologies has for the analysis of the semantic depth of the literary text, primarily read in its meaningful autonomy. The case studied is the presence of the forest, on the one hand, in Dante's “Comedy” and, on the other hand, in Cesare Pavese's “Lavorare stanca” and “La casa in collina”. It is not so much the presence of loans and calques that is exemplified, but rather the different meaning that similar ontological elements have in works by authors from different ages and ideological position.