Semantic Criteria Research Articles

The Mimetic and Representational Character of Gestures in Education. A Case Study in a Berlin Inner-City School

This contribution focuses on the important role of gestures in child-rearing and socialization. Reflecting upon gestures reveals not only their special medial nature but also their potential. Thus, rather than highlighting gestures alone, we want to elaborate a broader concept of gesturality. In classroom interactions, gestures become significant as part of an educational tableau. They need to be observed in educational situations to complement existing insights into the meaning of bodily behavior and to stimulate a revival of related educational traditions. Our ethnographic approach to studying gestures in education differs from other disciplines. As important as these studies are, many of them measure the role and significance of gestures solely on the basis of semiotic and semantic criteria, and thus fail to capture their pragmatic aspects. Our ethnographic research on gestures aims to investigate the corporeality, the mimetic and performative character of gestures, and furthermore to depict the involvement of gestural forms of expression in the constitution of social life. In the following sections, we will develop four dimensions which are of major importance in education and social science research: gestures as (1) movements of the body, (2) expression and representation, (3) means of child-rearing and education, (4) ways of creating meaning. These dimensions revolve around several anthropological characteristics which have received little attention in the research of gestures to date, and which also add dimensions and categories that are important in the educational sciences, thereby expanding the existing discourses.

On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language

The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.

Defining collocation for Slovenian lexical resources

In this paper, we define the notion of collocation for the purpose of its use in machine-readable language resources, which will be used in the creation of electronic dictionaries and language applications for Slovene. Based on theoretical and lexicographically-driven studies we define collocation as a lexical phenomenon, defined by three key aspects: statistical, syntactic, and semantic. We take lexicographic relevance as a point of departure for defining collocations within the typology of word combinations, as well as for distinguishing them from free combinations. Free combinations are (frequent) syntactically valid word combinations without lexicographic value and consequently there is no need for the description of their meaning, or syntactic role. Next, we distinguish collocations from all multiword lexical units (compounds, phraseological units and lexico-grammatical units) using the lexicographic view that multiword lexical units, whose meaning is not a sum of its parts, require a description of their meaning whereas collocations do not. In the final part, we return to the three aspects of collocation and their role in automatic extraction of collocational information from corpora. Semantic criterion or dictionary relevance of extracted collocations has particularly exposed the problem of semantically broad collocates such as certain types of adverbs, adjectives and verbs, and word which feature in different syntactic roles (e.g. pronouns and adjuncts). We discuss a particular issue of collocations related to proper names and the decisions about their inclusion into the dictionary based on the evaluation of lexicographers.

КРИТЕРІЇ Й ПОКАЗНИКИ СФОРМОВАНОСТІ ОДУХОТВОРЕНОГО ОБРАЗУ ЛЮДИНИ КУЛЬТУРИ В СТУДЕНТСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ

У статті розглядаються критерії і показники сформованості одухотвореного образу людини культури в студентської молоді. Обґрунтовано вибір груп критеріїв сформованості одухотвореного образу людини культури в студентської молоді, окреслено критерії сформованості образу людини культури та подано їх змістовні характеристики, схарактеризовано показники, які відповідають визначеним критеріям.
 До аксіологічної групи віднесено ціннісно-смисловий та естетичний критерії, що показують сформовану систему духовних і культурних цінностей і світоглядних уявлень про сенс буття, сформований ціннісний, гуманістичний світогляд, ціннісне ставлення до національної культури, наявність естетичних і художніх потреб, здатність насолоджуватися прекрасним, сформовані естетичні смаки, прагнення до естетичного ідеалу, систему естетичних цінностей, художньо-естетичну компетентність.
 До складу потребово-мотиваційної групи віднесено емоційно-оцінний та мотиваційний критерії, де показниками є: емпатія, переживання катарсису, прагнення до творчого самовияву, мотивація до оцінювання моральних якостей особистості, внутрішня потреба реалізації потенціалу носія культури, зацікавленість у наслідуванні культурних традицій, прагнення до культурної самоідентифікації.
 Когнітивна група представлена когнітивним критерієм, що характеризується засвоєнням базових понять і категорій культури, вмінням оперувати цими поняттями в побудові власних суджень, етнокультурна компетентність, критичне й інноваційне мислення.
 Поведінкова група представлена операційно-дійовим і діяльнісним критеріями з показниками: соціокультурна адаптивність, готовність особистості до самостійної діяльності, культуротворча і духотворча діяльність.

El ensalmo terapéutico y su tipología

En la medicina popular europea, el ensalmo terapéutico tiene una importancia de primer orden. Aunque ligado siempre a un procedimiento de tipo credencial o empírico, el ensalmo -por lo que a su formación y difusión se refiere- está sujeto a las mismas leyes que podemos observar en otros géneros de la literatura oral tradicional. La finalidad del presente trabajo ha consistido en elaborar una tipología del ensalmo terapéutico basada en criterios formales y de contenido. Para ello se han tomado en consideración ejemplos procedentes de las más diferentes regiones del Viejo Continente.

O programa residência pedagógica - experiências formativas no curso de pedagogia

This text sought to investigate the contributions that the CAPES Pedagogical Residency Program, 06/2018 offered to a group of students of the Pedagogy Course of a public University in the interior of Parana. As a methodological procedure, the option was for the qualitative approach, in the exploratory-explanatory modality. The target audience was made up of fifteen students. Data were collected through the following procedures: observations of activities carried out by residents, documentary analysis of productions and narratives in their individual portfolios. For data analysis, the materials were submitted to Content Analysis, using the semantic criteria for creating the categories. The results indicate that the Pedagogical Residency Program has some weaknesses, but provided several contributions to the students' initial training process, with emphasis on new experiences, articulation between theory and practice, academic, professional and human training and understandings about what it means to be a teacher. The data also reveal that, despite several referrals and studies, it is necessary to reorganize the activities to include Initial Training programs that allow new and significant experiences for students in their formative process, and that, it is necessary that the Teacher Formations do not have emphasis on subjectivity, but on possible social and educational changes with effective contributions regarding the formative process of the future teacher.

CATEGORIZATION OF COMPOUND NOUNS IN KURDISH AND ENGLISH

This paper is concerned with the categorization of compound nouns in Kurdish and English. It compares compound nouns of the two languages according to the prototype theory, applying categorization as a cognitive assumption. The paper attempts to achieve the following goals: first, classifying Kurdish compound nouns using morphological and semantic criteria, listing Kurdish compound nouns according to the prototype theory, showing the structure based on which the relationship between the components of a compound noun is represented, comparing the morphological and semantic relations between the components of compound nouns of Kurdish to those of English. The data of the study on the Kurdish language were collected and analyzed based on the fact that the author is a native speaker of Kurdish. The results show that the morphological structure of compound nouns in Kurdish is more complex than the structure of compound nouns in English though they share some structures. Unlike English, the head in Kurdish compound nouns is not always a noun. The categorization of Kurdish compound nouns is different from English ones; it depends on the nature of the languages and the different perspectives of their users. In both languages, there are compound nouns whose meaning needs encyclopedic knowledge of the speakers to interpret them. This point confirms the assumptions of cognitive linguistics namely simplicity, conventionality, and semanticity.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230108

Psychosemantic Experiment as a Tool for Objectification of the Data for the Ways of Representing Synonymy in a Modern Russian Language

The recently created RuWordNet thesaurus reflects hierarchical, primarily synonymous, relations in the vocabulary so that it is built from a set of synsets. In this paper, we applied the method of a comparative analysis: we compared the data of classical dictionaries of Russian language synonyms, RuWordNet thesaurus and the results of a students' poll. The students represent two areas of specialization: linguistic and nonliguistic. As a result of the psychosemantic experiment, we specified the criteria for the distribution of lexical units among synsets. We referred to them cognitive, semantic, stylistic and quantitative criteria. The quantitative method made it possible to determine the fixation frequency of synonyms for the stimulus word in the respondents' minds. The results of the experiment showed that the most adequate principle, implemented in verbal and cogitative activity by the identifying of the synonymic chains, is a pragmatic one. It reveals itself in the possibility of the interchange of similar in meaning words in different contexts. The research results contain recommendations on the systematization of linguistic information in the RuWordNet thesaurus, aimed at improving the principles of synsets' building. The performed research is aimed at verifying the reflected in RuWordNet data from the point of view of their correspondence to the real idea of native speakers of the synonymic, hyponymic and other system-based relationship in the vocabulary.

An Interface of Syntactic and Semantic OT Accounts of Hakka KAI in [ADJP/NP KAI N] Constructions1

AbstractThis paper investigates the phenomenon related to the morpheme KAI in the Hakka noun phrases. It investigates the presence or absence of KAI in the constructions where the head noun is modified by either a noun phrase or an adjectival phrase. KAI does not occur if the modifying phrase and the noun form a lexical compound. In other cases, the presence of KAI is by and large optional. To theoretically account for the phenomenon, this paper argues that the syntactic rules of Hakka allowed both of the alternative constructions with or without KAI; however, some semantic criteria may interfere in the selection of a grammatical construction as the preferable one. An interface of syntactic and semantic OT can account for this situation. When OT syntax selects multiple constructions as the optimal outputs, OT semantics goes one step further by pairing the output with a preferable interpretation. The interpretational constraints involved in the analysis are based on the principle of iconicity and the markedness relation between the contrastive emphatic and noncontrastive basic meaning.

An Overview of Massive Open Online Course Platforms: Personalization and Semantic Web Technologies and Standards

Abstract Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a form of online education that provides great learning capabilities. Semantic Web technologies is an appropriate mechanism for personalization in MOOC platforms. The aim of this paper is to find out how Semantic Web is used to facilitate personalization in modern MOOC platforms. The paper describes state-of-the-art MOOC platforms from the position of personalization and Semantic Web features. We defined five personalization and five Semantic Web criteria as well as 20 MOOC platforms to review. The personalization criteria includes a personalized learning path, personalized navigation, recommendation system, personalized assessment, and personalized feedback. The Semantic Web criteria includes ontology, Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web Ontology Language (OWL), SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL), and Linked Data. The results show that most of the platforms support personalized feedback. Half of the platforms has personalized learning path tools. One third of the platforms allow personalized assessment. Three platforms recommend learning materials, and one platform allows personalized navigation. The selected platforms have poor Semantic Web technologies and standards support: three platforms use ontologies and none of the platforms supports other criteria: RDF, OWL, SPARQL, and Linked Data. Personalization tools are supported better than Semantic Web tools. Most of the platforms have no support for Semantic Web criteria. This means that currently Semantic Web is not used for personalization in the reviewed MOOC platforms.

Two Neuter Pronouns in Picard

In the Vimeu variety of Picard, a Gallo-Romance closely related to French, three different neuter subject clitic pronouns are found:a,ch’, and a null form. This paper examines the distribution of these forms in contemporary texts in order to determine the extent to which these pronouns resemble those found in other Gallo-Romance languages or whether their source must be sought in colloquial varieties of French. We argue, based on phonological, syntactic, and semantic criteria, that the French origin better accounts for the similarities between the two varieties. Based on their syntactic distribution, we argue that the three forms represent two different pronouns,aandch’, that the null form is an allomorph ofain certain phonological contexts, and that the distinction betweena/Ø andch’constitutes an innovation in Picard.

К вопросу о коннекторах сложного предложения (на примере ливвиковского наречия карельского языка)

ABSTRACT Introduction: the article is a study of syntactic connectors and relationships in complex sentences of the Livvi-Karelian language, the objectification of which are conjunctions and conjunction words included in classes of connectors and discursive words that are wider in terms of coverage of units. Objective: a comprehensive description of the system conjunctions and conjunction words functioning in the Livvi-Karelian language. Research materials: conjunctions and conjunction words functioning in the Livvi-Karelian language. Results and novelty of the research: the article provides a comprehensive description of conjunctions and conjunction words functioning in the Livvi-Karelian language in comparative aspect with closely related languages (the Finnish and partly with the Karelian language); identifies the groups of conjunctions through the way of formation and structure, as well as through functional and semantic criteria. On the basis of the studied material, it was revealed that the richness of the functional-semantic potential of a complex sentence in the Livvi- Karelian language is due not only to the historically established immanent properties of Karelian syntax, but also to the double influence of the closely related Finnish language and the Russian language belonging to another language family. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive study of conjunctions and conjunction words in the Karelian language (on the example of the Livvi dialect).

Дискурс-«логофаг»: границы лингвокреативности и стереотипности в рекламе

The paper deals with the boundaries between linguistic creativity and linguistic stereotyping in relation to advertising discourse. Advertising discourse borrows language techniques and units from other discourses that allow defining the “secondary” nature of its semiosis and language. Taking it into account, the study compares advertising with the avant-garde artistic discourse which is genetically and typologically one of the main discourses-“donors” of advertising which can be described as discourse-“logophagus”. In the comparison of discourses, the paper reveals two types of linguistic creativity: linguistic and discourse creativity. Linguistic creativity is the creation of new linguistic units with the aim of forming a new language or updating existing one. Dis- course creativity is updating at the “microstructure level” of discourse aimed at the most successful achievement of discourse goals and increasing the effectiveness of communication. Discourse creativity is basic to advertising discourse. The study proposes a two-stage model of language manipulation. The aim of the first stage is “deautomatization” of the recipient’s perception that meets the criteria of linguistic creativity, while the aim of the second one is recipient’s “automazation” that corresponds to stereotyping. The paper explores the features of linguistic creativity and stereotyping in poetry and advertising on the basis of three text types: the avant-garde poetic text (“In the Car” (1913) by Mayakovsky), the hybrid avant-garde and advertising texts (“The White Red Wedge of White” (1920) by Lisitzky and “Soviet Alphabet” (1919) by Mayakovsky and Jakobson) and the contemporary advertising text. As a result, the study models a scale of linguistic creativity in advertising discourse. Linguistic creativity is a gradual phenomenon, the degree of which can increase or decrease depending on the existence, frequency and degree of manifestation of a particular parameter in the discourse. The main features of linguistic creativity are structural (the existence or not of linguistic anomalies), semantic (the existence or not of polysemy; explicit / implicit expression of information) and pragmatic (“strong” / “weak” communication) criteria.

КОМУНІКАТИВНА ТА ФОРМАЛЬНО-ГРАМАТИЧНА СТРУКТУРА РЕЧЕНЬ-ВИСЛОВЛЕНЬ ІЗ КІЛЬКІСНИМИ ПРЕДИКАТАМИ

The article characterizes the communicative and formal-grammatical structure of sentences with quantity predicates of the type ЇХ БУЛО СІМ. Ukrainian linguists divide such sentences into genitive subject and numeral predicate, taking into account the semantic and positional criteria (left-handed subject, quantitative predicate). The author of the study differentiates aspects of sentence organization by criteria: intonation-positional means (communicative aspect), syntactic connections (formal-grammatical aspect). Communicative analysis shows that such sentences are one of the options of sentence implementation in speech. In the communicative paradigm of a sentence they relate to an articulated and contextually dependent type of utterance (complex theme – genitive noun and verb – denote given, rheme – numeral – denotes new). Numerous examples of sentences with the same morphological set of words (independent numeral, dependent noun, verb) show the relations between members of the communicative paradigm of the sentence; the question of specificity of semantics of noun and verb components is considered. Formal-grammatical analysis reflects the structure of a two-member sentence that combines a complex subject (an integral connection of the main nominative-numeral and the dependent genitive-noun) and a simple verb predicate (conditional-grammatical agreement with the subject). The communicative structure of the sentence is derived, because it was formed as a result of rupture of the complex subject and transfer of the genitive noun to the initial position of the sentence-utterance. Conclusions about the asymmetric nature of relations between different levels of articulation of this type of sentence-utterance were made.

The endings of accusative case of nouns in history of Ukrainian orthography

The second form of accusative is the ancient original grammatical feature of the Ukrainian language, based on the tradition of folklore. It penetrated to the literary language from the living national language, so it was most consistently preserved verbal colloquial speech and language of fiction. Folk origin of the second form of accusative is reflected by the semantics of nouns used with the ending -a (-я) – these are primarily the names of сoncrete household objects. Instead, nouns – names of abstract concepts of masculine, that it is difficult to personify, in a folk language not so much. Because of this, the functioning of abstract nouns in the form of accusative with the ending -a (-я) is limited. The main criterion that allows the second form of accusative case is semantic. It is based on the rules, presented in all editions of the academic «Ukrainian Spelling», but the register of nouns it was «let» to have this form was uneven, it was constantly narrowed, that predefined by socio-political conditions of functioning of the Ukrainian language at different time periods. Analysis of scientific and lexicographic sources from the beginning of the XX century and to this day it gives grounds to attribute the form of accusative case on -a (-я) to «repressed», artificially restricted in use. The difficult and regressive way of its normalization, besides lexicographic sources, is also attested by Ukrainian spellings of different years of publication. The most complete list of nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension and the most fundamental rule for their endings in accusative of singular, based on a well-defined semantic criterion, is given in the «Ukrainian spelling» of 1928. Only in this edition for nouns – names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension that is the names of concrete objects, as only correct and only the possible ending is -a (-я). Also in it, among the nouns of masculine of the second declension, in particular and the names of uncreatures, the prepositional constructs of the second accusative case are presented. From the «Ukrainian Spelling» of 1933 to its most recent edition in 2019, the prescription for the use of accusative case with the ending -a (-я) has a form of a note (or rather – an exception) and fixes as normative two parallel morphological forms of accusative case of singular– on -a (-я) and with zero ending. Researches of modern scientists, based on theoretical and lexicographic work 20–30th of ХХ of century and the language practice of the Ukrainian people from ancient times to the present, formed an objective basis for the revival of this multi-hundred-year tradition of the Ukrainian language in all functional and stylistic spheres of everyday life of the Ukrainian language, taking into account that text of note in relation to the second form of accusative, offered in the new release of the «Ukrainian Spelling» in 2019, it is needed to correct and extend, in particular to give more detailed list of lexico-semantic groups of nouns, for that the second form of accusative is an organic morphological feature, substantially to complement the register of nouns-illustrations, change placed the sequence of disposition of wordforms with a zero ending and ending -а (-я) and the note itself transformed into a rule. Keywords: accusative case, the second form of accusative case, the second accusative, genitive case, nominative case, nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension, ending -а (-я), zero ending.

Préstamos lingüísticos en el quechua actual de las comunidades del distrito de Paccarectambo

La investigación expone y analiza los principales préstamos lingüísticos que los quechuahablantes nativos del distrito de Paccarectambo emplearon durante los primeros meses del año 2016 en su interacción cotidiana. La metodología empleada es la siguiente: se han grabado las conversaciones de quechuahablantes monolingües de 50 años a más en sus distintas facetas cotidianas. Luego, se procedió con la transcripción de los audios. Con los textos transcritos, se constituyó el CORQUERUPA (Corpus del Quechua Rural de Paccarectambo). Este corpus fue sometido a un análisis bajo los criterios léxicosemánticos, etimológicos, fonológicos y morfológicos. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que en las comunidades campesinas de Paccarectambo el quechua está repleto de préstamos lingüísticos, diacrónicamente provenientes del latín y carentes de equivalencias en el quechua. Dichos préstamos, al ser adoptados por el quechua, han sufrido una adaptación morfofonológica. Los extranjerismos en el quechua actual son indirectos y pertenecen más a la categoría sustantivo. Con todo esto, se propone el préstamo lingüístico como una posibilidad para revitalizar el quechua y hacer de este una lengua de estos tiempos, con términos que puedan expresar conceptos científicos diversos.

The Functional-Semantic Analysis of Particles Expressing Simple Negation in the Svan Language1

In the Svan language there are more negative particles as compared to other Kartvelian languages – Georgian, Megrelian and Laz. The negative particles in the Svan language form three semantic groups expressing simple negation, negation of possibility and prohibition. The Svan language abounds in simple particles expressing negation: მ m , მ მა m ma, მამა mama, მ დე m de, მადმა madma, მ m , მ მა m ma, მ დე m de, მოდმა modma, დ მა d ma, დ მამ d mam, დ სა d sa, დ სა d sa, დ მის d mis, დ მა d ma, დემე(გ) deme(g), დე de, დეი dei... These particles are considered as allomorphs. However, they can be differentiated based on functional and semantic criteria. The functional differentiation has been carried out by T. Sharadzenidze who proved that the negative particles are used in different types of sentences based on the vowels ( , ე e and ო o) which form part of these particles; On the other hand, these particles are semantically diverse, as they express different degree of categoricity: some of them are neutral, non-categorical, and correspond to the Georgian არ/არა ar/ara (No/Not), while others reveal high degree of categoricity. Such particles are hard to translate. In the oral speech, their semantic nuances are revealed by means of intonation. This is natural, because categoricity and probability are semantically incompatible concepts. Their substitution with less categorical neutral negative particles yields a different interpretation of the subject’s attitude to actions or events in the text.

Семантико-синтаксичні кореляти детермінантів мети

In the context of the newest linguistic trends, it is important to study the determinants as independent spreaders of the sentence. The relevance of the research is due to the need to analyze the semantic-syntactic basis of goal determinants in modern Ukrainian. The main approaches concerning the correlation of such concepts as goal determinants and adverbial target syntaxemes were analyzed in the paper. Minimal semantic-syntactic units (target syntaxes) express the purpose of an action or process, indicate the phenomena for which the action takes place. The statements with the goal determinants envisage the connection between two situations. The determinant part is called the the determining factor , the non-determinant part – the predetermined factor. A typical semantic-syntactic correlate of goal determinant is the adverbial target syntaxemes. T he semantic range of the adverbial target syntaxemes makes it possible to form two large groups of correlations. The first group was formed by determinants correlated with self-target and anti-target syntaxemes. The second group includes determinants that correlate with adverbial syntaxemes as expressors of hidden-target semantics. Hidden-target syntaxemes indicate an unknown purpose or intent. Can be represented by tokens of навіщось , нащось , чогось , чомусь etc. Some syntactic construct ion s can convey not only the target semantics at the same time, but also the causal or valid ones. A typical means of explaining a target's syntax is the prepositional - case constructions. The constructions «для + родовий відмінок», «задля + родовий відмінок» and «з метою + родовий відмінок» are often used . Morphological means of expressing target syntaxemes include adverbs : умисно / умисне / зумисне, навмисно / навмисне, на зло, наперекір, напоказ, жартома etc . Thus, the definition of semantic dominance criteria in goal determinants is conditioned by a internal and external factors: lexical filling of the determinant; the meaning of the preposition; the fact of the simultaneous existence of two actions, phenomena, events, one of which is a predicate of the utterance, the other implied by a determinant syntaxemes; syntactic relations and the semantics of the expression.

SET EXPRESSIONS WITH CARDINAL NUMERALS IN THE LANGUAGE OF NEWS MEDIA

The article is focused on set expressions with cardinal numerals in Spanish newspaper language. These fixed expressions are part of linguistic expressive means, which realize one of mass media functions. The purpose of the article is to analyze set expressions with cardinal numerals, classify them according to some criteria and determine newspaper spheres in which they are most frequently used. Fixed expressions with cardinal numerals are more numerous in number than those with ordinal ones, or multiple, partible or fractional numbers, and include expressions with numbers from zero to eight and numbers with a hundred, a thousand, and a million.For the purposes of the research fixed expressions with cardinal numerals are divided into two groups: the invariable expressions with a fixed cardinal numeral, and the variable expressions with a changeable cardinal numeral. In the article there are provided classifications of set expressions with cardinal numerals based on grammatical and semantic criteria, and their components. There is analyzed the use of fixed expressions in the language of newspapers. Set expressions with cardinal numerals form part of the phraseological thesaurus of the Spanish language and the language of news media in particular.

Eine Art Wortart: Das Adverb im Deutschen

So-called adverbs are a notorious problem for the theory of lexical categories, in large part because they are so diverse. Different subclasses of adverbs often resemble some other word class more closely than they resemble each other (and certain German adverbs can even be better analysed as defective adjectives). The present article reexamines the criteria for the identification of a category of adverb that are traditionally used in the grammar of German. It is pointed out that adverbs mostly evade the application of the semantic, distributional, and morphological criteria that can be used for defining categories in general. Adverbs are therefore to be seen as the bottom of the barrel that is left over by the criteria singling out other word classes. Hence, there is no standard category feature in the sense of a feature that encodes for adverbs’ grammatical properties, and it is argued that this is possible because adverbs are confined to contexts without grammatical feature selection. A detailed case study looks at the distinction between adverbs and prepositions in German, arguing that the traditional criterion, which takes prepositions to be those noninflectable words that govern a complement while adverbs would not govern any complements, leads to very unnatural divisions. The distinction must rather be made in terms of lexical weight. As a result, the classification of the Duden grammar (Dudengrammatik 2016), and hence the two-level model of grammatical categories that underlies it, is rejected. Still, adverbs should not be identified with prepositions, since this would blur the distinction between lexical words and function words.