Selling Price Research Articles

Marketing Information System for Maize Commodities in Soppeng Regency to Increase Agricultural Productivity and National Food Security

Maize in Soppeng Regency is a strategic commodity and has bright marketing prospects. Therefore, efforts to increase maize production need to receive great attention, because with sufficient availability, maize is one of the main food needs in the world after rice. It is expected that the community's need for maize can be met and the selling price remains stable. This research aims to increase the productivity of corn commodity marketing in Soppeng Regency based on the application of online marketing information systems, so that the market world can be wider and make it easier for farmers to sell their corn commodity products and become corn crop production centers, in order to increase the productivity of food crops, especially in Soppeng Regency. This study uses preliminary data on corn production from villages and sub-districts sourced from the Office of Food Crops, Horticulture, Plantations, and Food Security of Soppeng Regency which consists of 49 villages, 21 sub-districts and 8 sub-districts. The system development method uses the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) system development technique, the application of this method starts from the field condition analysis stage, the system design stage, the system creation stage, the system testing stage, the system usage stage in the field. In addition, to meet the sustainability of the program, technical guidance on the use of the system will be provided to each user at the sub-district level. The results of this research are in the form of using an online-based corn commodity marketing information system

Study on the Factors Affecting Housing Prices in Chengdu

Based on the background of the sluggish real estate market in recent years, this paper organizes the relevant data on the average selling price of commercial housing in Chengdu from 2002 to 2022 and studies the factors affecting housing prices. It also collects data such as per capita GDP, housing completion area, and real estate development investment in Chengdu from 2002 to 2022, and constructs the STIRPAT model for multiple linear regression. After a series of model tests and empirical analysis, it is concluded that both per capita GDP and real estate development investment have a positive effect on Chengdu housing prices, while the housing completion area is negatively correlated with Chengdu housing prices. Based on the research results, this paper summarizes the conclusions and puts forward suggestions for the Chengdu Municipal Government and real estate developers.

Process Modelling of Integrated Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Organic Municipal Waste

One of the key guidelines in the European waste management policy is the diversion of waste from landfills, preventing harmful effects on human health and the environment and ensuring that economically valuable waste materials are efficiently recycled and reused through proper management. The organic fraction of municipal waste is abundant and contains biodegradable ingredients such lignocellulose, starch, lipids, pectin, and proteins, making it suitable for biotechnological production. Taking into account that a large amount of organic waste is disposed of in landfills, within this work, the amount of organic waste disposed of in the landfill in Banja Luka was considered. Four simulation model scenarios of the integrated production of bioethanol and biogas are generated, and their process and economic aspects are discussed. In the first two modelled scenarios, the pretreatment conditions (1% sulfuric acid and a different neutralization agent) were varied, while in the other two, the share of the amount of raw material used for the production of bioethanol, i.e., biogas, was varied (split factor: 10–90%). The modelled plant, with a designed capacity of 6 tons/h of organic waste, is a significant bioethanol producer, generating 5,000,000 L/year. The profitability indicators, when examined, revealed that dedicating a portion of the organic municipal waste input exclusively to biogas production leads to decreased process efficiency. Based on the modeled process parameters, ethanol’s minimum feasible selling price is $0.6616 per liter, while regarding the composition of organic municipal waste, carbohydrates have the most significant impact on the viability of the process. The developed model represents an excellent basis for further development of this integrated bioprocess in such a way that it can be modified with new process parameters or economic or ecological indicators and used at all levels of bioprocess design. Additionally, the obtained sustainable integrated bioethanol and biogas production plant models could support forthcoming steps in municipal waste management by providing reliable data on the conditions under which the integrated process of bioethanol and biogas production would take place, as well as the technical feasibility and economic profitability of such organic municipal waste utilization.

Analyzing how inflation affects non-instantly decaying goods with demand linked to ads and selling price in a dual-warehouse setup

This study explores inventory management strategies specifically designed for non-instantaneous deteriorating goods under inflationary conditions, utilizing a dual-warehouse system—one owned and the other rented with limited storage capacity. We examine the effects of advertising frequency and product selling price on demand rates, taking into account the gradual decline in customer patience, which leads to partial backlogging of shortages. The primary objective is to determine optimal replenishment policies for retailers that effectively minimize total costs per unit time. In real life, managing oil inventory is crucial for industries where factors like gradual deterioration, demand fluctuations due to advertising and pricing, and sensitivity to inflation require sophisticated inventory models to optimize replenishment policies and minimize costs. To validate our proposed inventory model, we provide a numerical. A sensitivity study using MATLAB R2024a software highlights the impact of parameter changes, providing significant information for decision-makers across various industries.

Calcium looping-enhanced biomass gasification for methanol production: Integrating methane dry reforming and carbon utilization

Developing integrated CO2 capture and utilization (ICCU) is an attractive strategy that aims to reduce CO2 emissions while realizing the potential benefits of CO2. This paper investigates the techno-environmental-economic performance of biomass gasification to methanol (BtM) based on calcium looping (CaL) coupled with dry reforming of methane (DRM) and CaL coupled with reverse Boudouard reaction (RB). The results indicate that BtM systems based on CaL-DRM (BtM:CaL-DRM) and CaL-RB (BtM:CaL-RB) achieve CO2 capture and utilization, and enable efficient methanol synthesis. Compared to BtM:CaL-DRM, BtM:CaL-RB demonstrates higher exergy efficiency and lower global warming potential (GWP). The exergy efficiency of BtM:CaL-RB reaches 71.60 %. In terms of economic viability, BtM:CaL-DRM demonstrates more promising economic feasibility. The BtM systems reaches breakeven when the methanol selling price ranges from 440.8 $/ton to 529 $/ton. This study provides valuable insights into exploring novel ICCU systems.

Evaluating the Privacy Valuation of Personal Data on Smartphones

Smartphones hold a great variety of personal data during usage, which at the same time poses privacy risks. In this paper, we used the selling price to reflect users' privacy valuation of their personal data on smartphones. In a 7-day auction, they sold their data as commodities and earn money. We first designed a total of 49 commodities with 8 attributes, covering 14 common types of personal data on smartphones. Then, through a large-scale reverse second price auction (N=181), we examined students' valuation of 15 representative commodities. The average bid-price was 62.8 CNY (8.68 USD) and a regression model with 14 independent variables found the most influential factors for bid-price to be privacy risk, ethnic and gender. When validating our results on non-students (N=34), we found that despite they gave significantly higher prices (M=109.8 CNY, 15.17 USD), "privacy risk" was still one of the most influential factors among the 17 independent variables in the regression model. We recommended that stakeholders should provide 8 attributes of data when selling or managing it.

A comparative configuration and decision of main restrictions of a renewable energy powered campus micro grid: A case study

Higher education institutes are representative of small cities. Availability of building level data enables categorizing the models according to load profile instead of developing one model for whole communities, which is a gap in literature.In this study, hourly electricity consumption data of 34 buildings measured in Selcuk University is utilized to develop optimum Zero energy campus (ZEC) model. ZEC models developed until now used data of whole campus. In this study, campus and building level ZEC models are compared using PV/Wind/Biomass/Hydropower with/without battery.Biomass is found as a good option for high annual electricity consumption (AEC) buildings whereas using more than two type of renewable systems was better for low AEC. Required system size was found to be smaller at campus level design. However, renewable factor (RF) was higher at building level design which decreased levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Therefore, the main limitation of ZEC is found as electricity selling price. Campus level design will be cost effective in case of electricity selling price to be the same or more then purchasing price. As a result of this study hourly load profile and electricity selling/purchasing prices are found to be the main decision criteria’s on optimum HRES design.

Part-load analysis and preliminary annual simulation of a constant inventory supercritical CO2 power plant for waste heat recovery in cement industry

The present work investigates the part-load performance of a MW-scale sCO2 power plant designed as waste heat recovery unit for an existing cement plant located in Czech Republic, in the framework of the H2020 funded project CO2OLHEAT. The study first presents the selected power plant configuration and then focuses on the evaluation of its part-load operation due to variation of flue gas mass flow rate and temperature. The range of flue gas conditions at the outlet of the upstream process is retrieved from a preliminary statistical analysis of historical trends obtained through the cement plant monitoring. The numerical model developed for this study aims at providing realistic results thanks to the adoption of turbomachinery performance maps provided by the turbomachinery manufacturer of the project. Moreover, heat exchangers have been modelled through a discretized approach which has been validated against manufacturer data, while piping inventory and pressure losses have been assessed through a preliminary sizing that considers the actual distances to be covered in the cement plant. Performance decay is estimated for the whole range of flue gas conditions, reporting the most significant power cycle parameters, and identifying the main causes of efficiency loss. The part-load analysis is carried out considering a constant CO2 inventory, in order to reduce the system complexity and capital cost and simplify plant operation. Results show that the operation entails minor variation of the compressors operative points in the whole range of operating conditions of the cement plant, avoiding the risk of anti-surge bypass activation. Moreover, the plant is able to work close to the nominal thermodynamic cycle efficiency (20.5 %–23.0 %) for most of the year and benefits from part-load operation in terms of overall performance. In the last part of the work, a preliminary techno-economic analysis of the plant is also presented to highlight the potential advantages of sCO2 technology for waste heat recovery applications. The results of the part-load performance of the plant are combined with the flue gases data obtained from the preliminary statistical analysis and the cement plant historical monitoring. An annual electricity production equal to 13′909.7 MWh is obtained, corresponding to 6560 equivalent hours and a system capacity factor of 74.9 %. The investment cost of each CO2OLHEAT plant component is estimated by means of cost correlations obtained from literature and the non-discounted payback time is computed as a function of the electricity selling price. The results show that, even considering electricity prices before 2022, the payback time of the CO2OLHEAT plant is estimated to be lower than 8 years, justifying the industrial interest in the proposed technology.

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Secara Tradisional Berdasarkan Pesanan Untuk Memperoleh Informasi Laba Rugi

This research aims to analyze traditional production cost calculations based on orders to obtain profit and loss information. As time goes by, many small companies still use traditional calculations of the cost of goods manufactured, but not according to orders, so these calculations are less accurate if used in the long term, which results in the profit and loss not being known for certain. Therefore, small businesses, especially the Kurnia Welding Workshop, should calculate the cost of production according to orders so that they obtain a profit or loss each year. The techniques used consist of observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research show that the HPP calculation according to the Kurnia Las Workshop, especially for BOP and Non-Production Costs, is based on the owner's estimate, so the resulting HPP is less relevant and accurate. Determining the selling price according to the Kurnia Welding Workshop without calculating the cost of production first, is only based on the owner's estimate, which results in losses when the Kurnia Welding Workshop calculates the cost of production to produce a profit and loss report at the end of the period. Meanwhile, calculating the cost of production based on orders produces a HPP value that is smaller than the calculation for the Kurnia Welding Workshop because the costs are calculated according to the orders received. Meanwhile, in determining the selling price, it is calculated by adding the desired profit after calculating the COGS, so that when preparing the profit and loss report at the end of the period, the Kurnia Welding Workshop makes a profit.

The Value Chain Analysis of Coffee Products in the Case of Bandung District

Coffee, a significant plantation product, holds vast opportunities in both domestic and global markets. Bandung Regency is renowned for its distinctive fruit-flavored coffee, particularly from Ciwidey and Puntang, where coffee is marketed in cherry and green bean forms without branding. A value chain analysis is essential to enhance the coffee industry's added value and sustainability. This study aims to identify the coffee value chain in Bandung Regency, analyze the cost of production, total revenue, and profit of the coffee processing industry in Ciwidey and Puntang, and determine the added value of coffee products in these areas. Using descriptive analysis, results indicate that Ciwidey (MS Coffee) has a lower cost of goods produced than Puntang (Acs Siliwangi) due to higher production volumes in Puntang leading to higher costs. However, Puntang’s larger production volume also generates higher monthly revenue and profit due to a higher selling price per kilogram. Value-added analysis reveals that Puntang’s value-added per kilogram (Rp. 55,025.00/kg) surpasses that of Ciwidey (Rp. 44,647.00/kg), attributed to higher selling prices, superior product quality, and greater market presence in Puntang. Conversely, higher input prices in Ciwidey result in lower value-added.

Analysis of Murabahah Financing in Sharia Banking (Bank BJBS KCP Arcamanik Case Study)

Murabahah is an agreement for the sale and purchase of an item where the seller states the selling price which consists of the cost price and a certain level of profit on the item where the selling price is agreed to by the buyer. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the issue of murabahah financing in sharia banking. This research examines the banking sector in Indonesia as the focus of the study, especially in terms of solving practical operational problems through exploratory investigations. Three customers and three sharia bank employees were tested in the study material in Bank BJBS KCP Arcamanik's sharia banking research. The Sharia Supervisory Board has carried out good supervision and must carry out strict supervision so that murabahah financing is carried out in accordance with this concept. This is so that murabahah financing which is the foundation for sharia banking financing can continue to exist and not damage the reputation or image of sharia banking.

Does outsourcing enhance consumer services and profitability of a dual-channel retailing?

In the era of digital commerce, the concept of dual-channel retailing has attracted increased attention. Dual-channel retailing increases the importance of outsourcing for an imperfect production process to enhance customer satisfaction. This study explores a sustainable dual-channel retailing strategies for an imperfect production process under a flexible production system. The manufacturer runs a production process prone to defects utilizes both offline and online channels for product sales. The manufacturer contemplates green investments to enhance the production efficiency and reduce waste and carbon emissions, alongside the possibility of outsourcing a portion of production to a partner. A mathematical model is developed to accounts for these factors and analyzes the optimal allocation of products between channels, pricing strategies, production rates, and investments amount to reduce carbon emissions. The model incorporates demand sensitiveness to green practices and channel's selling price. Results of this research are directed towards offering significant perspectives for organizations that aspire to attain a harmonious equilibrium among financial profitability, ecological sustainability, and addressing deficiencies in their manufacturing procedures in a dual-channel retail setting through subcontracting. Numerical illustrations exhibit that partial outsourcing enhances system's profit by 2.03%, whereas investments to reduce carbon emissions enhance the profit by 4.95%. Flexibility in the production process helps to increase the profit by 13.50%, and channel coordination helps to enhance the profit by 38.54%.

Pendampingan Penentuan Harga Jual Produk di UMKM Kieran Tea

This research was conducted to determine the cost of production of one of the micro, small and medium enterprises or UMKM that has the opportunity to sell individually packaged tea drinks. Meanwhile, in marketing Kieran tea products, several stages need to be carried out, especially in determining the price in the market before this tea product is put on the market, so that prices can be adjusted to compete in the market and at the same time be accepted by people who want to enjoy this special tea treat. In this research, the HPP method was used to determine the price that can be released to the market. After going through calculations, the selling price for camellia tea was obtained, namely IDR 12,300/bag and IDR 308,600/box. Business owners also understand the influence of the cost of production and expected profits in their business in determining the selling price of their products, so there is a significant difference between determining the selling price of products without taking HPP into account and those taking HPP into account.

Multi Agent Model Analysis in Identifying the Relationship Between Productivity Level, Production Cost and Product Selling Price

Multi Agent Model Analysis in Identifying the Relationship Between Productivity Level, Production Cost and Product Selling Price

Enhancing corn stover to bio-jet fuel process: Valorizing lignin-enriched residue for energy, economic, and environmental benefits

Bio-jet fuels are considered as a highly promising strategy for minimizing carbon emissions in the aviation sector. This study presents a scheme for producing bio-jet fuel from corn stover through aqueous phase conversion, focusing on the economics and environmental performance of various lignin utilization technologies. Three scenarios were simulated using Aspen Plus, each integrating a different approach: lignin hydrothermal conversion to jet fuel range arenes (LtoA), lignin gasification-syngas fermentation to ethanol (LtoE), and lignin direct combustion (LC). The energy conversion rates of the three cases are 32.75 %, 32.67 %, and 31.44 %, in that order. Technical-economic analysis and life cycle assessment were conducted for each scenario. The minimum jet fuel selling prices (MJFSP) for the three scenarios range between 2050 and 2562 $/t, 2095–2620 $/t, and 2024–2529 $/t, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduced by 33 %, 383 %, and 37 % compared to fossil jet fuel, respectively. Steam stripping for furfural production is the largest energy consumer, hindering economic improvement and GHG emission reduction due to inefficient furfural yield. The use of sulfuric acid and NaOH as catalysts contributes significantly to 37 % of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 79 % of human toxicity emissions among other environmental impacts. The development of green solvents and the enhancement of lignin conversion rates could further improve the economic and environmental performance of bio-jet fuel.

Analysis of the Application of Target Costing in Managing Production Costs to Increase Profits in the Solo Medan Sausage SME

The implementation of target costing by an UMKM trader aims to reduce total costs from the previous total costs so that the company can get maximum profits without having to increase its selling price. This research aims to analyze whether the application of the Target Costing method in managing production costs at Solo Medan Sosis UMKM can optimize profits as expected. This research was conducted using a qualitative and descriptive approach method and was carried out in the city of Medan starting in December 2023. The results of this research show that by using the Target Costing method the required production costs can be minimized so that the profits obtained can be further optimized in accordance with the company's expectations. without increasing product prices. So the conclusion is that the Target Costing method can be an alternative for Solo Medan Sosis UMKM in determining production cost.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Aplikasi Kasir Toko Deli Jaya Martubung (Deli Jaya Martubung Store Cashier Application Information System Design)

Crowds of buyers in a shopping area can result in long queues at the cashier's desk. This long queue is often caused because the cashier is very slow in calculating the buyer's groceries. The slowness of the cashier in carrying out their duties, namely calculating the price of goods is caused by the fact that some of the selling prices of goods are not known by the cashier so that queues often become a problem in shopping places. For this reason, it is necessary to build a system that can assist cashiers in carrying out their duties, especially to find out the selling price of an item. This system uses an acronym in the world of programming, namely CRUD. This system will later be used by the cashier to store, display, change, and delete item data in the database. Thus the cashier does not need to memorize the selling price of each item.

Impacts of COVID-19 on the Fish Market in Dinajpur District of Bangladesh

This study interviewed 50 fish farmers and 50 retailers from Dinajpur district, Bangladesh to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the local fish market from a period of January to June 2023. The results showed that the fish culture cost including labor cost, feed cost and pharmaceutical cost increased significantly after COVID-19. Labor costs increased by 17-39%, feed costs by 41 to 45% and pharmaceutical costs by 30-31%. The prices of catfishes showed the highest change equal to BDT 288/kg whereas slightly reduced prices for pangas (BDT 68.6/kg), carps (BDT 101.72/kg) and tilapia (BDT 71.15/kg) were recorded. Retailers have increased the selling price (27-28%) of the pangas, tilapia, carps and other fish species due to higher purchasing prices (32-40%) resulting in a squeeze on profit. The profit for pangas decreased to 11% post-COVID-19 from 22%, for tilapia from 21% to 11%, for carp profit decreased from 6% to 3% and for catfishes from 9% to 5% post-COVID-19. This study provides helpful information to minimize the unstable condition of fish markets and government and non-government organizations should intervene to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 with proper policy.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Industrial Vanadium Flow Batteries Based on Experimental Data

This work presents a techno-economic model based on experimental and market data to provide forecasts of the profitability of vanadium flow batteries (VFBs), which are emerging as a promising technology for specific stationary energy services [1‒2]. Each component affecting the capital and operative costs was analyzed and the impact of side phenomena on capacity losses was considered. Relevant economic parameters were taken from real market data: discount rate was calculated based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to account for real market conditions; the electricity price follows an arbitrage strategy to profit of the daily price fluctuations taken from the historical data of the Italian energy market [3‒4]. Technical parameters are taken from large-area multi-cell stack, rather than from small single cell experiments, thus allow to characterize the behavior of real industrial reactors [5‒6]. The economic performance indicators obtained are the capital cost, the operative cost, the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) and the Net Present Value (NPV). The resulting values are: a discount rate of 9.12% and electricity prices of 200 € MWh–1 in selling and of 100 € MWh–1 in buying. Capital costs and LCOS were calculated for different system power and energy (E/P) ratings. At E/P = 2 h, the values of capital costs and LCOS were in the range of 800 – 900 € kWh–1 and 0.50 – 0.55 € kWh–1, respectively, whereas at E/P = 10 h they reduced to 350 – 380 € kWh–1 and 0.29 – 0.32 € kWh–1, respectively. In addition, a NPV analysis was carried out in order to evaluate whether these capital costs could provide a profit. The analysis suggests that only at capital cost < 105 € kWh–1 the break-even point (NPV = 0) was reached. The result is that the assumed techno-economic scenario VFBs were not profitable for every considered E/P. A perspective analysis was developed to reveal when VFBs can become profitable. Different screenings were made on both technical and economic parameters. At a technical level, a power density of 0.25 W cm–2, a RTE = 85%, a SOC = 90%, and a reduced number of regenerating processes in the lifespan (Nreg = 4) were considered. Regarding the economic parameters, a discount rate of 7 % was assumed, an electricity selling price of 250 € MWh–1 and a purchasing price of 75 € MWh–1 were used, compatible with a more pronounced Duck Curve of the daily electricity price, induced by the expansion of renewable energy sources expected in the near future. Under this scenario, the system costs decreased considerably: at E/P = 2 h, the Capital Costs and LCOS ranged as 530 – 570 € kWh–1 and 0.25 – 0.27 € kWh–1, respectively, whereas at E/P = 10 h, the Capital Costs and LCOS ranges as 260 – 270 € kWh–1 and around 0.17 € kWh–1, respectively. The latter figures made VFBs profitable for E/P in the range of 4 – 10 hours, as shown in the figure below.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA PETERNAKAN BURUNG PUYUH PEDAGING (Coturnix coturnix japonica) DI KECAMATAN KERUMUTAN

Quail farming business is one of the potential businesses as the population increases and public awareness of the need for daily animal protein sources that are easy to get at affordable prices compared to other poultry meat. The objectives of this study are to find out the feasibility of Mr. Agung Wibowo's quail farming business in Kerumutan District based on market and marketing aspects, technical aspects, environmental aspects and financial aspects. Data collection is carried out by means of field surveys, interviews, literature studies and documentation. The result of this research is that the quail farming business owned by Mr. Agung Wibowo in Kerumutan District is worthy of continuing. Based on market and marketing aspects, it is feasible because it has segmentation, clear targeting and market position, and a selling price that is quite competitive compared to other poultry meat prices and has a marketing strategy with a marketing mix. From the technical aspect, it is feasible because it has all the necessary facilities and equipment and have a clear production cycle and business location. From the environmental aspect, it is feasible because of the environmental impact management. Based on the results of the calculation, the financial aspect is declared feasible. Where the R/C Ratio value &gt; out of 1, which is 1.5. The value of the π/C Ratio is 0.57% higher than the value of the BRI Simpedes savings interest rate of 0.25%. Production BEP Value &lt; Production Amount and BEP Value Price &lt; Selling Price per Head. From the results of the calculation of the Production BEP Value is 3,312 heads. So 3,312 Heads &lt; 5,162 Heads and the result of calculating the BEP Price Value is Rp. 3,011. Then Rp. 3,011 &lt; Rp. 5,500.