Selling Price Of Product Research Articles

A coordination model for closed-loop supply chain systems with a single manufacturer and retailer

This paper develops a coordination model for a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) system consisting of a single manufacturer and retailer where market demand depends on the green technology level, retailer’s selling price, and promotional efforts. The manufacturer manufactures products from raw materials to finished products and adapts them for sale to meet key market demands. Used products from consumers will be returned to the retailer to be processed by remanufacturing under a technology license, and the rest will be returned to the manufacturer for remanufacturing, refurbishing, recycling, or waste disposal. The models are formulated mathematically and constructed under three scenarios – centralized, decentralized, and a Stackelberg game led by the manufacturer. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the results of the developed model. The result suggests that both types of investment can assist the closed-loop supply chain in enhancing its financial and environmental performance. It also suggests that lowering emissions levels through green technology might increase product selling prices, hence increasing sales volume.

Financial Management Education in Traditional Cake Entrepreneurship Under The Share of The Diamond Cooperative in Pisangan Village, South Tangerang

The main problem in Small, Micro, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), one of which is limited capital. Difficulties in obtaining loans or other external capital are partly because MSMEs do not have financial information that is accountable, transparent, has integrity, and is in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards. Apart from that, business financial management is still mixed with household finances, and the lack of knowledge regarding product cost calculations means that MSME products often have higher prices compared to imported products. Community service activities are carried out in collaboration with the Berlian Cooperative in the South Tangerang Region which is engaged in savings and loans and selling traditional Betawi cakes. The aim of this community service (PKM) is to provide education regarding business financial management and mechanisms for calculating costs and product selling prices based on cost accounting. The implementation method is in the form of lectures and simulations of calculating product costs and recording simple financial reports. The results of PKM activities show that the results of questionnaires distributed at the pre-activity stage show that this MSME group still has problems related to business bookkeeping and proper financial management so the average MSME actor in this group still does not know the exact amount of income and costs, and the profits generated from their efforts. Based on this, it is necessary to carry out further training and assistance related to financial management and literacy in banking and non-banking financial services so that MSME players can develop their businesses.
 Keywords: MSMEs, Financial Governance, Production Costs, Selling Prices

Analisis Penerapan Target Costing sebagai Alat Bantu Perencanaan Biaya pada UMKM Kebab Batubara

Target Costing is a system where the determination of the cost of goods products is in accordance with the desired (target) as the basis for determining the selling price of products that will obtain the desired profit. The main benefit of Target Costing is the determination of the cost of goods as a basis for pricing so that the desired profit target will be achieved. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of Target Costing to reduce production costs so that MSME operating profits can be increased. This research was carried out at MSMEs Kebab Batubara Sangatta East Kutai. The type of research used is qualitative descriptive. The method of data collection is by interviews and documentation. The results showed that by implementing Target Costing can reduce production costs incurred and profits obtained increased. Where before implementing Target Costing, production costs incurred amounted to IDR 6,771,500, but after applying the concept of Target Costing, production costs can be reduced to IDR 7,883,583.33, as for greater expenses due to previous business actors/MSMEs there was no calculation of overhead costs in the production cost settlement. As for applying the Target Costing method because it has been proven to be able to help minimize production costs so that profit generation can be increased.

Dynamic supervision of counterfeit products based on blockchain technology: A differential game on goodwill accumulation.

Counterfeiting is a serious problem in many industries, and the annual profit and tax losses caused by counterfeit products in China have reached over 60 billion yuan. The focus of this paper is to study the effect of blockchain technology in terms of supervising counterfeit products as well as product quality and service decisions under blockchain from a dynamic optimization perspective. We consider the role of blockchain when disclosing product quality information and develop a dynamic optimization model before and after blockchain adoption using differential game theory. Meanwhile, we solve the model using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation and backward induction and conduct parametric, comparative, and numerical analyses of the equilibrium solutions. The main findings are as follows: First, we find that in the absence of blockchain, counterfeit products can reduce brand goodwill and decrease the quality and service level of genuine products; however, supervising counterfeit product sales through blockchain can improve this problem under the critical conditions determined in this work. Second, in the direct sales mode, we find that if the unit operating cost and fixed cost of blockchain are small, the brand owner's adoption of blockchain can not only combat the counterfeiter's profit but also increase its own profit. Third, in the wholesale sales mode, we find that the best conditions in which a brand owner can establish blockchain are only related to the related costs of blockchain, while retailers also need to increase the selling price of genuine products when establishing blockchain. Fourth, we find that supply chain performance and blockchain supervisory effects are sensitive to key parameters through numerical analysis in a quantitative form. These findings have important implications for genuine enterprises in terms of determining the conditions for establishing blockchain to combat counterfeiting and for optimizing product quality and service decisions when using blockchain technology.

Peningkatan Perekonomian Keluarga Urban Melalui Budidaya Sayur Hidroponik

Meruya Selatan Subdistrict, West Jakarta is a densely populated area with very few green open spaces in every resident's house so that greening the community is not a priority. With the city of Jakarta being densely populated and the air being polluted, greening is really needed.The hydroponic farming method is an alternative for reforestation on limited land. The hydroponic farming method also makes a big contribution in improving people's lives and the economy. Transfer of knowledge through socialization activities of the hydroponic method as an agricultural method that is suitable for application on limited land. Transfer of knowledge through practical planting activities using the hydroponic method. The output of this activity includes increasing understanding and skills in hydroponic methods, packaging hydroponic products, marketing hydroponic products digitally, calculating the cost of production and determining the selling price of hydroponic products. This activity also provides large, medium, small and simple hydroponic equipment for the community to use

Techno-economic analysis and process optimization of a PET chemical recycling process based on Bayesian optimization

Chemical recycling has gained interest as a promising option to reduce the consumption of fossil feedstocks and relieve environmental issues concerning plastic waste. In this study, we present a preliminary techno-economic analysis of a process design for chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A conceptual base case design was developed for a continuous catalytic PET depolymerization process. The process design was optimized to minimize total annualized cost (TAC) based on a simulation-based Bayesian optimization approach. A novel interface was utilized to manipulate the process variables, and to retrieve simulation and economic evaluation results. Through five trials of optimization, the process design was improved by about 4.2∼4.4 % in terms of TAC. Sensitivity analyses investigating the effect of process parameters and price variables on the minimum selling price of main product, p-xylene, are presented. The feedstock PET flake price was identified as the most critical factor affecting the economic viability of the process.

Is persistent “loadshedding” pulling the plug on agriculture in the Western Cape, South Africa?

ABSTRACT Besides a few industry reports on the impact of loadshedding on agriculture, there is a dearth of literature on the electricity dependence and the impact of loadshedding on the South African agricultural sector. We aim to make two main contributions. First, we analyse the electricity dependence of the agricultural sector and assess how loadshedding impacts the sector's various economic activities. Second, we employ Interactive Qualitative Analysis (IQA) to determine the cause-and-effect relationships of loadshedding on the agricultural sector. We purposively selected 27 senior managers from the Western Cape agricultural value chain to participate in the study. The IQA reveals eight categories influenced by loadshedding: operational capacity and scheduling, input supply and availability, output quality and volume, financial implications, biological and fixed assets, socio-economics, and product selling price. The biggest cause for disruption is operational capacity and scheduling, and the biggest effect is product selling price. Solving the loadshedding problem and preventing knock-on effects require collaboration between firms, industry, and government. The government needs to create an enabling environment: sound regulatory framework, incentives to invest in renewable energy, and access to low-cost capital. The industry then takes responsibility for disseminating government strategies to firms and providing feedback based on firm-level experience.

Analisis Perhitungan Pokok Produksi dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing : Studi Kasus pada Apem Singkong Keju Pak Gede

The title of this research is "Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Study: Apem Cassava Cheese by Mr. Gede. The research aims to 1) Determine the calculation of production costs using the Full Costing method in the MSME Apem Cassava Cheese by Mr. Gede, and 2) Assess the income of the MSME Apem Cassava Cheese by Mr. Gede. The objectives of this research are 1) To understand the calculation of production costs using the Full Costing method in the MSME Apem Cassava Cheese by Mr. Gede, and 2) To analyze the income generated by the MSME Apem Cassava Cheese by Mr. Gede. This research employs a qualitative method through interviews, observations, and documentation. All data are qualitatively analyzed in descriptive qualitative analysis. The informants in this study are the owner of Apem Cassava Cheese by Mr. Gede. The results of the research show that 1) The calculated production cost according to the company is Rp 1,060, with a production cost of Rp 42,382,000, which includes raw material costs, labor, packaging, and electricity. The selling price of the MSME's product has been traditionally set at Rp 1,500, resulting in a profit margin of 41.51% according to the MSME's estimation. 2) The highest sales in 2022 occurred in December with a total of 40,000 pieces and a net profit of Rp 17,618,000. The lowest sales were recorded in June with a total of 30,750 pieces and a net profit of Rp 11,654,639. The total sales in 2022 amounted to Rp 182,926,890, with an average monthly profit of Rp 15,488,983. The cost-plus pricing approach is used to determine the product's selling price, with a desired profit margin of 41.51%.

Increased productivity and sales of the Dapu Rindu home industry

Home industry is a form of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Many home industry players manage businesses without having adequate knowledge and skills, one of whom is Dapu Rindu, operating in the food industry, which is experiencing stagnation in all aspects of its business. The aim of this community service is to increase partners' knowledge and skills in managing their businesses, as well as to boost their business productivity and sales. Some of the methods implemented in this program include diversifying products with regional characteristics, improving marketing mix strategies, packaging and branding, and providing financial management training in the form of financial governance, recording, and determining competitive product selling prices. The results of the program show an increase in turnover and business profits, by 18.75% and 25%, respectively. Additionally, it has led to an improvement in partners' skills, enabling them to produce two new products that are typical Acehnese processed foods, possess legal status, calculate competitive selling prices, and manage business finances effectively.

Analisis Penetapan Harga Jual Produk CV. Abah Ayi Dengan Metode Cost Plus Pricing

The selling price should identify all costs that make a profit in the long run. Cost plus pricing, namely setting the cost by including a factor (percentage) of the selling price or cost in profit. The purpose of this study is to understand how companies determine the selling price of their products using the cost plus CV method. Abah Ayi. Analyze this data using quantitative methods. Research results show that CV. Abah Ayi determines the selling price of their products using traditional methods. The cost calculation of the manufacturing process done by the business owner is not detailed enough, and some costs are calculated using estimated costs. The selling price of products according to this method is lower than the selling price of CV products. Abah Ayi, to earn more profit. The initial production cost of Rp 27,500 becomes Rp 23,000 with the selling price of Rp 30,000 for duck rice, while the initial production cost of Rp 25,000 becomes Rp 21,000 with the same selling price of Rp 27,500 for chicken rice. Research data shows that the difference in profits generated is quite large and the use of cost and markup methods is more effective.
 Keywords: Selling Price, Cost Plus Pricing, CV. Abah Ayi.

Financial Feasibility Analysis of Arabica Powder Coffee in Drip Bag Packaging (Case Study of Berdikari Farmer Group, Sumedang District)

Arabica coffee powder in drip bag packaging is a new product innovation created to fulfill consumer desires and increase product sales. This study aims to analyze the financial feasibility of arabica coffee powder in drip bag packaging. Primary data was collected through direct observation and interviews while secondary data was collected from published scientific references. Financial analysis is carried out to obtain information on Production Costs (BP), Cost of Production (HPP), Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PBP). The results showed that natural processing of coffee beans with a production capacity of 84,143 drip bag packages per month and raw materials for green coffee beans with a moisture content of 30% - 40% resulted in a production cost of IDR 143,603,885.74 per month and HPP of IDR 1 .706.67 per drip bag. At a product selling price of IDR 2,500.00 per drip bag packaging, an NPV value of IDR 4,118,480,686 was obtained, a BCR of 1.44, an IRR of 36.00% and PBP occurred in the 3rd month.

Optimal distribution strategy of coupons on e-commerce platforms: Sufficient or scarce?

With the growth of the digital economy, platform-led coupons are becoming an increasingly popular marketing approach. How to optimally design coupon strategies to achieve the coordination between the product merchant and platform has become critical in platform supply chain management. This paper studies a platform-led coupon distribution problem and analyzes the optimal strategies of the platform and merchant: who bears the coupon cost and how many coupons should be offered. We propose a Stackelberg game in which the platform acts as the leader and decides the coupon denomination. Then, the merchant, as the follower, decides the product's selling price. Consumers are divided into high-frequency and low-frequency consumers according to their heterogeneity in consumption frequency. Our analysis shows that when the platform bears the cost, under the combined effect of the highest denomination and the highest product selling price, the platform and the merchant can realize coupon cooperation under the supply-adequate strategy, which means the number of coupons can satisfy the shopping frequency of all consumers. When the merchant bears the cost, the platform still tends to distribute more coupons. However, the merchant will suffer due to the losses caused by the coupon costs. To reach coupon cooperation, the platform can give up the excessive exploitation of the merchant by adjusting the coupon denomination.

Pricing and green inventory decisions for a supply chain system with green investment and carbon tax regulation

This paper proposes an integrated inventory model of a supply chain system consisting of a single manufacturer and single buyer under stochastic demand. The model considers carbon tax regulation to reduce supply chain operations' emissions. To comply with this regulation, the manufacturer invests in green production technologies and replaces the existing (conventional) facility with a green facility. Thus, the manufacturer can benefit by implementing a hybrid production system involving the simultaneous operation of a conventional and a green facility. The green facility requires higher production costs than the conventional facility, but its emissions are lower. The demand is stochastic and the average demand rate is influenced by the product selling price and green investment level. The goal of this research is to determine the optimal delivery lot, number of shipments, safety factor, selling price and investment level in order to optimize the joint total profit. An efficient algorithm is proposed to solve the problem and a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model. A sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the impact of the model's key parameters on its behavior. The results show that green investments made by the manufacturer can effectively reduce the total emissions generated from the supply chain and increase the product's selling price. Furthermore, a hybrid system operated by the manufacturer is proven to control costs and emissions, especially in situations in which the replacement of production facilities must be performed gradually based on the available investment budget.

Efektivitas Penetapan Harga Jual Produk dalam Meningkatkan Volume Penjualan Pada UMKM Pabrik Tahu Barokah

This study discusses the effectiveness of product selling price determination in increasing sales volume in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) Barokah Tofu Factory in Bube Baru Village. The main objective of this study was to determine the level of effectiveness of setting the selling price on sales volume at the UMKM Barokah Tofu Factory in Bube Baru Village. The research method used is descriptive quantitative. Data is collected through observation and documentation. The results of this research show that setting effective selling prices can increase sales volume at the Barokah Tofu Factory UMKM. The analysis results show that raw material costs, labor costs and factory overhead costs play an important role in determining selling prices. In addition, the determination of gross profit must be effective so that it does not have an impact on setting selling prices that can be reached by consumers. In the context of the Barokah Tofu Factory UMKM, this research concludes that effective pricing can increase sales volume. The implications of this research provide guidance for similar UMKM in optimizing their selling price setting to achieve an increase in sales volume in achieving the organization's vision.

Computer-aided batch process design, techno-economic and uncertainty analyses of bio-clarified water recovery from south-eastern Nigerian brewery wastewater

Biocoagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (bioclarification) is one of the main wastewater treatment techniques. Despite its effectiveness in treating brewery wastewater for water reuse, the scale-up process for the reclaimed brewery water from wastewater has rarely been documented in the literature. This study presents the computer-aided process design, techno-economic and uncertainty analyses of bioclarified water production from brewery wastewater. The base-case simulation model, process scale-up design and economics were performed in Aspen Batch Process Developer. Process profitability indices (Net Present Value: (NPV), Internal Rate of Return: (IRR) and Payback Time: PBT) were evaluated in a user-defined developed Microsoft-excel version 2018. Monte-Carlo-Simulation in Crystal-Ball-Oracle software was used to perform the sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The process scale-up simulation results gave annual production capacity (45,000,000 L/year), batch size (9800 L/batch) and annual number of batches produced (4564 batches/year). Base case capacity results showed that the total capital investment, NPV, IRR and PBT are $2,416,358.62, $2,790,608, 36% and 3.27years respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that production capacity and product selling price have the highest contribution for both NPV and IRR respectively. Certainties of base-case model were 90.27% for the IRR and 99.51% for the NPV. This study showed that brewery wastewater bioclarification scale-up design is feasible.

Impact of oil rents, oil prices, and investment taxes on renewable energy consumption and investment: An investigation

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between oil rents and renewable energy consumption and to provide evidence on the significance of the effects of oil prices and investment taxes on renewable energy investment. Two different panel data samples were used: six variables for 44 countries were utilized to prove that oil rents’ are an independent variable causing renewable energy consumption, and five variables for 10 countries were utilized to prove that higher oil prices and higher investment taxes lead to higher levels of renewable energy investment. For both samples, the Granger causality test, unit root test, correlation matrix, fixed and random multiple regressions, Hausman test, and panel cointegration test were performed. The paper adds to the narrow literature on the determinants of renewable energy consumption, mainly oil rents. It also provides further evidence on how higher investment taxes can lead to higher renewable energy investment. The findings confirm that “oil rents” directly affect the variations in renewable energy consumption and that investment taxes directly affect renewable energy investment as they lead to a higher selling price of oil-dependent products. However, no correlation was found between renewable energy investment and oil prices. Taxes are an effective instrument for changing people's and businesses' behaviour. Given the numerous advantages of renewable energy consumption and investment, governments must make plans and create regulations and laws to compel a gradual transition from non-renewable to renewable energy using consumption and investment taxes and other behavioral incentives.

Development of Local Food Innovation Based on Processed Green Mustard as a Strategy for Enhancing Agricultural Product Value in Desa Cepogo, Boyolali Regency

Desa Cepogo in Boyolali Regency, Central Java, has rich and fertile agricultural potential. Its location at the foot of Mount Merapi and Merbabu results in fertile soil and abundant water, making it suitable for agricultural and livestock activities. One of the main commodities is green mustard plants. However, the occurrence of bountiful harvests in Desa Cepogo village affects the selling prices of various agricultural products, including green mustard plants. Therefore, a solution is needed to process green mustard into higher-value food products. The community service team from FATIPA UNISRI is assisting the local community, particularly the PKK (Family Welfare Movement) mothers, in training them on how to process green mustard into healthy green noodles and vegetable nuggets. The objective of this community service is to reduce the sale of raw agricultural products and instead transform them into finished goods. The training on processing green mustard into finished food products such as green noodles and vegetable nuggets is expected to provide a solution to the existing issues. The expected outcome of this community service is that the people of Desa Cepogo village will be able to process and sell food products made from green mustard at a high selling price, thereby improving overall well-being.

Pricing and Coordinating the Lease-Oriented Closed-Loop Supply Chain for Construction Machinery in the Era of Carbon Tax

Promoting sustainable production and consumption practices in the construction machinery industry is crucial for achieving energy savings and reducing carbon emissions. However, there is a lack of targeted studies addressing the challenge of scaling up leasing and recycling while maximizing economic benefits for enterprises. To fill this gap, this paper presents a lease-oriented closed-loop supply chain model that incorporates a carbon tax policy to investigate the impact of the carbon tax rate and consumer preferences for remanufactured products on the supply chain and introduces a leasing compensation–cost apportioning combined contract to achieve supply chain coordination in the construction machinery sector. The model considers differential selling and leasing prices for new and remanufactured products, as well as the recovery rate, under both centralized and decentralized decision-making approaches. The study explores the interrelationships between various parameters through sensitivity analysis and numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that within a certain range of the cost apportioning proportional coefficient and leasing compensation proportional coefficient, the combined contract can lead the supply chain to achieve Pareto optimality. As the carbon tax rate increases, it was observed that the profits for all parties in the supply chain tend to decrease. However, due to the increased demand for remanufactured products, the product recovery rate improves, resulting in a reduction in total carbon emissions in the closed-loop supply chain of construction machinery. Moreover, the profits of all parties and the total supply chain profits initially decrease and then increase with an increasing preference coefficient for remanufactured products among consumers. By leveraging these factors and adopting effective strategies, such as enhancing consumer recognition of remanufactured products and optimizing pricing and cost allocation, it is indeed possible for the profits of all parties and the total profits in the supply chain to surpass the initial values, even in the face of increasing carbon tax rates. This demonstrates the potential for aligning sustainability objectives with economic benefits in the construction machinery industry.

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok dan Harga Jual pada UD. Barokah Kesamben

The research aims to obtain results from the calculation of the cost of production and product selling prices from UD. Baroque. The data studied were from the results of company transactions and interviews with company owners.The method applied by the reviewers is descriptive qualitative using interviews and documentation.Based on this study, it states that the calculation of the cost price and selling price of UD. Barokah does not calculate the entire factory overhead expense, but the prices given by large companies have met the profit expected by UD. Barokah at a price of Rp. 700-800/Kg.

Techno-Economic Considerations on Nanocellulose’s Future Progress: A Short Review

Nanocellulose (NC) is an emerging natural material that offers great potential for various applications due to its unique properties and renewable character. Nowadays, as NC production technologies are advancing, it is essential to evaluate their economic feasibility, technological maturity and commercialization potential using systematic techno-economic analysis (TEA). The present study considers both technical and economic aspects of NC production and analyzes them in two ways: first, by developing a new concept based on the production of different types of NC through the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by chemical and mechanical technologies, and second, by a comparative review of existing TEA studies in the open literature. Three specific scenarios and two case studies are evaluated by comparing specific key performance indicators (KPIs), such as the production cost (PC) and minimum product selling price (MPSP) of NC. As a result, a short though comprehensive overview of the current state of NC production is provided, highlighting the main technical and economic challenges associated with it. Key areas for future research and innovation (R&I) are also identified to optimize the production processes and reduce relevant costs, in order to make NC competitive with existing materials and realize its full potential.