Selling Price Research Articles

Sosialisasi Perhitungan Harga Pokok Penjualan dan Harga Jual Produk Pada Pelaku UMKM di Desa Sade Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Small and medium businesses have an important role as drivers of the economy in Indonesia. However, various obstacles that arise can hinder its development, especially problems in the financial sector. MSMEs' difficulties in determining the cost of goods sold and selling prices can affect their profits and business sustainability. The outreach was carried out to provide knowledge and understanding for MSME players so they can calculate the cost of goods sold and selling prices correctly. This community service activity was carried out in Sade Village, Central Lombok Regency, which was attended by MSME actors in the tourist village. The aim of this service is to provide knowledge and understanding for MSMEs in determining the cost of goods sold and the selling price of products. This activity was carried out on March 6 2024. The results of the activity showed that the socialization provided could provide positive benefits for participants. This can be seen from the alignment of the material presented with the participants' needs as well as the participants' enthusiasm in participating in this activity.

Penyuluhan Penetapan Harga Pokok Produksi Barang/Jasa Bagi Anggota AMPI/HKTI Bandung Barat

ABSTRACT The aim of this community service is to provide an understanding of how to determine the basic production price of cow's milk products for dairy farmers in Pengalengan and to provide an understanding of marketing strategies for cow's milk products for dairy farmers in Pengalengan. The method used is interactive where the speaker and participants ask each other questions and answers regarding the counseling given. The result of this community service is that the participants understand how to calculate the cost of production for goods and services sold in the form of cow's milk and agricultural products such as potatoes and vegetables. The implication of this community service is the application of the correct calculation of the cost of production for livestock breeders and farmers in canning so as to produce competitive selling prices.

Production of biobased polyethylene terephthalate and its precursors for diversification in the global sugarcane industry

The technical and economic viability of producing fully bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or its monomers was investigated. First generation (1 G) biorefineries, utilizing A-molasses, and combined first and second generation (1G2G) biorefineries, utilizing molasses and sugarcane bagasse and brown leaves, were considered. Simulations were developed for self-sufficient biorefineries, where the energy demands were met by utilizing the existing sugar mill boiler, accompanied by a new medium-pressure boiler and biogas generator. 1G2G scenarios required the replacement of the sugar mill boiler with a new, high-efficiency combined heat and power (CHP) plant, where electricity and useful heat were generated from a portion of 2 G biomass and other residues. 1 G PET was unprofitable at a minimum selling price (MSP) of $2946.t−1. 1 G production of Ethylene ($1847.t−1), monoethylene glycol (MEG) ($1648.t−1), 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ($1576.t−1) and iso-butanol (iButOH) ($1292.t−1) were more economically viable than PET, terephthalic acid (TPA) ($2689.t−1) and p-xylene (PX) ($2983.t−1), due to less complex processing and lower energy demands. 1G2G biorefineries were less profitable than 1 G equivalents, due to the cost of pretreatment and new CHP plants. The most profitable scenario was 1 G iButOH, with an MSP 19.0 % lower than its market price. New technologies to produce p-xylene and TPA from biomass in fewer steps, such as Virent Inc.’s Bioforming® technology, could potentially improve the economic viability of PET in the future.

An Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Price Dependent Demand Under Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Fuzzy Environment

This paper represents an inventory model of deteriorating items under fuzzy and neutrosophic environment without allowing shortages in inventory. Demand is price dependent and is compared between crisp, fuzzy and neutrosophic fuzzy demand. Realistically it is observed that although the cycle time of any supply chain system is uncertain but uncertainty is mainly dependent on the selling price. So, here we have compared the model using crisp, fuzzy and neutrosophic fuzzy demand. The result is illustrated with the help of numerical example under fuzzy and neutrosophic fuzzy demand. KEYWORDS: Inventory, Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Fuzzy Price dependent Demand.

Analysis of Marketing Channels And Marketing Efficiency of Corn Farmers (Zea Mays L) Tanjung Morawa

Purpose: This study aims to (1) identify the corn marketing channels, (2) determine the corn marketing margins, and (3) evaluate the efficiency of corn marketing in Tanjung Morawa District. Methodology: A sample of 30 corn farmers from three villages with corn farming areas was selected. A quantitative descriptive analysis was used to examine marketing channel patterns and analyze marketing costs and margins. Results: The study found that Marketing Channel I is widely used by farmers, who prefer selling corn directly to collectors. The marketing efficiency values for the first (I) and second (II) marketing channels are 10% and 16.6%, respectively. Findings: Both marketing channels are efficient. This indicates that the marketing channels involved in the marketing of shelled corn in the study area do not involve lengthy marketing institutions, resulting in low marketing costs and margins, and the selling price received by the final consumer is not much higher than the price received by the farmers. Novelty: This research provides insights into the efficiency of corn marketing channels, highlighting the benefits of shorter marketing pathways. Originality: The study offers a detailed analysis of marketing channel efficiency for corn, contributing to the understanding of effective agricultural product marketing. Conclusions: The corn marketing channels in Tanjung Morawa District are efficient, benefiting both farmers and consumers. Type of Paper: Empirical Research Article

Optimal trade-in programs for quality differentiated recycled products

Prior research mostly focuses on traditional trade-in programs where there is no up-front fee. Motivated by recent industrial practice that firms implement quality differentiated trade-in programs with up-front fees (TF programs), we investigate three types of TF programs: only recycling low-quality old products, only recycling high-quality old products, and recycling low- and high-quality old products. Compared with the traditional trade-in model, the firm sets a lower selling price in TF models. Specifically, when the consumers’ value discount for used products is low, the selling price in the TF model that recycles low- and high-quality old products is the lowest; when the value discount is high, the selling price in the TF models that recycles low- and high-quality old products or only recycle low-quality old products may be the lowest. Interestingly, we find that all types of TF programs lead to lower trade-in rebates for replacement consumers than the traditional trade-in program. The firm with the TF program that recycles low- and high-quality products serves most consumers and charges the highest recycling quantity. Finally, we extend the models and verify the robustness of our main conclusions.

Analisa Perhitungan Pada Biaya Produksi dengan Metode Harga Pokok Pesanan di UMKM Iffa Cookies Sidoarjo

The importance of calculating production costs to determine selling prices, especially for MSMEs today. In the current era of MSME bussiness environment, there are increasingly more competitors In marketing. For this reason, there is a need for method the cost of product orders. Determining this price effectively requires a good understanding of the cost order. In this research, the research method uses qualitative. The aim of the research is to find out the calculation of brownies production costs using the cost price method ordered by MSMEs iffa cookies in order to determine the selling price. The entity is still using the simple method, not yet using The order method. The results show that there is a difference regarding the production costs of MSME Iffa Cookies are IDR 260,975 and the production costs resulting from the researcher’s analysis of IDR 300,975. This also shows that using the cost order method is correct in determining the price for selling products.

A study on wood waste potential in Turkey

The aim of this article is to examine and assess Turkey's wood waste potential through an experimental investigation approach to serve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of United Nations Development Programme. While integrating entrepreneurial and architectural perspectives from two authors, the survey provides insights into the waste wood-producing sector, highlighting the gaps within the data in the existing literature. To address these gaps, after reviewing available sources in the wood-waste producing sector, the authors conducted interviews with directly involved volunteers to gather first-hand information and suggestions. Viability studies were subsequently conducted for theoretical products, comparing their potential to create value-add by utilizing wood waste capacity.The proposal for handmade, unique, products from solid wood waste demonstrated a higher added value attributed to elevated selling price expectations, albeit with limited benefits in recycling substantial amounts of wood waste. Conversely, the proposal focusing on wood-based pressboards exhibited a lower added value, influenced by competitive pressure from industrially produced boards, but demonstrated a significant capacity for CO2 sequestration. The findings of the study underscore a considerable future potential for wasted wood and its utilization in Turkey, while also emphasizing the pressing need for additional research on wood waste recycling to enhance ecological sustainability.

Analysis of Optimal Variables of Return Freight Insurance Decision for Each Part of Supply Chain Based On Stackelberg Game

Based on the theory of demand and profit function, this paper studies the effects of different return freight insurance policies on manufacturers (sellers), platform optimal price, and optimal wholesale price under the distribution model. By constructing a mathematical model under Steinkelberg game, this paper analyzes the model without freight insurance and the model with freight insurance borne by different parts of the supply chain to explore the changes of the optimal variables of each party. The results show that: with the increase of the residual value of returned goods, the optimal retail price and the optimal return volume will increase, while the optimal wholesale price and the optimal demand will decrease. Under the model of freight insurance shared by the platform and the manufacturer, with the increase of freight insurance shared by the manufacturer and the platform, the optimal selling price increases, the optimal demand and the optimal return volume decrease, and when the cost of freight insurance borne by the manufacturer exceeds half, the wholesale price increases. Under the model of buyer bearing freight insurance, when consumers have high price sensitivity, the higher the cost of consumer bearing freight insurance, the lower the maximum selling price.

Electro-oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in a low-concentrated alkaline electrolyte by enhancing hydroxyl adsorption over a single-atom supported catalyst

Electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a sustainable strategy to produce bio-based plastic monomer, is always conducted in a high-concentration alkaline solution (1.0 mol L−1 KOH) for high activity. However, such high concentration of alkali poses challenges including HMF degradation and high operation costs associated with product separation. Herein, we report a single-atom-ruthenium supported on Co3O4 (Ru1-Co3O4) as a catalyst that works efficiently in a low-concentration alkaline electrolyte (0.1 mol L−1 KOH), exhibiting a low potential of 1.191 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in 0.1 mol L−1 KOH, which outperforms previous catalysts. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that single-atom-Ru significantly enhances hydroxyl (OH−) adsorption with insufficient OH− supply, thus improving HMF oxidation. To showcase the potential of Ru1-Co3O4 catalyst, we demonstrate its high efficiency in a flow reactor under industrially relevant conditions. Eventually, techno-economic analysis shows that substitution of the conventional 1.0 mol L−1 KOH with 0.1 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte may significantly reduce the minimum selling price of FDCA by 21.0%. This work demonstrates an efficient catalyst design for electrooxidation of biomass working without using strong alkaline electrolyte that may contribute to more economic biomass electro-valorization.

Environmental implications and hidden costs of artisanal spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) production and consumption

This study aims to assess for the first time the environmental interactions of artisanal spirulina production and consumption, addressing a holistic approach by including the nutritional properties within the assessment and an economic analysis. To do so, life cycle assessment is conducted defining the system boundaries from cradle to consumer and two functional units: mass-based (1 kg of product) and nutrient-based (Spanish Nutrient Rich (super)Food 9.2 score). Afterwards, the monetization of the environmental impacts using the ‘eco-cost’ method and the internalization of externalities to estimate the real cost of spirulina is performed. The purely environmental analysis identifies cultivation as the main hotspot of the product system, reporting a total average carbon footprint of 3.5 kg CO2 eq./kg, while together with the nutritional model, it reveals the potential of spirulina supplements by reducing the impacts as consequence of its rich nutritional profile. In monetary terms, the internalization of external costs linked to the impacts are trivial compared to the selling price of spirulina; only 3.6€ per kg of spirulina should be invested to avoid the negative effects of its production, while its market price sums up to 217€/kg. This value falls drastically by including the nutritional index in the evaluation, as well as varies significantly when modifying the monetization method, which constitutes a constraint at the same time that a challenge for future studies.

Penggunaan Prototype DC Converter Untuk Peningkatan Kinerja Panel Surya 1000 Watt

Solar power plants (PLTS) are power plants that convert solar energy into environmentally friendly electrical energy. Reducing dependence on fossil fuel electricity and the increasingly expensive price of PLN electricity so that there is a need for alternative sources of renewable electricity, and the obstacle is the large investment in PLTS, including systems on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid. The use of sunlight in solar power plants is still limited to approximately 5 hours, the time range is from 10.00 to 14.30 WIB. To achieve the goal of extending the maximum period for collecting renewable energy, support can be provided by designing a prototype DC Converter, The design to be implemented uses the R&D research method. This research method is carried out to produce a product, test the effectiveness of the product, and perfect the product according to the criteria for creating a new product through different stages. The DC converter prototype functions as a replacement solar Charge Controller (SCC) is low cost and its performance produces electricity from 08:00 to 16:00 WIB. The Inverter is 12V 1000 watts and the output voltage of a 270Wp solar panel is around 33V DC, so the DC conversion function will reduce the output voltage of the solar panel to 12V DC and the load used by 30%. Installed load 240 watts or 0.24 kWh. can be fully lit for an average of 7 hours. By using a DC converter prototype, savings can be achieved assuming the selling price of PLN electricity is Rp. 1,444.70,-/kWH is Rp. 72,812.88/month

Design of a sustainable supply chain network of biomass renewable energy in the case of disruption

Non-renewable energy sources, including fossil fuels, are a type of energy whose consumption rate far exceeds its natural production rate. Therefore, non-renewable resources will be exhausted if alternative energy is not fully developed, leading to an energy crisis in the near future. In this paper, a mathematical model has been proposed for the design of the biomass supply chain of field residues that includes several fields where residue is transferred to hubs after collecting the residue in the hub, the residue is transferred to reactors. In reactors, the residue is converted into gas, which is transferred to condenser and transformers, converted into electricity and sent to demand points through the network. In this paper, the criteria of stability and disturbance were considered, which have been less discussed in related research, and the purpose of the proposed model was to maximize the profit from the sale of energy, including the selling price minus the costs. Genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm have been used to solve the model. Then, to prove the complexity of the problem, different and random examples have been presented in different dimensions of the problem. Also, the efficiency of the algorithm in small and large dimensions was proved by comparing GA and SA due to the low deviation of the solutions and the methods used have provided acceptable results suitable for all decision-makers. Also, the effectiveness of the algorithm in small and large dimensions is proven by comparing the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, and the genetic algorithm's values are better, considering the deviation of 2.9%.and have provided solution methods suitable for all decision makers.

An economic analysis of bamboo plantations and feedstock delivered cost in the Southern US for the manufacturing of fiber‐based bioproducts

AbstractBamboo, recognized for its rapid growth, high yield, and fiber performance is prominent in the fiber‐based bioproduct industry. However, the absence of US industrial bamboo plantations for fiber production necessitates reliance on imports or locally manufactured products using imported bamboo fibers, predominantly from China. This study evaluates the economic viability of cultivating bamboo in the Southern US for fiber production, with a case study on hygiene tissue products. The supply‐chain analysis was assessed to calculate bamboo chips' minimum selling price (MSP) at the farm gate for an 8% internal rate of return (IRR). The MSP, influenced primarily by land rental costs, ranges from USD 48 to 55 per bone‐dry metric ton (BDt). Despite an initial establishment cost of ~USD 2 000 ha−1 and profitability by year 5, bamboo is a viable, long‐term fiber alternative. Successful bamboo cultivation in the US could lead to a more sustainable implementation of alternative non‐wood fibers for hygiene tissue applications.

Solventless recovery of lipids from urban sewage sludge: How to sustainably turn a waste into a valuable source of oleochemicals

For the first time, the recovery of lipids from urban sewage sludge was investigated through a solvent-free process based on elementary operations validated on a pilot scale (2 tons per hour). Sedimented sewage sludge was dewatered through centrifugation, acidified (and in the case treated with hydrogen peroxide), heated to 80 °C and centrifuged to obtain three different streams: i) raw grease, ii) exhausted aqueous phase, and iii) dewatered sludge.The recovery yield of grease from sludge could reach a very high value (70 wt%), depending essentially on the initial lipid content in sewage sludge, which was monitored and found to range between 1.1 and 6.6 wt% (13–25 wt% with respect to TS). The use of H2O2 played a crucial role in the recoverability of lipids and the relevant pureness in free fatty acids content (>89 wt%). In addition, the total solids content in the exhausted aqueous phase and the final residual sludge were sensibly affected by using H2O2. Final dewatered sludge had a very high content of solids (TS 31.0 ± 2.3 wt%) and resulted in 15 % less of the amount of sludge conventionally obtained from anaerobic digestion. According to these figures, for medium wastewater treatment plants, a selling price of 800–900 Euro per ton of grease would guarantee a return on investments within three years of operations. This simple procedure represents a quick and proficient way to treat sewage sludge, turning it into a valuable feedstock for fine chemicals, in agreement with Circular Bioeconomy principles.

PENDAMPINGAN TEKNIK ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHA TERNAK BABI DI DESA SULI KECAMATAN SALAHUTU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

The potential for developing a pig farming business is largely determined by the increase in the farmer's income, so calculating production costs and the income received by the farmer is important to determine the economic feasibility of the business. The pig farming business in Suli Village has been developed intensively by farmers in the hope that the results of their production will further increase their family income. The problem faced by pig farmers in Suli Village related to income is the difficulty in determining the basic price of pigs to be sold because they do not have records of expenses (production costs) during the production process. Thus, breeders need to be trained to regularly record all expenditure values so that they can market their products at acceptable prices. The activity stages begin with observations and approaches to obtain information about business conditions and the needs of pig farmers. The next stage is counseling, discussion and direct practice on how to record production costs to be used in determining selling prices. As a result of this activity, farmers can calculate production costs, receipts and income from their pig farming business.

Using SWOT Analysis to Determine Marketing Strategies to Increase Sales and Develop Meatball Culinary MSME Businesses

Meatballs are a food that is much sought after by Indonesian people, especially the people of Situbondo Regency. In Situbondo Regency, there are many business people who sell meatballs. One of them is Mr. Jumari's Meatball Business P. Kardi which is located in Curah Jeru Village, Panji District, Situbondo Regency. However, there are still many business actors who still have various obstacles in marketing their products. Such as not having the right marketing strategy, not carrying out promotions or even not taking into account raw material costs and labor costs in determining the selling price. Therefore, this research uses a SWOT analysis approach to determine marketing strategies to increase sales and develop the business. Based on the IFAS and EFAS calculations that have been carried out, it can be concluded that P. Kardi's Meatball Business is at 0.7892; 0.5822. So from these calculations it can be concluded that Mr. Jumari's P. Kardi Meatball Business is in quadrant I position, this position shows a very favorable situation for Mr. Jumari's P. Kardi Meatball Business to carry out aggressive or growth strategies. The results of the SWOT analysis produce several alternative strategies that companies can choose, namely: 1) Improving product quality so that they can attract more consumers and increase consumer satisfaction and loyalty, 2) Creating products with new shapes and tastes, 3) Utilizing social media to carry out promotions and advertisements, 4) Establish good cooperation with regular meat sellers and meat grinders, 5) Expand marketing locations so that consumers who want to eat on site can enjoy their food deliciously.

ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND POTENTIALITY OF JUTE CELLULOSE BASED BIOPOLYMER (SONALI BAG®) IN BANGLADESH

With the undeniable demands of this era to develop and use eco-friendly reusable packaging material, the single-use biopolymer “Sonali bag” is a suitable alternative to plastic bags. The main focus of this study was to explore the production process, economic profitability and market potential of Sonali bags in Bangladesh. Besides secondary data, primary data were collected from Dhaka and Mymensingh districts followed by descriptive statistical analysis. Manufacturing of Sonali bags starts with raw jute collection and processing, then go through several steps that finally end with the printing of bags. The plant generated a profit of TK. 288.29 million annually (BCR 2.41) and if the price of the bag drops to half from the current (Tk.10/piece) that also yields profitability with BCR 1.34. Besides, at the current selling price (TK. 1200/Kg) and assuming 10% replacement of plastic bags use estimates TK. 56.07 billion market potentiality of Sonali bag annually in Dhaka city

Modification of Milk Coffee Jam Using Low-Grade Coffee Based on Consumer Acceptance (Coffee Grade 4-6)

Garut is a city with abundant agricultural wealth. One of the commodities produced by Garut plantations is coffee. Many entrepreneurs are looking for the best quality coffee so that poor- quality coffee does not sell on the market, even if the selling price is meager. Efforts made to increase the selling price of low-quality coffee are to process the product into new, valuable products. This research aims to improve the selling price of low-quality coffee by modifying the product in the form of milk coffee jam by determining the recipe formula, packaging and selling price label, form of promotion, and consumer acceptance of the milk coffee jam product. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a quantitative approach through organoleptic tests on 30 semi-trained panelists by giving three samples of coffee milk jam products to get the best with the SK1, SK2, and SK3 formulations. The research results show that the SK1 formulation is the best product. Next, a consumer acceptability test was carried out on 100 consumer panelists. The resulting score for coffee milk jam is 4,507 on a class interval scale of 4,200 – 5,000, where the scale shows that consumer panelists can accept the product with a calculated selling price for coffee milk jam of IDR 34,000.

How to promote the application of green pesticides by farmers? Evolutionary game analysis based on “government–farmer–consumer”

Green pesticide use, as a key means to reduce pesticide use, plays a crucial role in promoting environmental and food safety. However, the effectiveness of green pesticide use policies in China falls short of expectations. Existing research mainly examines the policy promotion issues of green pesticide use from a static and single-agent perspective. However, green pesticide use behavior is a dynamic process influenced by multiple factors, including the government, farmers, and consumers. This paper builds an evolutionary tripartite game model of the government, farmers, and consumers from the perspective of dynamic strategy evolution and explores the evolutionary conditions that affect the stability of the tripartite game strategy during green pesticide application. The results show that 1) through different partnership models, the government, farmers, and consumers can evolve to a stable state. 2) Keeping the government’s regulatory intensity in the market for green agricultural products within a reasonable range will help farmers apply green pesticides. 3) Users’ preference for high-quality vegetables will increase the market selling price of green products. 4) Maintaining the government’s ecological subsidies for green pesticides will help stimulate farmers’ enthusiasm for using green pesticides. Therefore, the government should appropriately strengthen ecological subsidies and market supervision, guide consumers’ green consumption behavior, and encourage farmers to use green pesticides.