Market Cost Research Articles

Marketing Innovation Strategy Design to Increase Paper and Packaging Sales with the Blue Ocean Strategy Method

Paper is an essential product in everyday life, in the last decade there has been a change with significant growth in the use of paper, namely the use of recycled paper with used paper waste materials. The use of used paper waste raw materials is carried out to continue to meet the need for paper; even though we have now entered the digitalization era, it cannot be denied that paper is still an essential need in supporting various daily activities. The use of kraft paper (recycled paper) is more in demand by several packaging manufacturers, apart from its environmentally friendly nature, aesthetic factors, and lower prices. Kraft paper is a favorite in the packaging world. This high opportunity does not align with Wijaya Paper's sales in the last two years (2022-2023). Wijaya Paper experienced a decline in turnover compared to 2019-2021 during the first 3 years of the company's establishment. The occurrence of tight market competition, with the implementation of the Ansoff Matrix strategy, with the implementation of Market Penetration and Cost Leadership, is no longer practical because many new competitors have emerged by offering lower prices with illegal goods, imported goods, and leftover roll goods. Through this study, we will discuss how to achieve cost efficiency using the Blue Ocean Strategy approach by identifying SWOT, Key Success Factor, ERRC, and Canvas Strategy so that it can produce the right innovation design for business entities. The research method used in this study is a qualitative triangulation study with informants consisting of internal management, loyal Wijaya Paper consumers, Wijaya Paper competitors, and experts represented by the Marketing Director of PT Adiprima Suraprinta. The results of this study are the design of marketing strategy innovations using the blue ocean strategy approach to increase paper and packaging sales at Wijaya Paper.

The Cost-Effectiveness of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Treating HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients in the USA: When Non-medication Expenses are Considered.

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) significantly enhance progression-free survival and overall survival in patients diagnosed with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, they are highly expensive, and their economic impact has not been fully evaluated. This is a retrospective secondary analysis evaluating the cost effectiveness of these drugs, differentiating between medication-related and non-medication costs from a healthcare perspective. We identified 3879 patients diagnosed with MBC who received either CDK4/6i+ET (N = 2137) or ET alone (N = 1742) as first-line treatment between February 2015 and November 2021 using a USA-wide electronic health record-derived de-identified database. SEER-Medicare claims spending data were used to quantify monthly costs as a supplement to the database. Relevant costs included prescribed medications (ET and/or CDK4/6i) and overall other costs. The effectiveness was measured as progression-free duration in months. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) analysis was conducted to examine the cost effectiveness of first-line CDK4/6i as compared with first-line ET alone. For medication costs, CDK4/6i+ET (mean cost: $240,723.7; mean effect: 19.2 months of delayed progression) compared with ET alone (mean cost: $5159.7; mean effect: 16 months without progression) resulted in an ICER of $73,098 per month of delayed progression. For non-medication costs, CDK4/6i+ET (mean cost: $43,656.6) compared with ET alone (mean cost: $66,083.5) resulted in an ICER of -$7178 per month of delayed progression. The cost of treating HR+/HER2- MBC is driven by the cost of CDK4/6i. Using CDK4/6i+ET reduces non-medication costs compared to ET alone, but these savings are offset by high CDK4/6i medication costs. Lowering the market cost of CDK4/6i or targeting those who can benefit the most could improve the cost effectiveness of CDK4/6i from Medicare perspective.

Repositioning, audience churn, and identity ambiguity: The external costs of market repositioning

AbstractResearch SummaryPrior literature has long underscored the importance for market actors to establish clear identities. Extant studies mostly adopt a static view, assessing whether actors adhere to a specific prototype or membership. By stressing a dynamic perspective, we maintain that identities are in flux as actors constantly shift positions. Specifically, we emphasize that repositioning can induce identity ambiguity, undermining the accuracy of audience evaluation. Analyzing market repositioning of US firms, we find that firms with greater repositioning tend to experience a higher degree of churn in their coverage audiences (financial analysts). More importantly, audiences are found to be less accurate in evaluating firms that undertake greater repositioning. These results align with our conjecture about external repositioning costs: Firms risk incurring identity ambiguity when shifting market positions.Managerial SummaryFirms constantly reposition in the market via adjusting their product portfolios. We maintain that firms with greater repositioning are subject to considerable external costs, because repositioning can breed ambiguity about their market identities. By analyzing product market positioning and repositioning of US public firms, we find that firms' repositioning often leads to an increased turnover of analysts covering them and undermines the accuracy of analysts' forecasts on their earnings. Our extensions also indicate that firms' repositioning efforts may be less ambiguous, when their initial position is more conventional in the product space and/or when analysts have developed greater firm‐specific experiences. Together, the findings underscore the importance for firms to consider external costs in their repositioning processes.

Analisis Saluran Pemasaran Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pada Kelompok Tani Cijapati di Desa Mekarlaksana

Marketing channels that run well will reap huge profits. This research aims to find out; 1) marketing channels for tomatoes in the Cijapati farmer group in Mekarlaksana Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency, 2) the amount of margin, costs and profits from marketing tomatoes in the Cijapati farmer group in Mekarlaksana Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency, 3) share of the price received by farmers (farmer's share) in the Cijapati farmer group in Mekarlaksana Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency. This research is descriptive quantitative using the case study method. The sample of respondents was taken as many as 23 people using the census and snowball sampling method. The research results show that The Cijapati farmer group has established a linear marketing channel for their tomatoes. The distribution process starts from farmers as producers, then moves to wholesalers as main distributors. After that, the tomatoes will be distributed to retailers before finally being sold to final consumers. 2) Total marketing margin of IDR 2,500. Total marketing costs reached IDR 412 from the total expenditure during marketing. From the difference between marketing margin and marketing costs, a marketing profit of IDR 2,088 is obtained. 3) Farmers receive 50% of the total marketing margin of IDR 2,500, which is IDR 1,250, while the remainder is used for marketing costs and profits.

EXPRESS: Smart Contracts in Supply Chains

The blockchain technology can generate decentralized consensus, hence enhancing the verifiability and contractability of payoff-relevant states in a distribution channel or supply chain (e.g., seller cost and/or buyer value). Therefore, smart contracts can be written between supply chain partners such that transactions are automatically executed at state-dependent prices. We examine the economic impacts of blockchain-enabled smart contracts on the equilibrium generation and allocation of surplus in a three-level supply chain. Our model highlights the role of smart contract in removing ex post asymmetric decision right, which is otherwise inherently present under regular contracts where trade decisions are made based on constant transfer prices. As a result, the seller (under cost uncertainty) or the buyer (under value uncertainty) may hurt itself by signing a smart with the middleman, despite the improvement in the supply chain's total efficiency and surplus. Therefore, the equilibrium choice of smart contract can be socially insufficient. Moreover, interestingly, a prisoner's dilemma may arise: the seller's and the buyer's dominant choice is the regular contract, whereas everyone would be better off if the smart contract is jointly adopted by all parties.

The retailer's information sharing decisions with manufacturer's encroachment and production learning effects

If the manufacturer can efficiently reduce costs and boost overall profits throughout the supply chain, he can send some incremental surplus to the retailer to motivate him to share his precise demand information. We study a two-period dual-channel supply chain where a manufacturer sells through a retailer with an advantage in demand information. The manufacturer can encroach and use production learning effects to reduce costs. Based on six scenarios under the "encroachment-dominated + production-learning effect-dominated + dual-factor" approaches, we investigated how the manufacturer's encroachment and the production-learning effect affected the retailer's decisions to share information. Some interesting results are obtained. First, a single-win, win-win, or lose-lose situation is generated for the supply chain participants by the dynamic competition mechanism under the combined effects of encroachment and the production learning effect. When more ambiguous demand information is cooperatively provided, both the retailer and manufacturer will benefit from information sharing. The win-win area increases with higher direct selling costs, whereas the win-win area decreases with increased production learning effects. Second, the retailer's information sharing benefits more from a higher level of the production learning effect when demand information is unclear, and information sharing benefits more from a lower level of the production learning effect when demand information is more accurate. In addition, in terms of profitability following information sharing, we ultimately discover that a unilateral payment contract renders the single cost reduction strategy superior to the single channel expansion strategy. The best incentive strategy to encourage retailer information sharing is to simultaneously implement cost reduction and channel expansion. Finally, we obtain some management insights that support supply chain parties in making decisions regarding the resolution of channel conflicts and the realization of information cooperation.

MARKET ANALYSIS DRIVEN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED FISH MARKETS IN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

The inland fisheries is considered a sunrise sector and is poised to play a significant role in the Indian economy in the near future. With his background, the present study was undertaken to study the consumer behavior, structure, conduct & performance of selected fish markets in Maharashtra. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect data from fishers, traders, and consumers. The data obtained by the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-Square test and Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) using MS Excel and SPSS software. The result showed that the selected fish markets are in the inland areas and deal with freshwater fish, prawns, crabs, marine, fish, and prawns. The most preferred fish species are tilapia, freshwater eel, murrel, catla, rohu, mrigal, freshwater shark, and pangas. Due to its taste and cost, tilapia constitutes almost 90% of the total catch. Marketing cost was estimated for Tilapia, IMC, freshwater eel, and Murrel fish for two different major channels. This showed that marketing cost for the first (longer) auctioneer channel, auctioneer, and wholesaler cost is ₹ 2/kg and ₹ 3/kg, respectively. The price spread was higher for IMC and murrel than freshwater eel and tilapia fish. Fish is generally perceived to be cheaper in both the selected fish markets. Most consumers reported that taste was the primary criterion for purchasing fish from the market, followed by the price of fish, and 40% of consumers were consuming fish more than twice a week. Consumer attitudes about the four pillars of food security, namely availability, accessibility (measured as affordability), quality, and stability along with other aspects of cultural and social preferences toward fish results showed that consumers in both markets were positive about the availability, accessibility, quality, and stability of fish in the market. The study identified that fluctuating prices and the unavailability of fresh fish throughout the year were major constraints faced by consumers.

Assessing the Impact of Key Marketing Variables on the Diffusion and Commercial Success of Technological Innovations

An all-inclusive profit-maximizing methodology for optimising the cost of selling and warranties term of technical improvements is presented in this research. In order to reduce warranty expenses and maximise product dependability, the model combines preventative maintenance tactics. To predict consumer actions, we use a two-dimensional diffusion of innovations framework that accounts for the impact of pricing and time on uptake rates. The distribution calculated by Weibull is used to simulate breakdown rates, taking into consideration the effect of routine upkeep on lowering the cost of repairs and systems deterioration. While making sure that supply and demand are met, profit management incorporates important cost factors such as manufacturing costs, structural expenses, costs for warranties, and servicing charges. To help manufactures maximise profits, the suggested methodology offers an ordered approach to determining the appropriate guarantee periods and marketplace prices. Validating the theory's practicality and demonstrating large profit benefits via optimum decision-making are computational optimisation methods and instances, such as repaired semiconductors. Variables like as warranties duration as well as service level have a significant influence on economic viability, as shown by sensitivity analysis. Organisations seeking to increase customer happiness, guarantee fiscal viability, and gain edge over competitors in ever-changing marketplaces might find useful insights in the profit maximisation approach, which combines sales methods with technological dependability approaches. The accuracy of Profit Maximisation Model approach is far much higher that of LR, DT, and RF by a margin of around 96.5%. This work suggests that the proposed approach improves the conventional algorithms with respect to prediction accuracy and error minimisation. This is true as evidenced by its exceptional performance on different parameters to demonstrate its reliability and coherence in delivering excellent results.

Marketing channel assessment of natural rubber: Insights from Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu

The study investigates the marketing dynamics of natural rubber in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, a traditional region for rubber cultivation in India. Utilizing a multistage random sampling method, data were collected from 150 respondents, including 120 rubber growers and 30 intermediaries, through structured questionnaires and personal interviews conducted between November 2023 and August 2024. The research aims to map the value chain of natural rubber, analyze marketing costs, margins, and price spreads, and identify production and marketing constraints faced by farmers. The findings revealed four primary marketing channels: direct sales to primary dealers, rubber producer societies, collection agents, and processing units. Each channel exhibited distinct marketing costs and efficiencies; notably, channels involving direct sales to dealers were more cost-effective for producers compared to those utilizing collection agents. However, intermediaries achieved higher margins in the latter. Key constraints identified include adverse weather conditions, fragmented landholdings, high production costs, lack of government subsidies, and inadequate access to technology. Marketing challenges such as poor standardization and grading practices exacerbate price volatility and reduce farmers' earnings. The study emphasized the need for improved marketing strategies and infrastructure to enhance the profitability of smallholder rubber farmers. By addressing these constraints through targeted interventions, stakeholders could foster a more sustainable and economically viable natural rubber sector in Kanyakumari district, ultimately benefiting the livelihoods of thousands reliant on this critical agricultural industry.

Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi dalam Menentukan Harga Jual Tepung Mangga pada CV Wulan Jaya

Mango is a tropical fruit that is rich in nutrients and has high economic value in Indonesia. Product innovation is important to increase selling value and reduce losses due to market competition. This study aims to calculate the Cost of Goods Produced of mango flour in determining the Selling Price per Kg at CV Wulan Jaya which is a mango producer company. The research method used is descriptive qualitative using quantitative data sourced from primary data. The cost of production of mango flour is Rp57,765 (rounded) plus a markup of 20% and an estimated marketing cost of 10% so that the selling price can be determined at Rp75,100 (rounded). This research emphasizes the importance of cost calculation in production planning and control to improve market competitiveness.

A Study on the Transition to a Consumption-Based Heat Billing System

The reform of energy prices and tariffs, including the modernization of household heating tariffs, has become one of the most pressing issues in Mongolia’s energy sector today. It is time to transition to a consumption-based heat billing payment system that reflects market costs. The price of heat energy for household consumers in Ulaanbaatar has not changed since 2019. It is 2.8 times lower than the actual cost. This research paper will reflect on the innovation of energy price and tariff design. It will present a study on transferring thermal energy to a market-cost consumption-based payment system. It has become a pressing matter to align the current heat price and tariff categories with market principles. This entails increasing the prices of certain categories that do not align with the cost of purchase from the licensee's tariff and the cost of purchase from the source. Additionally, it involves exempting the heat energy prices and bringing them into line with market principles.

Analisis Peluang dan Tantangan Menggunakan Aplikasi Gojek atau Grabfood Bagi Pengembangan UMKM di Kota Palangkaraya

This study aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges faced by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in utilizing the Gojek and Grabfood applications in Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City. The method used is a mixed approach with surveys and in-depth interviews with MSME owners. The results show that this application provides significant opportunities, such as wider market access and reduced marketing costs. However, challenges in the form of fierce competition, high commission costs, and technological limitations are also faced by MSME actors. This study recommends technology training and community collaboration as strategic steps to maximize the potential of MSMEs.

PEMASARAN KOMODITAS TERIPANG (Holothuroidea) DI KECAMATAN TANIMBAR SELATAN KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT

Sea cucumbers are a delicious food that is favored by the Chinese community and holds high economic value in the market. They are also traded in dried or preserved forms. According to the Fisheries and Marine Database study, various economically valuable species of sea cucumbers have been identified in the West Southeast Maluku Regency, such as Holothuria scrabra, Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria edulis, Telenota ananas, Telenota anax, and Tripeneustes gratilla. This research aims to examine the marketing channels and the factors influencing the production of sea cucumber commodities. The results of the study indicate that: 1) the marketing channel for sea cucumber commodities in Tanimbar Selatan District operates as a one-level marketing system. The marketing functions performed by various marketing entities are as follows: producers carry out six marketing functions, local collectors perform all eight marketing functions, and processing enterprises undertake seven marketing functions. The marketing map illustrates that the distribution of sea cucumber commodities occurs in Tanimbar Selatan, involving producers and local collectors, and extends to inter-provincial regions involving local traders and processing enterprises. 2) the total marketing cost for sea cucumber commodities is IDR 22.860,546 for a single marketing period. The marketing entity incurring the highest cost is local collectors (73.51%), followed by consumers (25.83%), and producers (0.65%). Moreover, the marketing margin for sea cucumbers is IDR 32.164/kg. From this margin and the costs incurred, the average profit at the producer level is IDR 214.397/kg, while the average profit at the local collector level is IDR 29.241/kg. 3) simultaneously, the factors of the fishing season, education, price, and transportation costs significantly impact the production volume of sea cucumbers. However, when analyzed separately, only the fishing season factor significantly affects the production volume, while the other three factors do not have a substantial impact.

Leveraging Transactional Data for Analytics: Building Economic Indicators from Wire Transfers, Credit Card, and ACH Transactions

Traditional financial metrics for startup companies are often scarce due to the limited availability of public financial data. This paper proposes a novel approach to building leading economic indicators for startups by leveraging transactional data from wire transfers, credit card transactions, and Automated Clearing House (ACH) payments. These data sources provide rich, granular insights into the financial activities of startups, offering a proxy for their operational health and growth trajectories. The methodology involves clustering transactional data based on sender and receiver information to identify spending patterns. Outgoing transactions are categorized into key expenditure categories such as payroll, marketing, legal, computing, and operational costs. By analyzing the distribution and frequency of these expenses, this framework provides a comprehensive view of a startup's resource allocation and financial priorities. In addition, incoming transactions from various channels are used as a proxy for sales or revenue, enabling the development of dynamic indicators of financial performance. This approach bridges the gap in financial visibility for startups, providing timely and actionable insights into their economic activities. These leading indicators can serve as early warning signals of financial distress or as predictors of growth, offering immense value to investors, analysts, and policymakers. The study highlights the potential of transactional data analytics in enhancing transparency and decision-making in the startup ecosystem, paving the way for more robust analytical frameworks in a traditionally opaque domain. Index Terms: Transactional Data Analysis, Wire Transfers, Credit Card Transactions, ACH Payments, Startup Financial Health, Spending Patterns, Revenue Proxy, Data Clustering, Expense Categorization, Payroll Analysis, Marketing Expenses, Legal Costs, Computing and Operational Costs, Startup Growth Metrics, Financial Visibility, Early Warning Signals, Startup Ecosystem Analytics

Quantity bidding strategy of inter-provincial and intra-provincial two-level peak regulation market of coal-fired units considering prediction error

Abstract Under the background of the ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality’ target, the proportion of new energy installed capacity has been greatly increased. The problem of wind and photovoltaic power abandonment has become more and more serious. In the construction of inter-provincial and intra-provincial multi-level electricity markets, it is urgent to establish a source-network coordination mechanism and tap new consumption capacity to adapt to the rapid development of new energy. This paper first sorts out the joint operation process of the inter-provincial and intra-provincial two-level electric energy market and the peak regulation market. Then, with the goal of minimizing the total cost of the inter-provincial peak regulation market and provincial joint market, a collaborative optimization model of inter-provincial and intra-provincial peak regulation quantity bidding strategy is established. The expected scenario generation method considering prediction error is proposed. The collaborative optimization solution process is explained. Finally, the proposed model is simulated to verify the effectiveness of the collaborative optimization of inter-provincial and intra-provincial peak load regulation.

Unraveling smallholder food loss and value for sustainable cold chain investments: a case of horticultural value chains in Kiambu County, Kenya

Initiatives to address food loss and waste (FLW) are gaining attention especially in smallholder-dominated food systems in developing regions. This is in effort to meet some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets. Countries are seeking innovative solutions to address the FLW challenge to contribute food and nutrition security and to reduce environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions through food waste. The lack of effective sustainable cold chain targeting smallholders is a key gap and driver of this challenge. There are gaps in system diagnostic of key factors and practices related to value preservation of food loss but is equally important in capturing value in market opportunities for smallholders and other value chain actors that can guide structuring of such cold chain investments. This article provides findings from a diagnostic study conducted to understand these factors and practices in smallholder focused horticultural value chains in Kenya. The mixed-method study collected quantitative and qualitative data through a household survey of 460 farmers and 25 key informant interviews. Results showed that postharvest loss (PHL) is a major challenge affecting all horticultural crops but with different magnitude. Despite the high PHL experienced, most farmers (96%) don’t undertake any postharvest management measures during and/or after harvest. Market related challenges were rated as the most (85%) causes to PHL followed by pest and disease (56%), weather impacts (24%), lack of storage facilities (17%), and damage during harvest (8%). Most smallholders sell to brokers at farm gate, capturing a small share of the value that is linked to lack of aggregation, gaps in cold chain infrastructure along value chain and the transactions costs of marketing. Results showed that other market outlets other than brokers offered higher prices linked to quality and safer product handling. Thus, integrating end-to-end cold chain solutions in smallholder systems through inclusive business models will shape interactions with markets and enable farmers to tap into new opportunities. Enhancing access to cold chain is key to supporting farmers and other value chain actors reduce PHL and facilitate better market integration, contribute to profitability of smallholder farming enterprises and improve socio-economic development.

Marketing Margin Analysis of Pork Retailers in Airmadidi Market

This research aims to determine the form of channels, marketing margins and profits, as well as the share of prices received by pork producers at the Airmadidi Market. The research used a survey method for producers, retailers and final consumers. The sample was determined using a purposive sampling technique, namely a sample selection technique with certain considerations in accordance with the research objectives, based on the consideration that the retailers sampled were regular retailers, who sell at the market every day. ..The research results show that there are two forms of marketing channels for pig marketing at the Airmadidi market, namely direct and indirect. The average selling price of pork at the producer level is IDR 32,000/kg, while the price at the final consumer level is IDR 70,000/kg carcass weight. Then the marketing marginattheretailerlevelisIDR38,000,thus the portion received by the trader retailers by 46%. Revenue at the retailer level is IDR. 29,503,222 with total marketing costs of IDR 18,237,700, resulting in a profit received at the retailer level of IDR 11,265,522 per retailer.

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Metode Full Costing pada UMKM Dodonut di Kabupaten Karawang

All businesses must pay close attention to the calculation of the cost of production because in this day and age, MSMEs are increasingly competing to produce high-quality goods at competitive prices. Cost of Production is the overall cost incurred in converting raw materials into finished products and as a benchmark to compare whether the selling cost will be too high or too low. However, there are still many business owners who do not estimate the overall cost of production. This can lead to an inaccurate assessment of the company's profit or loss. In this study, we look at how the determination of the full cost of goods and the approach of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Dodonut are used to determine the price of the goods produced. Business owners may be able to find a middle ground between MSME HPP and full costing technique HPP by calculating and comparing the two. The Full Costing method calculates production costs using raw materials, direct labor, and fixed and variable plant overhead costs. The majority of this research data comes from Dodonut MSME owners. Dodonut MSME interviews and records themselves are used to collect data. Production costs reached Rp 25,483,367 when the full cost approach was used, and Rp 18,784,024 when the MSME method was used. This study reports the findings from the overall cost calculation of the production cost strategy.

Chemical makers cut costs in slow market

Chemical makers cut costs in slow market

Integrating market penetration and cost technologies (IMPACT): Procurement incentives on fuel cell electric truck adoption in California

Integrating market penetration and cost technologies (IMPACT): Procurement incentives on fuel cell electric truck adoption in California