Seljuk State Research Articles

Analysis of The Architecture and Decoration of Isfahan Masjid-E Jameh in Syntactic Dimension

In this research, the general architectural features and decorations of the Friday Mosque of İsfahan, Iran, which belongs to the 11th century Great Seljuk State period, one of the most important works of Islamic architecture, are examined. This mosque, which is also called Atiq Mosque, Masjid-e Jameh and Great Mosque today, is among the most important structures that have witnessed hundreds of years of history. This study on the expressibility of the semantic dimension of the structure in the syntactic dimension is important in terms of its contribution to the literature. For this purpose, information about the Great Seljuk mosque architecture and the historical development process of Friday Mosque in terms of architecture is given and the subject and purpose of the researches on this mosque are stated. Then, the method to be used in expressing the architectural structure and decorations in the syntactic dimension is explained. In order to obtain the data about the mosque, on-site visual-observation and examination technique and photography technique were used. Basic design principles were used in the analysis of the data. As a result, the architectural features and ornamental motifs used in this mosque, which is an important mosque of the Great Seljuk period, have been revealed with this method. The findings obtained about the structure and ornaments can be used in religious buildings as well as other architectural structures, ornaments, clothing, furniture and decoration

السلطان ألب أرسلان (455ه/1063م _465ه/1072م) ومهارته في القضاء على المشكلات الداخلية

السلطان ألب ارسلان هو ثاني السلاطين السلاجقة الكبار الذي دام حكمه بحدود تسع سنوات ونصف الذي امتد من سنة (455ه/1063م) حتى سنة (465ه/1072م) التي تقع ضمن مدة بداية الدولة السلجوقية واستقرارها. وصف هذا السلطان بأنه كان طموحاً، وذا ميول عسكرية متميزة، فأمضى كل مدة حكمه في الحروب والتوسع، سواء أكان في تثبيت حكمه ضد التحديات الداخلية التي واجهته من البيت السلجوقي أم من التحديات والتمردات الخارجية الأخرى. وبرزت جهوده الداخلية لتثبيت الحكم وابرز التحديات الداخلية التي واجهته والتي منها تحديات الأسرة السلجوقية وكيف تغلب عليها؟

Methods and Techniques Applied in the Castle Sieges during The Seljuk State of Anatolia

Selçuklu Türkleri 26 Ağustos 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı’nın ardından Anadolu’yu yurt edinmek maksadıyla fetih hareketlerinde bulundular. Bu fetih hareketlerinin büyük kısmını kale muhasaraları oluşturmaktadır. Kale muhasaraları kendine özgü taktiği ve teknolojisi olan savaşlar olup hem kuşatan hem de kuşatılan açısından meydan savaşlarına göre daha riskli savaşlardır. Meydan savaşları birkaç saat içinde olup biterken kuşatma savaşları günler hatta aylarca sürebiliyordu. Bu süreç içinde kuşatıcı orduda açlık ve bulaşıcı hastalıklar ortaya çıkabiliyordu. Bu nedenle kuşatmanın baştan sona tüm ayrıntılarıyla planlanması ve en kısa sürede bitirilmesi gerekmekteydi. Gelişigüzel yapılan plansız bir kuşatma kalabalık orduların az sayıdaki savunucular karşısında mağlup olmasına neden olabiliyordu. Ortaçağın simgesi haline gelmiş kaleler Anadolu’nun her yanına yayılmıştı. Anadolu Selçukluları kuşatma stratejisini doğru planlayarak ve kuşatmaya uygun silah teknolojisini kullanarak bahsi geçen bu kaleleri ele geçirebilmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada Anadolu Selçuklularının kale kuşatmasını nasıl planladıklarını, kuşatmanın aşamalarını ve kuşatmada kullandıkları silahların neler olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalışacağız.

العلاقات العباسية البيزنطية في عصر السلاجقة

This study aims to highlight the Abbasid-Byzantine relations during the Seljuk era and to identify the early historical features of the political relations between the two countries. The study also aims to identify the origin and lineage of the Seljuks and determine the nature of the relationship between the Seljuks and the Byzantine state. In addition, it tackles the most important military battles between the two states and their most important results. In addition, to know the military power of the Seljuk state and how they prepare and arrange their military forces. The importance of this study comprises the political relations of the Seljuk state with the Byzantine state, the emergence of the Seljuks as a main military force that had a major role in changing the interior political situation of the Abbasid state and limited the political and military influence of the Byzantine state, This study relied on historical, descriptive, and analytical methods as well as a list of historical sources and references. The results demonstrate the important aspect of the exterior relations of the Seljuk state and the importance of Byzantine state power, which represented one of the major global states at that time. The study also clarifies the important aspects of the history of the two states. The results also show that the relation between the two states was not always belligerent and hostile, but rather peaceful and friendly sometimes. The most important recommendations include the interest in studying the foreign relations of the Seljuk state. Besides, the importance of studying the economic, commercial and social history of the Seljuk state to determine their role and the extent of their great civilizational contribution in the development of the history of the Islamic state.

Nizamulmulk II and His Political and Administrative Influences on the Seljuk State and the Abbasid Caliphate

Bu çalışma yaklaşık yarım asır Büyük Selçuklu Devletinin dini, idari ve siyasi işlerine yön veren vezirlerin reisi Nizâmülmülk’ün oğlun II. Nizâmülmülk Ebû Nasr Ahmed’in Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve Abbâsî Hilafeti üzerindeki idari ve siyasi etkileri üzerine kaleme alınmıştır. Çalışmanın girişinde Nizâmülmülk ailesinin Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve Abbâsî hilafeti üzerindeki ağırlığına değinilmiş, devamında Nizâmülmülk oğullarının üstünlük mücadelesi anlatılmıştır. Ardı sıra Sultan Muhammed döneminde 500-504/1106-1110 yılları arasında Selçuklu vezaretini deruhte eden II. Nizâmülmülk’ün faaliyetlerine yer verilmiştir. Dört yıl 10 aylık Selçuklu vezirliği döneminde Nizâmülmülk ailesinin gücüne güç katmış, Selçuklu Devletindeki varlığını muhafaza etmiştir. 504/1110 yılında vezaret görevinden azledilen II. Nizâmülmük 12 yıl boyunca zindanda kalmıştır. 516-517/1122-1123 yılları arasında Sultan Sencer’in isteğiyle Abbâsî Halifesi el-Müşterşid Billah’ın vezirliğine yükselerek hilafetin idari, siyasi ve askeri işlerinin Selçuklu sultanlarının denetiminde kalmasını sağlamıştır. 517/1123 yılında vezirlik görevinden azledilen II. Nizâmülmülk, 25 yıl boyunca Bağdat Nizamiye Medresesinde ilimle iştigal etmiştir. Zilhicce 544/Nisan 1150 tarihinde Tus’ta vefat eden II. Nizâmülmülk, kendi evinde defnedilmiştir.

The Relation Between Political Power and Architectural Space in Anatolian Seljuk State: The Case of “Sadeddin Khan”

Sadeddin Han, 13.yüzyıl Anadolu Selçuklu kervansarayları arasında, sıra dışı bazı mimari özellikleriyle dikkat çeken önemli bir yapıdır. 1236 – 1237 yıllarında Selçuklu devlet adamı Emir Sadeddin Köpek tarafından iki kısım halinde inşa ettirilmiş olan hanın yapım süreci, Anadolu Selçuklu Devletindeki bir iktidar değişikliği ile de eş zamanlıdır. Anadolu Selçuklu Devletinin en önemli hükümdarı Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad’ın vefatının ardından Sultan II.Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev tahta çıkmış, onun iktidarda olduğu dönem, devlet için birçok olumsuz sonuçlanan gelişmelere sahne .olmuştur. Dönemin yazılı kaynaklarında anlatıldığı üzere; bu iktidar değişikliğinin, hanın banisi Emir Sadeddin Köpek’in önemli ölçüde siyasi güç kazanmasını da sağladığı anlaşılmaktadır. 
 Bu çalışmada, Sadeddin Han’da görülen sıra dışı mimari özelliklerin, yaptıranın hanın inşa sürecinde siyasi güç kazanmasıyla olası ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Yapıdaki sıra dışı asimetrik plan formunun, geniş ve gösterişli giriş cephesi oluşturma gayretinin nedenleri, yapıdaki izler üzerinden okumalarla açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu okumaların sonucunda hanın, yapımının ikinci aşamasında bir karar değişikliği ile genişletildiği, bazı özel mekânlar eklendiği ve mevcut plan formunun bu karar değişikliğinin sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu karar değişikliğinin zamanını daha hassas saptamaya yönelik olarak, yazılı kaynaklardan edinilen bilgiler, yapının inşaatı süreçlerini etkileyen mimari gereksinimler ve iklimsel etkenler de değerlendirilmiştir. Karar değişikliğinin, 1237 yılında yapının ikinci aşama inşaatı sürecinin ortalarına denk geldiği ve bu zaman diliminin Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad’ın vefatı ve oğlu Sultan II.Gıyaseddin’in tahta geçişi ile çakışma ihtimalinin olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Yapım sürecindeki karar değişikliğinin ve bu değişiklikle ortaya çıkan, başta plan formu olmak üzere, handaki sıra dışı mimari özelliklerin, Selçuklu iktidarındaki değişim ve bu değişim sonucunda hanın banisinin kazandığı siyasi güç ile ilişkili olabileceği anlaşılmıştır. 
 Çalışmanın hazırlanması esnasında Anadolu Selçuklu Kervansarayları, Sadeddin Han ve Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti tarihi konuları ile ilgili yazılı kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır. Bu kaynakların yanı sıra çalışmanın konusu olan Sadeddin Han, saha gözlemleri ve belgeleme yaparak bilgi toplamak için düzenli olarak ziyaret edilmiştir.

On the Question of the Tradition of Using the Term Khorasan in the Latin Chronicles of the First Crusade

This work is devoted to the consideration of the tradition of using the geographical term Khorasan in the Latin chronicles of the first crusade. The founder of this tradition can rightfully be called the anonymous author of The Acts of the Franks and Other Jerusalemites. This book is of particular interest to researchers, because. this work not only became the first of its kind report on the invasion of the Crusader knights, immigrants from Western Europe to the Middle East, but also served as the main source of information for the works of other chroniclers. In the 11th century. the civilization of the medieval West for the first time in many years moved from a deaf defense to a systematic offensive, which forced contemporaries to take a fresh look at phenomena that had previously been hidden by a veil of myths and secrets. It is all the more interesting to learn about what ideas were formed about the historical region of Khorasan that really existed in that era among Latin authors, among whom, after Anonymous, are: monk and others. In the view of the Anonymous, “Khorasan” denoted the center of the Seljuk state, but it is quite natural to assume that this term also has a number of other meanings and meanings that have yet to be clarified and analyzed. At the same time, the very fact of the use of this term in the works of the listed authors points to going beyond the limits of traditions.

Supporting Factors for the Spread of the Hanafi School throughout the World

Abstract: The doctrine of Abu Hanifa has spread in the country since Abu Yusuf empowered him after assuming the position of judge of judges in the Abbasid state. It was the official doctrine of it, in addition to the philosophy of Malik in the Hijaz. The Hanafi school became the only official school of thought when Malik died. It spread in Iraq and its east from the countries of the Persians: Persia and Beyond the River (Turkistan), Afghanistan, and India. It was also the official doctrine of many Levantine countries, such as the Seljuk State, the Gharnawi State, and the Ottoman State. Then they began to push people to embrace its doctrine until it became the most prominent Islamic school of thought with followers among Muslims due to the length of the rule of the Ottoman Empire, which spanned about seven centuries. Instead, they even imposed the recitation of Hafs on the authority of Asim, instead of the recitations that are widespread in the Islamic world (especially the recitation of al-Dawri), just because Abu Hanifa used to recite it! The Turks spread their doctrine in eastern Europe, Iraq, and northern Syria, but they failed to impose it in areas far from their influence, such as the island and Africa.

"FINDING THE WALL FOUNDATIONS OF KONYA ALAADDIN HILL 2nd KILIÇARSLAN PALACE BY USING THE GEORADAR (GPR) METHOD. A REVİEW "

"Alaaddin Hill, which is located in the city center of Konya, Turkey-Konya Province, has been exposed to intense construction and traffic; It forms the historical core of Konya. Alaaddin Hill is a mound that yields finds from the Bronze Age (450–2000 BC). Tepe is the inner castle settlement of the Anatolian Seljuk State and is one of the important natural and archaeological sites located in the center of Konya City today. The mound contains all the settlement levels from the Bronze Age to the end of the Ottoman Period. As a result of the archaeological excavations carried out in 1941, important findings were revealed in the mound. Alaaddin Hill Natural and Archaeological Site, Alaaddin Mosque-i, II Kılıçarslan Tomb and II Kılıçarslan Mansion symbolize the inner castle of Medieval Konya. The 2nd Kılıçarslan Mansion archaeological excavation was carried out with the support of Konya Metropolitan Municipality. As a result of the archaeological excavations on the mound on which the mansion sits, the wall extending in the east-west direction and surrounding the palace ruins was revealed to the west of the mansion. Archeogeophysical studies were carried out in order to fully reveal the wall surrounding the palace ruins, on the east of the 2nd Kılıçarslan Palace on Alaaddin Hill, the state of the western façade of the mansion, the continuation of the inner wall ruins passing in front of the mansion, to the east, and to clarify the integrity of the mansion and the Seljuk palace. Archeogeophysical studies were carried out in order to clarify the integrity of the mansion and the Seljuk palace. With the interpretation of the georadar (GPR) method used in archaeogeophysical studies, the anomalies of the inner city wall remains, which give regular geometric forms, were visualized in two and three dimensions.

Archeogeophysical Studies in Archaeological Heritage Studies: the Case of Konya, Alaeddin Hill

Konya Province, one of the provinces with the largest surface area in Turkey, is located in the Central Anatolia Region, between 37°52' north latitude and 32°30' east longitude. Alaeddin Hill is located in the city center of Konya. The hill surrounding which is a mound has been exposed to intense construction and traffic. This structure, which is not a natural hill and has survived from ancient times, forms the historical core of Konya. Alaeddin Hill Mound; It is an archaeological settlement that yields finds dating back to the Bronze Age (4500-2000 BC). The mound is the inner castle settlement of the Anatolian Seljuk State and is one of the important natural and archaeological sites today. The mound contains all the settlement levels from the past to the present, from the Bronze Age to the end of the Ottoman Period. Important findings were unearthed during the archaeological excavations carried out in 1941 on the Alaeddin Hill Mound. Alaeddin Hill Natural and Archaeological Site, Alaeddin Mosque, Yarım Kümbet (Half Cupola), 2nd Kılıçarslan Tomb and Mansion constitute the inner castle of Medieval Konya. During the Seljuk conquest, the province of Konya was a small city within the walls surrounding the present Alaeddin Hill Mound. The 2nd Kılıçarslan Mansion Rescue Excavation was carried out in 2010. As a result of the archaeological excavations, the wall surrounding the ruins of the Palace extending in the east-west direction was unearthed to the west of the mansion. During the archaeological excavations, it was determined that the 2nd Kılıçarslan Mansion was not an independent structure on its own. It forms a unity with the walls extending to the east and west of the Alaeddin Mansion and the walls that cut these walls vertically to the south. Therefore, it suggests that this building complex is the remains of the Seljuk Palace. According to new findings and information found during archaeological excavations, Alaeddin Hill was built during the reign of Alaeddin II. Archaeological and geophysical studies have begun to fully uncover the wall surrounding the ruins of the palace located to the east of the Kilicharslan pavilion, the condition of the western facade of the pavilion, so that one can see the continuation of the remains of the inner fortress wall that runs east in front of the pavilion, to explain the integrity of the pavilion and the Seljuk Palace. With the integrated interpretation of magnetic (M) and geoelectric (ERT) methods from archaeogeophysical studies, anomalies belonging to the inner city wall remains, giving regular geometric forms, were visualized in two and three dimensions.

An archaeometric assessment study of Seljuk period glazed tiles from Kılıçarslan Square (Konya, Turkey)

This study presents archaeometric analyses of glazed tiles produced with the cut-mosaic technique to reveal information about the Anatolian Seljuk period’s architecture and ceramic technology. The Persian Seljuk artists also used the same technique. For this purpose, physical, chemical, thermal, mineralogical, microstructural, and molecular analyses were carried out on the tiles from the Seljuk period unearthed in the Kılıçarslan Square excavation in Konya, the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk State from the twelfth-century to the beginning of the fourteenth-century. SEM, XRD, and Heat Microscopy analyses showed that the Seljuk period tiles were not fired at high temperatures like today’s tiles and were probably fired at temperatures below 1100 °C. WD-XRF analyses revealed that the glazes are classified into two categories, one being alkali varying the content of Na2O + K2O between 13 and 16 wt% (PbO between 0.5 and 2 wt%) and the other being lead-alkali type in which PbO content varies between 13 and 15 wt% and alkali content 10–14 wt%. The cobalt content in the blue color is around 0.2 wt%, and copper content in the turquoise-colored samples varies between 2.9 and 4.4 wt% depending on the lightness and darkness of the color (higher amount for tile 1 and tile 3, which are darker than the others). The brown color is obtained by the presence of MnO (3.3 wt%). Raman analysis showed that the difference in sintering temperature caused the color tone difference in Seljuk period tiles, and glazes were formed in the range of 800–1000 °C depending on the Ip values.

Socio-economic and cultural life during the Seljuk era

This article is devoted to the topic of socio-economic and cultural life during the Seljuk period, in which the existing social strata in the Seljuk state, that is, nomads, villagers, city dwellers, and their way of life, their role in society, land ownership system, economic life, tax and customs payments, trade, educational processes, and literary environment are discussed. In particular, nomadic Turkic tribes and their relations with the state, the nature and amount of taxes paid by them, the areas they lived in, their lifestyle, their products, and the way of life of villagers and peasants, who made up the largest part of the Seljuk society, their legal and economic status, their differences according to their geographical location, land ownership system (iqto, khiroji, ushri and miri), tax system, irrigation system, The development of urban culture during the Seljuk period, large cities and their lifestyle, the components of cities (inner fortress (kohandiz), main city (shahristan) and outer districts (rabat)), crafts and textile industry, national customs, religious holidays, Issues such as the development of international and domestic trade, improvement works and achievements in the fields of architecture, health, education and culture, and the literary environment are analyzed based on information from various sources.

THE CONSIDERATIONS THAT SULTAN MALIK-SHAH'S FIRST STEP TO THE MEDITERRANEAN REVEAL ON TURKISH CULTURAL ELEMENTS

Büyük Selçuklu sultanı Melikşah, Türk cihan hâkimiyeti mefkûresini bütünüyle benimsemiş ve küçük yaşta kendisine güvenen babası Alparslan’ın bu kutlu mirasına başarıyla sahip çıkmıştır. Tarihte önemli galibiyetler elde etmiş olan Sultan Melikşah, 1086 yılında Antakya üzerine sefer düzenlemiş ve Süveydiye sahilinde Akdeniz’e ilk adımını atmıştır. Sultan’ın buraya gelişi esasen siyasi bir meseleyi çözmek amacı taşımaktadır. Fakat Akdeniz’le karşılaşması ve duyduğu heyecanla burada sergilediği davranışlar incelenmeye değer görülerek çalışmamıza konu olmuştur. Sultan, ilk olarak atını denize sürmüş, ardından kılıcını üç kez suya batırmış, deniz kıyısında namaz kılarak kıyıdan aldırdığı toprağı da babasının mezarına götürmüştür. Geleneklere ait uygulamaların milli kimliği yaşatmadaki önemi düşünüldüğünde, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin en parlak döneminin sahibi olan Melikşah’ın Orta Asyalı atarını yâd edercesine sergilediği bu davranışların her biri Türk kültür tarihi açısından önemlidir. Çalışmamızda Türk kültürünün önemli ögelerinden olan at, kılıç ve toprak sembolleri çerçevesinde incelenmeye çalışılan hadise ile Melikşah özelinde Selçuklu sultanlarının eski Türk geleneklerine hâkim oldukları ve bunları sürdürdüklerini göstermek amaçlanmıştır.

DISEASES SEEN IN ANATOLIAN SELJUK GEOGRAPHY AND THEIR TREATMENT METHODS (According to al-Evamiru’l-Ala’iye fi’l-Umuri’l-Ala’iye and Menākībā'l-Ârifîn)

Starting from the first years of the XIth century, Anatolia was the scene of the raids of the Seljuk Turks, and after the victory of Manzikert, it became one of the development areas of Muslim Turkish culture. In the period following the first years when Turkish culture began to flourish in the Anatolian field, this culture could be made permanent thanks to the Turkish states that emerged in this geography. At this point, the Anatolian Seljuk State is at the forefront of the states that we see making the greatest contribution. When we consider the social elements that have taken an important place in this culture, we encounter an element that we have determined that is not included in the sources and studies about geography very often. This element, which we refer to as diseases and forms of treatment, is discussed in this study. Throughout history, people have continued to live with diseases. While some of the people who suffered from diseases became disabled, some of them lost their lives. Mankind, who has always struggled with diseases, did not fall behind in this struggle in this period as well. In this study al-Evâmirü'l-Alâiyye fi'l-umûri'l-Alâiyye, which is one of the important sources for the nearly one-century period of the Anatolian Seljuk State, and although most of it is in the nature of a compilation, based on the information obtained from Menākībā'l-Ârifîn, who is known to give very important information about Mawlānā and his entourage, as well as the historical, religious, social and economic situation of Anatolia at that time, the ruling of the Anatolian Seljuk State their geography is viewed from a different perspective. So much so that diseases that are a social issue in this geography and the treatment methods of these diseases are discussed.

KARAMANOĞLU MEHMET BEY’İN KONYA MUHASARASI VE SİYAVUŞ’UN KİMLİĞİ

Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti, 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı’nın ardından kuruluşunu gerçekleştirmiş, kök salmak ve yurt tutmak ile geçen uzun yıllar sonunda Anadolu’da kendini kabul ettirebilmiştir. Tutunma evresi olarak tabir edebileceğimiz bu süreç 1176 Miryokefalon Savaşı ile taçlandırılmış ve Anadolu coğrafyası Türkiye olarak anılmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’nin yükseliş devri olarak kabul edilen I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın (1220-1237) saltanatında; ekonomik, ticari, askeri ve siyasi bakımdan büyük gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Fakat bu gelişmeler Orta Asya’dan başlayan ve geniş bir coğrafyada etkileri hissedilen Moğol saldırıları ile sarsıntıya uğramıştır. I. Alaeddin Keykubad döneminde Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’nin toprak bütünlüğünün sağlanması için birtakım güvenlik tedbirleri alınmıştır. I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın güçlü devlet yönetimi ve ileri görüşlülüğü sayesinde bir süreliğine Moğol tehlikesi bertaraf edilmiş olsa da menfur bir saldırı sonucu I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın öldürülmesi ve yerine II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev’in gelmesiyle bu tehlike yeniden baş göstermiştir. 1243 yılında yaşanan Kösedağ Savaşı neticesinde Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti; önce mali, sonra askeri, son olarak da toprak bütünlüğü bakımından Moğol tahakkümü altına girmiştir. Dönemin Selçuklu yönetimi tarafından da büyük ölçüde kabul edilen bu durum, Anadolu Türkmenleri tarafından zaman zaman isyanların tertip edilmesine neden olmuştur (Türk Ahmet-1249, Oyuz Melik-1249, Ağaç-eri-1256, Beylerbeyi Hatiroğlu Şerafeddin-1276). Bu isyanların en büyük ve en tesirlilerinden birisi ise Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey ve Siyavuş ittifakı neticesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Kısa süre de olsa başkent Konya’yı elde etmeyi başarmışlar, Siyavuş’u Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti tahtına oturtarak adına sikke kestirmişlerdir. Ayrıca bu isyan, direkt olarak devleti ele geçirme ve saltanatı elde etme fikri nedeniyle diğerlerinden farklılık arz etmektedir. Siyavuş, şimdiye kadar yapılan alan çalışmalarında Cimri olarak anılmakta ve büyük oranda sahte şehzade olarak kabul edilmektedir. Onun şehzadelik bahsiyle alakalı araştırmaların oldukça sınırlı ve tenkitsiz olması nedeniyle biz bu çalışmayı kaleme almaya karar verdik. Bu şekilde II. İzzeddin Keykavus’un gurbet hayatı, oğulları ve Siyavuş ile alakalı bir incelemede bulunduk. Alan çalışmaları için yararlı olmasını umuyoruz.

ANCESTOR OF AYDINOĞULLARI: AYDIN BEY AND HIS TOMB

Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti dağıldıktan sonra kurulan beyliklerden biri de Aydınoğulları Beyliğidir. Aydınoğulları Beyliği (XIV. yüzyıl) Batı Anadolu’da kurulmuş, bölgenin Türkleşmesinde ve İslamlaşmasında önemli roller üstlenmiştir.
 Bu çalışma Aydınoğulları Beyliğinin temellerini atan Aydın Beyin adı, beyliğin kökeni ve Aydın Beyin türbesi hakkındadır. Bu alanda yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde beyliğin isminin nereden geldiği hakkında net bir bilgiye ulaşılamadığı görülmektedir. Aydın, bir şahıs ismi mi, yer ismi mi yoksa bir boyun, obanın ismi midir? Ayrıca Aydın Bey kimdir? Mezarı nerededir? Beyliğin temelleri nerede atılmıştır? Bu sorular hakkında süregelen tartışmalara çözüm bulmak, soru ve sorunların çözümüne katkı sunmak amacıyla çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.
 Bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek, kaynakların bilgisinde saha çalışmaları, toponimi, nümizmatik, tarihî coğrafya, tarih disiplinlerinin işe koşulması ile interdisipliner bir yöntem izlenerek çalışmanın sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
 Bu çalışma ile getirilen öneriler ve ulaşılan sonuçlar, Aydınoğulları Beyliğinin kuruluşu ve tarihi; Aydın Beyin hayatı ve türbesi hakkındaki soruların çözümüne yeni bir katkı sunacaktır.

Ribat Sheikh Al-Shuyukh in Baghdad 450-656 H. / 1058-1258 AD.

Robat, along with educational institutions, helped to spread scientific and religious life in Baghdad. Ribat Sheikh Al-shuyukh was one of the Robat which served scholars and Sufis and students of science since its establishment in 450H./1058AD. Until the Mongols entered Baghdad in the year 656H./1258AD. Sheikh Al- shuyukh received official sponsorship from the Caliphate Foundation, and from the Seljuk state represented by its minister Nizam al-Mulk, where their policies are met in supporting Sufi, with the aim of spreading the Sunni sect and attracting Sunni scholars, this gave Ribat Sheikh Al- shuyukh semi-official character, unlike the rest of the Robat. Therefore, this study seeks to shed light on this Ribat, whose sheikhdom was hereditary. Some of its shuyukh had official positions in the state, and the Sheikh of Ribat Sheikh Al- shuyukh were assigned by the Caliphate in official duties.

Konya Camilerindeki Örtü Sisteminin Anadolu Selçuklu Ve Osmanlı Döneminde Gelişimi

Mosques are the most specific structures of the Islamic city. The formation of these buildings in history also gives direction to the architectural character of the period. The top cover system and the dome have been important elements of the space organization. In the mosques of the Anatolian Seljuk period, the single-dome arrangement was developed in the Ottoman period and reached the central domes and side naves. Today's mosque architecture is also affected by the developments in the historical process and it is seen that modern top covering systems are experienced. Konya had hosted important civilizations from prehistoric times to the present and had been the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk State for many years. The number of mosque structures belonging to this period and reaching the present day is higher than other cities in Anatolia. The city did not lose its importance in the Ottoman period, and its spiritual value continues today. The coexistence of mosque structures of this period with the mosques of the Anatolian Seljuk period enables a comparison of the cover systems and its development chronologically.

Strategies of Saiful Dawla Sadaqa ibn Mansour In spreading the Shiite Culture in Hilla City and the Islamic World

After the fall of the rule of Bani Buyid (the state of Buyids) and the controlover the Seljuk state on Iraq, the pressure on Shiites increased. Moreover,their areas became vulnerable to attacks and invasions that forcedsome of them to migrate to other areas such as al-Najaf al-Ashraf.The Hawza (Religious Seminary) of Najaf was effective until the endof the era of Sheikh al-Tusi and became in a deplorable state afterwards.At that time, when all the shia scholars and students were in the midstof searching for a suitable place, Prince Sadaqa ibn Mansour provided asuitable place for the expansion of Shiites' scientific activities by choosingthe city of Hilla as the capital of the state of Aal-Mazid.This plan -followed by the Prince in attracting scientists to this citywasvery important and led to preparing the ground for the prosperity ofthe scientific estate in Hilla in the sixth Hijri century.This research, along with the textual criticism and reference to libraryinformation sources, describes the role of Sadaqa ibn Mansour in spreadingand expanding the Shiites' culture in Hilla and the Islamic world.

Anadolu’da Esnaf Dervişliği: Ahîlik

The religious orders are sufistic institutions voluntary doing activity in almost every part of the Islamic society. They made important contributions to the coverse of Islamic cultural heritage and teaching of its moral values. Thanks to the versatile activities, the Muslims had protected our religion in every part of life. One of these Sufustic institutions is the Ahi-Order which was established in Anatolia as an organization of tradesmen. The Ahi-Order Organization was generally associated with “Turkish Islamic guild” have a corporate identity at the period of Abbasid Khalif Nasser Lidinillah. Thus, it is believed that the Anatollian Ahi- Order developed as a “Turkish-Islamic guild” movement shaped by the “Turkish- Islamic guild Organization.” This movement has turned to a concious educated artisan dervish which settled at the center of economic life in Anatolia. The Anatolian Ahi-Order emerged in the last years of the Seljuk State. During the political vacuum that emerged with the occupation of Anatolia by the Mongols, the Ahis contributed to the restoration of public order with the local governments they formed. These experiences had positive reflections on the social sphere in the founding years of the Ottoman Empire. With this respect Ahis took on a mission that went beyond the structure of religious order in the economic life of Anatolia. Ahis who prepared the physical infrastructure necessary for the economic activities of their members had many mosques and madrasas built for worship and education. Thus, they supported scientific and sufustic education along with vocational education. The Ahis revived many professions which were weakened in Ottoman society. The Ahis, who did not allow unfair profit, black market and opportunism, increased an important values to the social life of Anatolia. In this manner, the risks of conflict between social segments have been eliminated with the economic inequalities in social life. They have been helped both its own members and needful people with many foundations and charity funds. By this means, they served as an exemplary dervish community in many areas such as production and economy, social solidarity, morality and education, protection of human and Islamic values in Anatolia. In this article, it has been examined that he historical and sufustic infrastructure of the artisan dervish, which was formed under the name of the Ahi-Order in Anatolia, and its contribution to the Anatolian people and wisdom.