Ability Of Self Research Articles

Populations with greater flexibility in floral traits modify mating system in response to the pollinator environment

Abstract Mixed mating and variation in outcrossing rate among populations of the same species are common. Outcrossing can be affected by pollinator activity and floral traits that facilitate or impede autonomous self‐fertilization. However, the relative contribution of pollen limitation and evolved differences in the ability to self‐fertilize to variation in the mating system is poorly understood and can only be disentangled using an experimental approach. We placed arrays of plants from eight Campanula americana populations that varied in autonomous selfing ability (hereafter “autonomy”) in sun and shade habitats to create high‐ and low‐pollination environments. Floral visitors were observed and pollen limitation, dichogamy, herkogamy and pollen persistence within the flower were measured. Outcrossing rate was estimated for a subset of the arrays. Pollen limitation was over three times higher in the shade than the sun due to differences in pollinator visitation. Populations with high levels of autonomy displayed greater pollen persistence and dichogamy in the more pollen‐limited environments than in the high‐pollination environments. In these high‐autonomy populations, outcrossing rates were tightly associated with pollen limitation, with reduced outcrossing under strong pollen limitation. In contrast, populations with intermediate autonomy levels had less plastic floral traits and their outcrossing rates changed little with pollen limitation. Mating system was shaped by both the pollination environment and the magnitude of plasticity in floral traits. The experimental approach used here revealed that plasticity in floral traits provides the ability to adjust mating system in response to limited potential for outcrossing. The lack of plasticity in some populations could explain mismatches between pollinator activity and mating system in natural populations. Finally, flexibility in the mating system may help explain the prevalence of mixed mating. A plain language summary is available for this article.

SOCIAL WORK IN SCHOOL EDUCATION

This work comments on issues connected with an aspect to include tasks from widely perceived social work into the activity of school. School, by fulfilling certain social tasks, consolidates characteristics which are significant for workplaces, as well as social institutions, e.g. children’s homes, community centres, social units. Thus, for a student, school is some kind of mind training department. The time spend at educational facility forces, apart from didactical activities, insurance that children in care will get a possibility to relax, play or to provide safe development, then by defined part of a day the school replaces a family. Didactical functions, character and social education of school are equal and mutually connected. By understanding social work within categories of support in gaining abilities of self functioning within society, it will be then an activity which includes various behaviours and attitudes which drive to equip a client with necessary strength or means which are crucial for individual development and proper social functioning.

The Degree of Success on Ex-psychotic Homeless Rehabilitation

This research done to know the degree of success on homeless expsychotic rehabilitation seen from misconduct behavior aspect. Research location was at Pojoreken Homeless Institution, Medan Municipality, North Sumatera Province. Data gathered through documentary analysis of 15 files of moderate ex-homeless psychotic at the institution. Data are analysed through qualitatif-descriptive technique, on the degree of success of guidance, self and social realization, social integration, work skill and vocation seen from misconduct behavior during rehabilitation. The research found that the ability of self and social realization, social integration after rehabilitation was not significant, execpt in work and vocational skills. The degree of fequency of misconduct behaviors do not immidiately change the ability of self and social realizations, social integration, except in work and vocational skills. Those because there was psychological and social problems, indicated in continously labil emotion that manifested through “smiling”, talk with him/herself, angry without any reason, retreat, easy-go, egoism, rage violently, confused, rejection, reluctant, strained, self hurting, lazy, steal, seek for rejected things, litering, silence, do not want bathing, talk all times, hurt others, and go anywhere. The research recommends that the guidance should be held continously, aspecially after rehabilitation and back to the community. Guidance should be given by those who understand on characteristic of homeless psichotic. It needs socialization among communities on homeless psichotic characteristic and services they need.

Evaluation of Earthquake Emergency Plan Based on SD Model

AbstractBased on the system dynamics (SD) model, this paper puts forward a quantitative method to evaluate the earthquake emergency plan in China. Firstly, we analyze the disaster system structure and the content of plan. Using the analysis results, we establish a system dynamics (SD) model and then carry out its simulation. According to the simulation results, the rescue effect using the plan of 2012 is better than that of 2006. From the policy level, in order to reduce loss, government should maintain communication smoothly, improve the ability of self and mutual help, strengthen the management of public opinion, and pay more attention to secondary disasters.

Self-rated versus Caregiver-rated Health for Patients with Mild Dementia as Predictors of Patient Mortality

Self-assessment of health is a strong and independent predictor of mortality for cognitively intact people. Because the ability of patients with dementia to rate their own health is questionable, caregiver-rated health for patients may serve as a proxy. The authors aimed to validate and compare self- and caregiver-rated health for patients with dementia as independent predictors of patient mortality. This was a post-hoc analysis of data from The Danish Alzheimer's Disease Intervention Study, a randomized controlled trial of psychosocial intervention for 330 patients with mild dementia and their caregivers with a 36-month follow-up. Patients and caregivers rated patients' health on the Euro Quality of Life Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS) from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The ability of self- and caregiver-rated health for the patient to predict patient mortality was analyzed as hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox proportional hazard regression models, controlling for age, depression, comorbidities, functional level, quality of life, and randomization group. Compared with the highest scores of 80-100, caregiver-rated EQ-VAS scores < 50 had an HR of 9.8 (95% CI: 2.9-33.1), scores between 50 and 64 had an HR of 3.8 (95% CI: 1.2-12.3), and scores between 65 and 79 had an HR of 4.6 (95% CI: 1.4-14.7). Self-rated EQ-VAS did not statistically significantly predict mortality. Caregiver-rated health for patients with mild dementia using the EQ-VAS was shown to be an independent predictor of patient mortality with a dose-response pattern but patient-rated EQ-VAS was not.

Costs of selfing prevent the spread of a self-compatibility mutation that causes reproductive assurance.

In flowering plants, shifts from outcrossing to partial or complete self-fertilization have occurred independently thousands of times, yet the underlying adaptive processes are difficult to discern. Selfing's ability to provide reproductive assurance when pollination is uncertain is an oft-cited ecological explanation for its evolution, but this benefit may be outweighed by costs diminishing its selective advantage over outcrossing. We directly studied the fitness effects of a self-compatibility mutation that was backcrossed into a self-incompatible (SI) population of Leavenworthia alabamica, illuminating the direction and magnitude of selection on the mating-system modifier. In array experiments conducted in two years, self-compatible (SC) plants produced 17-26% more seed, but this advantage was counteracted by extensive seed discounting-the replacement of high-quality outcrossed seeds by selfed seeds. Using a simple model and simulations, we demonstrate that SC mutations with these attributes rarely spread to high frequency in natural populations, unless inbreeding depression falls below a threshold value (0.57 ≤ δthreshold ≤ 0.70) in SI populations. A combination of heavy seed discounting and inbreeding depression likely explains why outcrossing adaptations such as self-incompatibility are maintained generally, despite persistent input of selfing mutations, and frequent limits on outcross seed production in nature.

Plants capable of selfing are more likely to become naturalized.

Many plant species have established self-sustaining populations outside their natural range because of human activities. Plants with selfing ability should be more likely to establish outside their historical range because they can reproduce from a single individual when mates or pollinators are not available. Here, we compile a global breeding-system database of 1,752 angiosperm species and use phylogenetic generalized linear models and path analyses to test relationships between selfing ability, life history, native range size and global naturalization status. Selfing ability is associated with annual or biennial life history and a large native range, which both positively correlate with the probability of naturalization. Path analysis suggests that a high selfing ability directly increases the number of regions where a species is naturalized. Our results provide robust evidence across flowering plants at the global scale that high selfing ability fosters alien plant naturalization both directly and indirectly.

Competências do profissional da saúde para o cuidado da pessoa com amputação

Objetivo: analisar de que modo a competência do profissional da saúde se expressa no cuidado à pessoa com amputação. Método: estudo exploratório descritivo, desenvolvido em cinco hospitais públicos da grande Florianópolis. Realizado entrevista semiestruturada com 19 profissionais da saúde no período de dezembro de 2012 a março de 2013. Os resultados foram analisados na perspectiva da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: predomina a competência técnica, oriunda de uma formação que prioriza o conhecimento técnico-científico. A competência organizacional ou metódica nas ações dos profissionais da saúde é evidenciada pela capacidade de autoplanejamento e auto-organização com flexibilidade e criatividade nas ações. A competência comunicativa e a competência sociopolítica precisam maior desenvolvimento. Conclusão: apesar dos participantes manifestarem consciência das implicações éticas e do compromisso social do seu trabalho, não há autonomia de ação.

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT SELF DIRECTED LEARNING READINESS PADA MAHASISWA TAHUN PERTAMA, KEDUA DANKETIGA DI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MALAHAYATI

The higher level an ability of Self Directed Learning Readiness (SDLR) a student is directly proportional to the level of his performance, as a research of Chakravarthi shows the difference of score SDLR based a semester being undertaken by the subject, where is have an increased score of SDLR in every semester , Showed how longer students take the level of education than make it better the ability of SDLR's level.Objective in this research to determine whether there are differences of SDLR's level in the first year students, second and third in the Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University. this study used quantitative research with cross sectional approach, the data is primary data, taken using a questionnaire on 444 students of medical school (148 students of the first year, 148 students of the second year, and 148 students of the third-year ) were conducted entirely in January till February 2016.The obtained, there is no comparison of SDLR's level in a first-year student and the third with a p-value is 0.012 (≤ 0.05), interpretation of the results that there are different levels of SDLR is significant in the first-year students and third year, there was no difference in the first-year students and second year with a p-value 0.094 and also on the second year students and third year students with a p-value 0.358 which both have a p-value ≥ 0.05. There are differences in the level of SDLR in the first-year students and the third year at the Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University

A Great Find in Life Science Study

Character net system of yield performance was firstly found and determined, and secret of both life activity and product yield forming was revealed in higher plant on both individual stratum and community stratum. The key point and point of starting off forming this theory system were basic principle of contradiction and its movement between adaptive ability of life body self for all of environment factors and its yield ability (or yield potential). It was a great breakthrough for classical formula, Phonotype = Genotype Environment since more than one hundred years. Several research methods, abstracting and generalizing and test, axiom way should be used in study of this theory system, these methods could not all be lacked, and this net system could be succeeded. This net system was a integration of all of closely related subject knowledge, and was a life body to be compounded by these science knowledge. It will greatly promote development of these related subjects and related applied science and applied technology. It will be a certainly important theory basis of study of molecular biology and molecular genetics or molecular physiology. It was milestone transforming experience breeding into scientific breeding of living things, also transition milestone from Mendel’s genetics that could only explained quality characteristics inheritance into both quality and quantity, transition milestone from small workshop type of breeding into collective engineering of technique system, transition milestone from art into science. It initiated a revolutionary road of breeding of living things.

Fuzzy evaluation on seismic behavior of reservoir dams during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China

The post-earthquake rapid risk evaluation on the reservoir dams plays an important role in the emergency danger disposal and reinforcement. The fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis/Assurance Region (DEA/AR) approach was introduced evaluating the seismic behavior of reservoir dams, in which the seismic risk of dam site, the structure characteristics of reservoir dam, and pre-earthquake state of dams were taken as input variables; in the meantime the seismic crack, leakage and deformation of dams induced by the earthquake were taken as output variables. The proposed DEA/AR approach was adopted to evaluate the seismic behavior of 19 reservoir dams suffered from Wenchuan earthquake in Luojiang County, Sichuan Province. The input and output variable values all originated from the post-earthquake field investigation data. And the weight values of DEA/AR model were determined by the entropy weight method which was able to avoid the interference from subjective consciousness. The evaluation results on the seismic behavior obtained from DEA/AR approach were mainly consistent with those from the experts in the field, which verified that the approach was valid and rational. The proposed DEA/AR approach was based on the objective data and the cognitive ability of the model self to give the evaluation results, which was adaptive for the situation that the seismic behaviors of the reservoir dams were not easy to distinguish. A ranking method was recommended to judge the order of quality of seismic behavior of the evaluated reservoir dams. The ranking results could serve for the post-earthquake emergency disposal and reinforcement.

Hip knee arthroplasty self care patients present situation investigation and countermeasures

Objective To study the hip knee replacement patients the ability of self-management and corresponding countermeasures. Methods Patients with hip knee replacement 65 cases were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the control group(n= 31 cases)were given routine care, in the observation group(n= 34 cases) were carried on the questionnaire survey to understand the disease and related knowledge of rehabilitation and self - care ability. According more results, corresponding nursing plan and implementation were made. Questionnaire survey results were collected. Self- care ability, pain duration, bed time and complications of two groups were compared. Results Through the questionnaire survey, before patients with related to knowledge education, patients' knowledge of disease and rehabilitation were very few and after care, patients'knowledge of disease and rehabilitation were improved obviously. 14.71% patients thought that they had the ability of self- management before nursing while 94.12% patients thought that they had the ability of self- management after nursing, and bad mood also had been improved obviously after nursing. There were significant differences before and after care(P<0.05). Ability of self-management was better, pain and bed time were obviously shorter, complications was less in observation group after nurse than those of control group, the differences were significant(P< 0.05). Conclusion Guide to hip knee replacement patients for effective self care could improve the clinical treatment effect. Key words: Hip knee replacement; Self care

Hypodermic self-insemination as a reproductive assurance strategy.

Self-fertilization occurs in a broad range of hermaphroditic plants and animals, and is often thought to evolve as a reproductive assurance strategy under ecological conditions that disfavour or prevent outcrossing. Nevertheless,selfing ability is far from ubiquitous among hermaphrodites, and may be constrained in taxa where the male and female gametes of the same individual cannot easily meet. Here, we report an extraordinary selfing mechanism in one such species, the free-living flatworm Macrostomum hystrix. To test the hypothesis that adaptations to hypodermic insemination of the mating partner under outcrossing also facilitate selfing, we experimentally manipulated the social environment of these transparent flatworms and then observed the spatial distribution of received sperm in vivo. We find that this distribution differs radically between conditions allowing or preventing outcrossing, implying that isolated individuals use their needle-like stylet (male copulatory organ) to inject own sperm into their anterior body region, including into their own head, from where they then apparently migrate to the site of (self-)fertilization. Conferring the ability to self could thus be an additional consequence of hypodermic insemination, a widespread fertilization mode that is especially prevalent among simultaneously hermaphroditic animals and probably evolves due to sexual conflict over the transfer and subsequent fate of sperm.

Individual Educational Paths in the Universities of Russia and Great Britain: Theoretical Aspects

The author of the article points out that the Federal Law on Education and FSES HPE of the third generation require that higher education institutions should form and realize students' individual educational paths in the learning process. The article presents an overview of the different approaches to the definition of the term "individual educational path". It also gives a brief overview of the existing terms in Russian sources, which are close in meaning to the term above. The author formulates her own tentative definition of the term "individual educational path" which is based on the analysis made. The article further addresses the solution to the problem of the individualization of higher education learning process in Great Britain, which is described through the term "Personal Development Planning". The meaning of the term is shown through the set of actions, which include: planning, doing things, recording the experience of self, reviewing and evaluating this experience, using the personal knowledge derived from reflection and understanding of self as well as the learning abilities of self to plan future actions. In conclusion, the meanings of the terms "individual educational path" and "Personal Development Planning" are compared. The author stresses the importance of studying Great Britain's experience - the practice of solving problems connected with the individualization of the university learning process and the possibilities to use it to facilitate the implementation of students' individual educational paths in Russian higher education institutions.

Floral biology and breeding system of Impatiens balfourii (Balsaminaceae): An exotic species in extension in temperate areas

Annual alien species are dependent on their sexual reproductive success to establish, maintain and spread their populations. As the annual exotic Impatiens balfourii (Balsaminaceae) is spreading in several temperate countries, we assessed its characteristics linked to sexual reproduction. The reproductive traits and the breeding system which could indicate some trends that might favour population spread and invasion were examined. Hand pollination treatments were performed under controlled conditions to evaluate (1) autonomous selfing ability, (2) self-compatibility and (3) inbreeding depression. Floral biology including morphology as well as nectar and pollen production was also assessed.Impatiens balfourii presented large quantities (6.7μl/flower) of sucrose dominant nectar. Sucrose dominant nectars are known as highly attractive for bees, potential pollinators of I. balfourii. Total sugar concentration of the nectar (47%) was high and situated within the range of bee-pollinated plants. Following hand pollination treatments, fruit and seed sets were similar after cross- and self- pollination. The species was thus self-compatible and no inbreeding depression was detected. The flowers were not totally protandrous as the stigmas were already receptive at bud stage. Autonomous selfing ability was high at the seed but low at the fruit level. In conclusion, the species presents traits linked to a high attractiveness for pollinators and a high fecundity that might allow high reproductive output. The invasive potential still needs to be estimated.

Cовершенствование методики преподавания химических дисциплин с применением обучающих тестовых заданий в ВУЗах

Using the information technologies may cause great pedagogical effect: using of computer opens the opportunity for organization of problem teaching developing the creative thinking, forming research, practical skills of students, creation of the steady positive motivation of the students. Technical facilities of the computer technology allow solving the teaching and research tasks in the chemistry come as original catalyst of creation of different types of information technology systems and projection on their basis the novel ways and methods of their application. Use of computer technology in education helps to support necessary educational level of students and pay attention to their independent work. The article represents that the computer testing can be widely used for control of knowledge and for teaching. Teaching testing arouses interest in subject and develops ability of self-preparation and self – education, provides in-door and out- door work.

Reproductive success of Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) in native and invasive populations

The reproductive biology of exotic species affects their capacity to become naturalised and invasive in non-native areas. Selfing is a common trait in many invasive plants probably because it provides reproductive assurance under low availability of pollination vectors and sexual partners. Nonetheless, the predominantly self-incompatible Australian Acacia species are among the most aggressive plants worldwide. To address whether there have been changes in selfing ability and natural reproductive success of A. longifolia during invasion, we compared one population in the invaded area (Portugal) with one population in the native range (Australia). We specifically assessed floral traits, fruit set and offspring traits for selfing and open-pollination treatments. Within each pollination treatment, no differences were found between areas, suggesting that the level of self-compatibility has not changed during invasion. However, the number of aborted seeds and seed size were significantly different between pollination treatments in Australia but not in Portugal. There were significant differences in the number of seeds per pod and in seed weight between ranges. A lower number of aborted seeds, a higher number of fully developed seeds and a greater seed size were found in the invaded area for both pollination treatments. In spite of the low selfing ability of A. longifolia in the invaded area, there was an increase in the quantity and size of the seeds produced in the new region, even for self-pollinated fruits, which might contribute to A. longifolia invasiveness.

Low reproductive success of hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) regardless of inbreeding level or time since disturbance

Self-fertilization can facilitate the colonization of new habitats because it allows a single individual to found a population. Here we investigated the relationship between mating systems and colonization in hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T.Moore). Throughout eastern North America, this species has been called a “native invasive” for its tendency to dominate forest understories disturbed by logging, inhibiting tree regeneration. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms of its spread. We hypothesized that if populations were founded through selfing, then populations disturbed more recently would retain higher selfing ability; this pattern would demonstrate an important link between mating systems and colonization. For four populations logged at different times in the past, we compared the sporophyte production of gametophytes at different levels of inbreeding (intragametophytic selfing, intergametophytic selfing, and outcrossing) using laboratory crosses. Across all treatments, only 9.8% of gametophytes formed sporophytes (N = 400 gametophytes). Neither inbreeding level nor time since disturbance affected sporophyte production. Selfing ability did not differ across populations logged at different times; there was no interaction between inbreeding level and time since disturbance. The low reproductive success of D. punctilobula, regardless of inbreeding level or time since disturbance, suggests that population establishment and expansion via sexual reproduction may be relatively rare in this clonal species.

Long-term colonization ecology of forest-dwelling species in a fragmented rural landscape - dispersal versus establishment.

Species colonization in a new habitat patch is an efficiency indicator of biodiversity conservation. Colonization is a two-step process of dispersal and establishment, characterized by the compatibility of plant traits with landscape structure and habitat conditions. Therefore, ecological trait profiling of specialist species is initially required to estimate the relative importance of colonization filters. Old planted parks best satisfy the criteria of a newly created and structurally matured habitat for forest-dwelling plant species. We sampled species in 230 ancient deciduous forests (source habitat), 74 closed-canopy manor parks (target habitats), 151 linear wooded habitats (landscape corridors), and 97 open habitats (isolating matrix) in Estonia. We defined two species groups of interest: forest (107 species) and corridor specialists (53 species). An extra group of open habitat specialists was extracted for trait scaling. Differing from expectations, forest specialists have high plasticity in reproduction mechanisms: smaller seeds, larger dispersules, complementary selfing ability, and diversity of dispersal vectors. Forest specialists are shorter, less nutrient-demanding and mycorrhizal-dependent, stress-tolerant disturbance-sensitive competitors, while corridor specialists are large-seeded disturbance-tolerant competitors. About 40% of species from local species pools have immigrated into parks. The historic forest area, establishment-related traits, and stand quality enhance the colonization of forest specialists. The openness of landscape and mowing in the park facilitate corridor specialists. Species traits in parks vary between a forest and corridor specialist, except for earlier flowering and larger propagules. Forest species are not dispersal limited, but they continue to be limited by habitat properties even in the long term. Therefore, the shady parts of historic parks should be appreciated as important forest biodiversity-enhancing landscape structures. The habitat quality of secondary stands can be improved by nurturing a heterogeneous shrub and tree layer, and modest herb layer management.

A Cooperative Negative Selection Algorithm for Anomaly Detection

Immune System (AIS) is a convoluted and complex arrangement derived from biological immune system (BIS). It possesses the abilities of self-adapting, self-learning and self- configuration. It has the basic function to distinguish self and non-self. Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA) over the years has shown to be competent for anomaly detection problems. In the past decade internet has popularized and proliferated into our lives immensely. Internet attack cases are increasing with different and new attack methods. This paper presents a Cooperative Negative Selection Algorithm (CNSA) for Anomaly Detection by integrating a novel detector selection strategy and voting between them to effectively identify anomaly. New introduced mechanisms in CNSA enable it to cover more self region correctly and efficiently. It also reduces computational complexities. Experimental results show high anomaly detection rate with less false positive alarm and low overhead in most of the cases.